intro to anatomy-1

8/2/2019 Intro to Anatomy-1

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Introduction and Historyof Anatomy/Levels of

Organization


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DefinitionsAnatomy- From Greek to cut openStudy of the structure of the body, eitherregionally or systematically

Physiology branch of biological sciencedealing with the function of organs and organsystems


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History of AnatomyProbably began withearly examinationsof sacrifice victims.

First documented byEgyptians ~1600 BC

Egyptian anatomicalpapyrus showedorgans (includingblood vessels)


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HippocratesGreek physicianwho studiedanatomy, and

speculatedphysiologyFather of AnatomyMuch of his workremains todayHippocratic oathtaken by doctors atgraduation


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Hippocrates BeliefsSickness was not adivine punishment

Medicine should beethical (Hippocraticoath)

Patientconfidentiality


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Medicine during Medieval Times

When Rome fell,little was done toadvance the studies.

Desecration of thebody was taboo

Cadavers were nolonger used


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16th CenturyContributions

Began to compileextensive drawingsof dissections of

executed cadavers

Discovered thephysiology of circulatory system


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17th and 18th centuriesFew dissections wereallowed

Only certain scientistswere allowed to performthem

Tickets were sold toothers wishing to see anddraw the dissectedbodies.

Doctors literally traveled


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19th CenturyBegan studyingdevelopmentalanatomyEngland became the

center of anatomicalresearchAnatomy Act of 1832provided adequate

supply of corpsesGrays Anatomy firstpublished 1858 (fortraveling doctors)


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Modern AnatomyUse of newtechnology providedfurther

understanding of both structure andfunction of organsand organ systems

CT scans, X-rays,Genetic tests, MRI


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Future of AnatomyHealth relatedstudies are nowcentered aroundmolecular biologyLooking for geneticand molecularindicators of diseaseNew assaysconducted more invitro vs. in vivo


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Levels of Organization


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Starting with the largest

Organism (in thiscase humans)

Collection of organsystems whichfunction together


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Organ systemOrgans which worktogether to performa certain function

Ie. Circulatorysystem


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TissueCells which worktogether to form anorgan

Ie. Cardiac muscletissue, elastic tissuesurrounding veinsand arteries


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CellWork together toform a tissue

Ie. RBC, WBC,cardiac muscle cell


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MoleculeWork collectively toform a cell

Ie. Protein,carbohydrate, lipid


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Body planesBody is 3D

Can be split intothree planes

SagittalCoronal

Transverse


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Sagittal PlanePlane splitting thebody into two parts(left and right)

Sagittal section is acut madelongitudinally along

the body

If it splits into twoequal parts =midsagittal


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Transverse PlaneSeparates bodyalong horizontalplane

Also called a crosssection

Will divide anorganism intosuperior andinferior parts


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Body Cavities


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Dorsal CavitiesMade up of twosmaller cavities

1) Cranial Cavity holds and protectsbrain

2) Spinal Cavity column which runsthrough vertebraand protects spinalchord


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Seros

a

N i g f b ( ) ith 2


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1.) parietal orvisceral

2.) pericardial,pleural, or

peritoneal*

Naming of serous membranes (serosa) with 2adjectives:

Parietal serosa formsthe outer wall of thecavityVisceral serosa coversthe visceral organ

*The 2nd adjective can become a noun:

Pericardial: heartPleural: lungsPeritoneal:abdominal


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9 abdominal regions; 4 quadrants

epigastric

inguinal,(oriliac)

umbilical

flank(sidebutin back)

Theimportant

regions: The 4quadrants:

RUQ

LUQRLQLLQ


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Whatsunderneath


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Superior towards head

Inferior (caudal) towards the lower part of a bodypart

Anterior (ventral) front

Posterior (dorsal) back

Medial toward the midline of the body

Lateral Away from the midline

Intermediate between a more medial and lateralposition (center)


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Proximal Closer to the origin of the bodypart

Distal closer to the end of the body part

Superficial Toward the body surface

Deep Away from the body surface

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