Petroleum Production Engineering

Course prepared for Offshore Oil and Gas Engineering program

ENG 8691

by M. A. Abdi, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Faculty of Engineering and Applied ScienceMemorial University of Newfoundland (MUN)

Spring/Summer 2005

Schedule and Evaluation Breakdown

Instructional hours per week: 3 lecture hours Evaluation:

Midterm: 20% Friday June 17th, 2005

Assignments/Projects (term projects/reports): 25% Project topics selection: 1st of June Presentations: Early-mid July Reports due date: End of term July 29th

Final: 55% Office hours: Fridays 2:30 to 4:30 pm

Course Outline

Introduction Oilfield development and production of crude oil and natural

gas Components of petroleum production systems Well productivity and production engineer Properties and behaviour of petroleum reservoir fluids

Principles of petroleum production system analysis

Introduction to well flow capacity calculations Production from undersaturated oil reservoir Production from Two phase reservoirs Production from natural gas reservoirs

Single-phase flow of compressible vs. incompressible flow Introduction to multiphase flow in wells

Course Outline cont. Wellhead and surface gathering systems

Principles of facilities engineering Types of facilities Basic system configuration Flow in horizontal pipes single vs. two phase Flow through chokes Two and three phase oil and gas separation

Introduction to well completion techniques and equipment

Factors affecting the completion design Main phases in completion Perforating oil and gas wells Safety devices Well servicing and workover operations Well fracturing and acidizing Well testing Artificial production techniques: gas lift vs. pumping

References1. Economides M. J., Hill A. D, Ehlig-Economides C., Petroleum Production

Systems, 1994, Prentice Hall, NJ, ISBN: 0-13-658683-X2. Nind T. E. W., Principles of Oil Well Production, 2nd Edition, 1981, McGraw Hill,

ISBN: 0-88415-821-7 3. Manning F. and Thompson R., Oil Field Processing of Petroleum, Volume 2:

Crude, 1995, PennWell Publishing, ISBN: 0-87814-354-84. Perrin D., Oil and Gas Field Development Techniques - Well Completion and

Servicing, 1999, dition TECHNIP, IFP Press, Paris, France, ISBN:2-7108-0682-7 5. Arnold K. and Stewart M., Surface Production Operations; Volume 1; Design of

Oil Handling Facilities, 2nd Edition, 1999, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 0-88415-821-7

6. Jahn F., Cook M., and Graham M., Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production, 2003, Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN:0-444-82883-4

7. Lyons W. C., Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Volumes 1 and 2, 1996, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, ISBN: 0-88415-642-7

8. Skinner D.R., Introduction to Petroleum Production; Volume 1: Reservoir Engineering, Drilling, Well Completion, 1981, Gulf Publishing co., ISBN: 0-87201-767-2

9. Gray F., Petroleum Production For the Non-Technical Person, 2nd edition, 1995, PennWell Publishing, ISBN: 0-87814-450-1

10. Manning F. and Thompson R., Oil Field Processing of Petroleum, Volume 1: Natural Gas, 1995, PennWell Publishing, ISBN: 0-87814-343-2

Introduction

Oilfield development Elements of petroleum production Role of petroleum production engineer Stages of production

Introduction- continued

Occurrence and origin of oil and gas Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons Petroleum products vs. by-products

Crude oil Natural gas (associated gas) Water (produced water)

Characterization of Crude Oils

Sales specification (oAPI, sulfur content, BS&W, vapour pressure or RVP, etc.)

Spectrum of Produced hydrocarbons Shrinkage Solution or associated gas

Crude Oil Constituents Hydrocarbons

Alkanes Aromatics Other ring and naphthenic compounds

Crude Oil Constituents (cont.) Sulfur Nitrogen Oxygen Metals Particles asphaltene and wax NORM Arsenic and mercury

Characterization of Crude Oils

Concept of equilibrium Single component fluid Two component fluid Multi-component fluid Phase diagrams (envelopes)

Pressure-Temperature-Volume (PVT) Pressure-Temperature (PT) Pressure composition Composition-composition

Phase ruleN = C P +2

Phase Behavior - Fundamentals

PVT Phase Diagrams

Phase Behavior Single Component Systems

Phase Equilibrium gas-liquid gas-solid Liquid-solid

Triple point Critical point

B

A

CD

a b c de

f

h

gDense Fluid region-supercritical fluid

Concept of phase envelope

Equilibrium lines Bubble point Dew point

Critical point Cricondentherm Cricondenbar Rertrograde phase

change

Phase Behavior: Two-Component Systems

Temperature

P

r

e

s

s

u

r

e

Cricondenbar

Cricondentherm

Dew-

Point

Line

Bubb

le-Po

int Li

ne

Vapo

ur p

ress

ure

of p

ure

A

Vapour

pressure

of pure

B

C

a bd e

h

j

klPC

TC

Two component phase envelop

90%

vapd

g

f

Full wellstream Source of phase

diagrams Classification of

reservoir fluids Dry gas Wet gas Gas Condensate Volatile oil Black oil Dead oil

Phase Behavior: Multi-Component Systems

C

Condensate reservoirOil reservoir

Gas reservoir

A

A

B

B

C

C

D

D

E

E

Temperature

P

r

e

s

s

u

r

e

Two-Phase Region (Gas+Liquid)

C

r

i

c

o

n

d

e

n

t

h

e

r

m

Characterization of Reservoir fluids

colorless---Dry gas

colorless>50>50,000-Wet gas

Water white50-603,300-50,000>0.35Retrograde gas gas condensate

Colored dark brown

>402,000-3,300

Components of Production Systems Basic concepts and definitions

Reservoir Reservoir porosity: =Vp/Vb Reservoir height (thickness) Pay thickness Reservoir saturation hydrocarbon vs. water

Classification of reservoirs Undersaturated Saturated/Two-phase Lean gas Retrograde condensate

Original hydrocarbon-in-placeVHC = Ah(1-Sw)

Oil formation volume factor (Bo) Gas formation volume factor (Bg)

Components of Production Systems Basic concepts and definitions, cont.

g

w

o

w

BSAh

BSAhN )1(G )1( ==

Permeability and Darcy equation:

Well Completion and near wellbore conditions: Open hole: Simple, Slotted Liner or Gravel Packed Cemented, cased, and perforated

Components of Production Systems Basic concepts and definitions, cont.

lPk

Aq

=

Option for Well completion

The petroleum production system including the reservoir, underground well completion, the well, wellhead assembly and surface facilities

Components of Production Systems Well and Surface Facilities

Well Productivity and Production Engineering

Productivity index:

Role of production engineer

)( spBkh

ppqJ

Drwf +==

System of Units SI vs. Field

1 x 10-3Pa.scp (centipoise)Viscosity

3.28 x 10-4m3/sMSCF/d (1000 std ft3/day)

Flow Rate (gas)

1.84 x 10-6m3/sSTB/d(Std barrel/day)

Flow rate (oil)

6.9 x 103PapsiPressure

9.9 X 10-16 or ~ 1 x 10-15m2md (millidarcy)Permeability

3.05 x 10-1mftLength

1.45 x 10-4Pa-1psi-1Compressibility

4.04 x 103m2acreArea

Conversion(multiply field unit by)

SIFiled unitsVariableUseful units and their conversion factors to SI system