introduction (1 of 4)
DESCRIPTION
Introduction (1 of 4). • Response – Series of actions that begin when a crew is dispatched to an alarm and end with their arrival at the emergency scene. Introduction (2 of 4). • Response actions include: – Receiving the alarm – Donning PPE – Mounting the apparatus - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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•Introduction (1 of 4)
• Response – Series of actions that begin when a crew is dispatched to an alarm and end with their arrival at the emergency scene
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•Introduction (2 of 4)
• Response actions include: – Receiving the alarm – Donning PPE – Mounting the apparatus – Exiting the station – Driving to the scene – Positioning/parking the apparatus – Dismounting the apparatus
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•Introduction (3 of 4)
• Size-up – A systematic process of gathering in- formation and evaluating the situation – Begins at alarm receipt – Continues during response – Includes initial on-scene observations
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•Introduction (4 of 4)
– IC and company officers responsible for obtaining information to manage the incident – Fire fighters are involved in the process of gathering and processing information.
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•Response (1 of 2)
• Response begins with preparation for response. • Ensure that PPE is complete, ready for use, and in good condition. • Ensure PPE is in designated location.
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•Response (2 of 2)
• SCBA – Conduct daily inspection at beginning of each tour of duty. • Recheck PPE and tools thoroughly after returning from each emergency response.
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•Alarm Receipt (1 of 6)
• Process begins when an alarm is received at the fire station. • Often a communications center dispatches individual units. • Most departments have both a primary and back-up method of transmitting alarms.
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•Alarm Receipt (2 of 6)
• Radio, telephone, or public address systems are often used to transmit information. • Use of computer terminals and printers to transmit dispatch messages increasing
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•Alarm Receipt (3 of 6)
• Some fire departments use a system of bells to transmit alarms. – Outdoor sirens or horns may summon fire fighters in volunteer or rural departments. – Most volunteer fire fighters receive dispatch messages over pagers.
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•Alarm Receipt (4 of 6)
• Dispatch information will include: – Incident location – Type of emergency – Units due to response
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•Alarm Receipt (5 of 6)
• Computeraided dispatch systems often provide additional information. • Telecommunicator provides additional information when available. – Sent in dispatch messages to later responding units or transmitted by radio while en route – Information can help in planning.
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•Alarm Receipt (6 of 6)
• Response to alarm should be prompt and efficient. – Walk briskly to the apparatus. – Do not run. – Shut off appliances. – Wait until apparatus doors are fully open before leaving.
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•Riding the Apparatus (1 of 3)
• Don PPE before mounting apparatus. – Don SCBA after apparatus stops at scene. • All equipment must be properly secured. • Be careful mounting apparatus. – Steps are high and slippery.
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•Riding the Apparatus (2 of 3)
• You must wear your seatbelt and/or harness. • Noise produced by sirens can damage hearing. – Wear hearing protection. – Hearing protection devices often include radio and intercom capabilities.
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•Riding the Apparatus (3 of 3)
• During transport, limit conversation. • Listen for instructions and additional information. • Consider factors that could affect the incident: – Time of day or night – Temperature – Location and type of incident.
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•Emergency Response (1 of 2)
• Fire apparatus driver must exercise caution while driving. • Never compromise safety for faster response time. • Fire apparatus drivers have special training. – Fire apparatus drivers must always consider the actions of other drivers first.
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•Emergency Response (2 of 2)
• Personal vehicles – Fire fighters who respond in personal vehicles must follow laws, regulations, and SOPs. – Some areas allow volunteer fire fighters to use colored lights to request a right of way.
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• Prohibited Practices
• Do not ignore departmental SOPs. • Do not unfasten your seatbelt. • Do not dismount until the vehicle comes to a complete stop. • Never stand while riding. • Do not hold onto the side of a moving vehicle. • Do not ride on the rear step.
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•Traffic Safety on the Scene
• Be aware—constantly! – Drivers may not see fire fighters • Follow departmental SOPs for closing roadways. • Highways are very dangerous. • Use traffic cones or other devices. • Wear reflective vests over PPE.
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• Arrival at the Incident Scene
• Fire fighters work in assigned teams. – Companies or crews • Teamwork and discipline are essential. • Apparatus-responding fire fighters make up the crew assigned to that vehicle. • Independently-arriving fire fighters report to IC to be assigned to a company or crew.
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• Freelancing
• Dangerous practice of acting independently of command instruction • Unacceptable and is not tolerated • The safety of each fire fighter at the scene can be compromised by freelancing. • Do not respond to an emergency incident unless you have been dispatched.
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•Personnel Accountability System (1 of 3)
• Used to track every fire fighter at every incident scene – Maintains an updated list of the fire fighters assigned to each vehicle or crew – Tracks each crew’s assignment
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•Personnel Accountability System (2 of 3)
• Personal accountability tags (PATs) • Tag information may include: – Name – ID number – Photograph – Medical history
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•Personnel Accountability System (3 of 3)
• Fire fighters deposit PATs in a location on the vehicle. • PATs are collected from each vehicle and taken to the command post. • Fire fighters responding directly to the scene: – Report to the command post to deposit their PATs and get an assignment
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•Controlling Utilities (1 of 2)
• One of the first tasks that must be accomplished • Follow departmental SOPs • Task often assigned to a certain company or crew. – However, all fire fighters should know how to shut off building utilities.
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•Controlling Utilities (2 of 2)
• Controlling utilities prevents: – Electrocutions of fire fighters – Gas explosions – Unnecessary water damage
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•Electrical Service (1 of 2)
• Know what types of electrical drops and meters are in use in your area. • Work with utility companies for specific training. • High-voltage systems require electric company or trained personnel from premises to shut off electricity.
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•Electrical Service (2 of 2)
• Call electric company to shut down power from a utility pole. • Necessary if: – Outside wires are damaged by fire – Working with ladders or aerial apparatus – Risk of explosion exists
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•Gas Service (1 of 3)
• Natural gas and LP gas used for heating and cooking – Natural gas delivered through underground pipes – LP gas stored in a tank on premises or through underground pipes
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•Gas Service (2 of 3)
• Usually a single valve for entire building • Often located outside building • May be in basement of older buildings – When handle is in-line with piping, gas is on. – When handle is at a right angle to the pipe, it is off.
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•Gas Service (3 of 3)
• Valve for LP gas system is usually located at the storage tank. – Often has a distinctive handle that indicates direction to turn to open or close valve – To close, rotate handle to fully closed position. • Do not reopen system—call in utility.
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• Water Service
• Can usually be shut off by closing one valve at the entry point • There is usually also a valve inside the basement of the
building where the water line enters.
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•Size-up (1 of 2)
• Process of evaluating an emergency situation to determine what actions need to be taken and what resources are needed to control an emergency • IC uses size-up to develop initial plan • At major incidents, size-up might continue through several stages. • Ongoing size-up
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•Size-up (2 of 2)
• Fire fighters must understand how to: – Formulate an operational plan – Gather and process information – How this information can change plans during the operation • Fire fighters often asked to obtain information or report observations for ongoing size-up
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•Facts (1 of 11)
• Data elements that are accurate and based on prior knowledge, a reliable source of information, or an immediate, on-site observation • Initial dispatch information contains facts. – Location – Nature of the situation
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•Facts (2 of 11)
• Based on facts, an officer makes expectations about the incident: – Whether a building is likely to be occupied or unoccupied – Whether the occupants are likely to be awake or sleeping – Whether traffic will delay the arrival of additional units
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•Facts (3 of 11)
• Weather conditions – Snow and ice delays the arrival of fire apparatus. – Strong winds can cause rapid extension or spread of a fire. – High heat and humidity may cause heat casualties.
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•Facts (4 of 11)
• Preincident plan – Provides details about a building’s construction, layout, contents, special hazards, and fire protection systems
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•Facts (5 of 11)
• Basic facts about a building can be observed upon arrival. – Officer considers the size, height, and construction of the building. – Action plan for a single-story, wood-frame dwelling different than a steel-frame high-rise tower
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•Facts (6 of 11)
• Age of the building is another fact to consider. – Building and fire safety codes change over time. – Balloon-frame construction can provide a path for fire spread. – Newer buildings use trusses.
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•Facts (7 of 11)
• Plan for rescue and attack considers information about the building layout and stairways. • Special factors that will assist or hinder operations are identified. – Bars on windows • Building occupancy is critical. – Office building has a different set of issues than a school.
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•Facts (8 of 11)
• Fire size and location help determine hose line placement, ventilation sites and rescue priorities. – Direct visual observations are good but are not complete. – Flames issuing from only one window suggest fire is in just one room, but it could spread through void spaces. – Smoke can obscure view of fire.
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•Facts (9 of 11)
• Inside fire fighters can use observations and sensations to work safely. – A crackling sound may indicate the seat of the fire. – Blistering paint could indicate the fire is in the walls.
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•Facts (10 of 11)
• IC needs to gather as many facts as possible. – Company officers report observations to IC – Each company has a unique view to report. – IC may request a reconnaissance report. • An inspection and exploration of a specific area
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•Facts (11 of 11)
• Progress reports – Regular progress reports from companies working in different areas update information. – Enables IC to judge if an operational plan is effective
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•Probabilities (1 of 2)
• Factors that can be reasonably assumed, predicted, or expected to occur, but which are not necessarily accurate • Use history and experience to predict future events. • Attack plan based on probabilities
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•Probabilities (2 of 2)
• IC quickly identifies the probabilities that apply to a given situation. • Convection, conduction, radiation, smoke conditions, and fire conditions enable IC to predict fire extension. • IC also evaluates the potential for building collapse.
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•Resources (1 of 3)
• All of the means available to fight a fire or conduct emergency operations – Requirements depend on the size and type of incident. – Availability depends on the capacity of a fire department.
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•Resources (2 of 3)
• Basic resources are personnel and apparatus. • Firefighting resources usually defined as the numbers of engine companies, ladder companies, special units, and command officers required to control a particular fire
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•Resources (3 of 3)
• Resources also include: – Water supply – Specialized equipment – Food and fluids for rehabilitation – Fuel for apparatus
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•Water Supply
• Water supply is a critical resource. – In area without hydrants, water supply could limit operations • Takes time to establish water supply from static source • Limited amount of water can be delivered by tanker shuttle.
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•Mutual Aid Agreements
• Fire departments agree with surrounding jurisdictions to assist each other if a situation requires more resources than the local community has.
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•Incident Action Plan (1 of 3)
• Outlines the steps needed to control the situation – Based on information gathered during size-up – Revised and expanded during incident
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•Incident Action Plan (2 of 3)
• Based on five basic fireground priorities: – Rescue victims – Protect exposures – Confine the fire – Extinguish the fire – Salvage property and overhaul the fire
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•Incident Action Plan (3 of 3)
• Saving lives is the highest priority. • Saving property is the remaining priority. • Priorities are not separate and exclusive. • Priorities guide the IC in making decisions.
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•Rescue
• Always the highest priority! • Need for rescue depends on: – Type of occupancy – Time of day – Degree of risk to the occupant’s lives • Often the best way to protect lives is to extinguish the fire quickly.
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•Exposure Protection
• Keep the fire spreading beyond the area of origin or involvement. • Keep fire from spreading from structure of origin to an exposure. • IC must sometimes weigh potential losses
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•Confinement
• Focus on confining fire to a specific area. • IC defines a perimeter and plans operations so fire does not expand beyond the area.
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•Extinguishment
• Depending on size of fire and the risk, IC mounts either: – Offensive attack – Defensive attack
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•Offensive Attack
• Used with most small fires • Fire fighters enter structure, seek out seat of the fire, and overpower it.
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•Defensive Attack
• Used when fire is too large or dangerous • Fire fighters are not in the building. • Heavy streams operated from outside • At times, fire is allowed to burn itself out.
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•Salvage and Overhaul (1 of 2)
Salvage – Conducted to save property by preventing avoidable property losses – Removal or protection of property that could be damaged during firefighting or overhaul Goal is to reduce smoke and water damage to structure and contents.
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•Salvage and Overhaul (2 of 2)
Overhaul – Process conducted to ensure the fire is completely out – Floors, walls, ceilings, and attic spaces are checked for signs of fire. – Debris is removed and thoroughly doused.
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•Summary (1 of 3)
• Preparation for response begins long before an alarm is received. • Fire fighters must adhere to safe operating practices when responding to an incident: – Remain seated and wearing a seat belt. – Use caution when driving to ensure arrival on scene. – Be alert when dismounting on roadways.
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•Summary (2 of 3)
• Fire fighters must understand how to size-up an incident. – Size-up determines incident action plan.
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•Summary (3 of 3)
Specific actions taken are based on incident priorities: – Rescue – Protect exposures – Confine fire – Extinguish fire – Salvage and overhaul
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