intro to chemistry, the scientific method, and measurement

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Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

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Page 1: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Page 2: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Why Study Chemistry?JOKES OF COURSE!!

•  What do you do with a sick chemist?  If you can't helium, and you can't curium, then you might as well barium.

• Did you hear oxygen went on a date with potassium? It went OK

• Two electrons were walking around and bumped into one another. One said, “Oh no I’ve lost an electron”. The other said, “Are you positive?”

• Do you have 11 protons? 'Cause you're Sodium fine!

Page 3: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Dihydrogen Monoxide• Each year, Dihydrogen Monoxide is a known causative component in many thousands of deaths and is a major contributor to millions upon millions of dollars in damage to property and the environment. Some of the known perils of Dihydrogen Monoxide are:• Death due to accidental inhalation of DHMO, even in small quantities.

• Prolonged exposure to solid DHMO causes severe tissue damage.

• Excessive ingestion produces a number of unpleasant though not typically life-threatening side-effects.

• DHMO is a major component of acid rain.• Gaseous DHMO can cause severe burns

Page 4: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Why Study Chemistry?•Produce new materials

•New sources of energy

•Medicine•Criminal investigations

•Weapons

D30

Liquid Body Armor

Spray on Clothing

Page 5: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Learning Chemistry

• Fair amount of memorizing

• Learn the core curriculum 

•Problem Solving•Get information out of the text

Page 6: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

What is Chemistry?• The science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo

• Sometimes called the “central science” – most phenomena in the world involve chemical changes• Photosynthesis & respiration• Combustion• Food production• Memory storage

• Looks at the microscopic world – molecules and atoms

Page 7: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

What is Chemistry

• There are 5 different areas of chemistry• Organic – the study of all chemicals containing carbon• Inorganic – the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon

• Biochemistry – the study of processes that take place in living organisms

• Analytical chemistry – the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter (ex: measuring carbon dioxide in winter)

• Physical – the area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter changes. 

Page 8: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Seven Steps of Scientific MethodIdentify the Problem

Formulate Hypothesis

Conduct Experiments

Collect Data

Analyze Data

Draw Conclusions

Make recommendations

Page 9: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

The Scientific Method

1. Question (or problem)- What is the main topic of your exploration?

2. Research - In this step, you find out what everybody else 

knows about your topic already.- You need to look at credible sources to find this 

information.  - Try to find out something about your topic that 

nobody knows the answer to, or at least something that you do not know the answer to.

Page 10: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

The Scientific Method3. Hypothesis- A possible explanation of events or a possible answer to your question. - Your hypothesis should not be a random guess, it needs to be based on your research.- There are two types of hypotheses:

- Null Hypothesis (H0), which states that there will be  no difference between the control group and the 

experiment group. In other words, nothing will happen. (more professional)- Alternate Hypothesis (HA), which is your 

prediction of what will happen in the experiment. (common)

Page 11: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

The Scientific Method4. Experiment- This is the step where you try and find the answer to your question.- You need to briefly list your materials and methods.- You need to write out the steps you will take to perform your experiment.- All experiments must be divided up into two groups: experiment and control.

- In the experiment group, you add different variables (one at a time) to see how they alter the experiment (called 

independent  variables). Besides the different variables in each test, EVERYTHING ELSE MUST BE THE SAME!- In the control group, you perform the same experiment, but you add no variables.  The result here is what you compare 

everything else to.  - You must record your results.  These results must be measurable.  The things you measure are called dependent variables.  Generally, you only measure one dependent variable per experiment.  

Page 12: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

The Scientific Method

5. Record and Analyze Data- Make sure to keep good records of your results.  - Put your data into a table, graph, chart, etc. so you can compare your results easily.- If you get serious, you need to analyze your data using a statistical test.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

East

West

North

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

East 20.4 27.4 90 20.4

West 30.6 38.6 34.6 31.6

North 45.9 46.9 45 43.9

Page 13: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

The Scientific Method6. Conclusion- Must refer back to your hypothesis.

- If you used an alternate hypothesis, you either say that your hypothesis was right, or it was wrong.  - If you used a null hypothesis, you need to say that you either proved your hypothesis wrong, or you 

failed  to prove your hypothesis wrong (it was right).  7. Retest / Application / Publish Results- In this section, mention any questions that you came up with because of your experiment, anything you did wrong, etc.  - Also, mention why anyone should care about your results (you MUST care) and how they could apply them to their lives.

Page 14: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• The scientific method has been used many times! Each day scientists use this proven process. 

• Today, the method is classified into two areas: basic research and applied research. 

• Basic:• Investigates why or how

• Applied:• Uses discoveries made in basic research to help in practical ways. 

Page 15: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

• How did the scientific method apply to this movie?• How was basic and applied research used?

World War Z

Page 16: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

•Pretend you lived in 1700’s when there was no fridge to keep food good… use the scientific method to come up with a solution. 

Food Spoilage

Page 17: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

• In 1795,Nicholas Appert put food into a bottle and heated in in a warm bath to kill the microorganisms. 

• He received $12,000 for his discovery.

Canning!

Page 18: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

The Scientific Method• Claude Ville –

• The scientific method is just “organized common sense”

• Situations you’d use common sense:• You get sick and require medical attention.  A neighbor suggests you see her friend who cures disease spiritually.

• Your boss at work assigns you to clean some black gunk off the floors, but doesn’t tell you how.

• Your pet fish doesn’t look too hot lately.  It stays in the bottom corner of the tank and rarely heats.  

Page 19: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Observing vs. Inference• Science is based on evidence. Two different form of evidence

Observation: Use of the senses to describe something

• An outward sign of something that • furnishes proof

• Example: • That cow is black & white and smells

Page 20: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Observing vs. inference

• There are no scientific observations based on inference. 

• Inference: An assumption derived and stated as a conclusion based on evidence.

• Example: • Judy was smiling; I could tell she was having a good time. 

 

Page 21: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Example

• What evidence do you see?

• What inferences can you make?

• http://www.maniacworld.com/Spinning-Silhouette-Optical-Illusion.html 

• Total Blackout 

Page 22: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Fact vs. Inference• Fact: a thing that has already happened or is thought to be true

• Infer: to derive or conclude by reasoning from something known or assumed 

• Examples:• There is a tree in the picture• The tree is tall• There are three wolves• The wolves are hungry • The wolves are picky eaters• The wolves are holding a paper• The wolves are going to help natural selection move along quicker

Page 23: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

METRIC SYSTEM

Page 24: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Metric System• Le Systemé International (official name)

• Abbreviated as “SI system”• Also called the metric system in US (unofficial name)

• Official system of measurement in every major country in the world but one.

Page 25: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

• Today’s definition of a meter• The distance that light travels in a very small amount of time in a vacuum  (in 1 / 299,792,458 sec)• This is a good definition because the speed of light never changes (c = 3 x 108 m/s)

• French scientists created a set of prefixes that multiplied or divided the meter by fractions of 10 to make smaller and greater units of measurement 

III. Units of Measurement

Page 26: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

PrefixesPrefix    Abbreviation                 How it EquatesTera……………………………………..T………………1 Tm = 1,000,000,000,000 mGiga…………………………………….G………………1 Gm = 1,000,000,000 mMega …………………………………..M………………1 Mm =1,000,000 m

Kilo……………………………..k.……….... 1 km = 1,000 mHecto ………………………….h.………….1 hm = 100 mDeka………………………….da….…….…1 dam = 10 mBasic Unit (Meter, Liter, Gram)..m, L, g…... 1 m = 1 mdeci………………………..….d……….…. 1 dm = 0.1 mcenti……………………..……c……..…….. 1 cm = 0.01 mmilli……………………………m…….…….. 1 mm = 0.001 mmicro…………………….…...............µ………....………1 µm = 0.000001 mnano ………………….………………n ………………….1nm = 0.000000001 mpico……………………………………p…….…………….1pm = 0.000000000001 m

Page 27: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Energy Joule J

Page 28: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement
Page 29: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

IV. Uncertainty in Measurement

•Precision:  Measurements are close to one another

•Accuracy:  Measurements are close to accepted value

Page 30: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement
Page 31: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

V. Working with Numbers

• Significant Digits :  refers to all certain numbers in a measurement and one estimated number 

Page 32: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Significant Figures1. All nonzero digits are significant.

• 123400

2. Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant.

• 120034

3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant.

• 0.001234

4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the number.

• 12.3400

Page 33: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Examples

One Sig fig Two Sig Figs• 49000.00002

• 3.70.005968,0005.0

9.640.0036099,9008.0

Three Sig Figs

Page 34: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

How many sig figs?

100100. 10302.000.00110302 1.0302x104

• 1• 3• 7• 1• 5• 9

Page 35: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Significant Figures• When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the least significant decimal place.• 44.44 – 22.2 = ????

• When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the number of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in any of the numbers used in the calculation.• 3 x 2.2 = ????

Page 36: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Scientific Notation

• Makes small and large numbers easier to work with

• Two parts1. Change to a number between 1 & 102. Use a power of ten for decimal 

movement• Turns 1200 to 1.2 x 103

• What would 12000000 turn to????        

Page 37: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Percents and Percent Error

• % = amount have x 100           amount possible• 8 people out of 10 are here today.  What percent is that?  

• % error= measured value – accepted x100                         accepted value• Boiling point is 100°C.  You measure it at 98°C.  What is your percent error? 

Page 38: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Ratios in Calculations

•Speed = length                  time

•     Density = mass                     volume

Page 39: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

VI. Problem Solving

• Dimensional Analysis:  Technique for converting between units

• Unit equality:  tells how units are related                            (see pg. 130)• Conversion factors:  a unit equality written as a fraction

Page 40: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Example: Change 250 gals into Liters

• Step 1:  Find a unit equality                 1 gal = 3.785 L• Step 2: Write conversion factors                 1 gal/ 3.785 L       3.785 L/ 1 gal• Step 3: Choose correct conversion factor                 -cancel units

Page 41: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Step 4: Solve

• 250 gals x  3.785 L = 950 L                      1 gal• 5 inches = ??? Centimeters

• 10 meters = ??? kilometers

Page 42: Intro to Chemistry, the Scientific Method, and Measurement

Lengthy Conversions: Change 5.0 hours into seconds

• Step 1:  1hr. = 60 min.     1 min. = 60 s

• Step 2:  60 min./ 1 hr.     1 hr./ 60 min.                 1 min./ 60 s        60 s/ 1 min.

• Step 3 & 4:          5.0 hr. x 60 min. x 60 s   = 18,000 s                        1 hr.        1 min.