intro. gen zoo

8/9/2019 Intro. Gen Zoo

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GENERAL ZOOLOGY (lecture)


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Zoology

- Gr. zoo +logus

- study of animals

- science that is concerned with animal life- broadest field in science


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Branchesof Zoology

Cytology

Gr. Kytos (hollow)- study of structure and

function of cell


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Embryology

Gr. Embryon- growing in

- study of thedevelopment of ananimal from fertilizedegg to birth or hatching

adult,three yearsold

sexual reproduction(meiosis throughfertilization)

zygote

cleavageorganformation tadpole

transformation toadult nearlycompleted


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Histology

Gr. histos, tissue

- study of tissues as

revealed by the

microscope


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Anatomy

Gr. anatome

dissect/separate- study of structure of

entire organism and

their parts

midsagittal plane

transverse planefrontal plane

dorsal surface

ventral surface

anterior posterior


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Molecular Biology

- study of the subcellular

details of animalstructure and function


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Genetics

Gr. genesis origin

- study of the mechanisms oftransmission of traits fromparents to offspring

chromatin

duplicated

chromosome


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Physiology

Gr. Physis nature

- study of the function of

organisms and theirparts


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Ecology

- study of the interaction

of organism with theirenvironment


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Systematics

- study of theclassificationand evolutionaryinterrelationships

among animal groups


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Paleontology- study of fossils

Fossil hunters find thefossil. They measure its14C/12C ratio to determine

the half-life reductionssince death. The ratioturns out to be one-eighthof the 14C/12C ratio in

living organisms. Thus themollusk lived about16,000 years ago.

Fig. 17-4d, p.262


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adult

adult

adult

youngegg

nymphsegg

larvaeegg

Growth and molting

Incomplete metamorphosis

Complete

metamorphosis

Types ofInsect Development

Entomology- study of insects


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Herpetology

- study of amphibiansand reptiles

adult,three yearsold

sexual reproduction(meiosis throughfertilization)

zygote

cleavageorganformation tadpole

transformation toadult nearlycompleted


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Protozoology

- study of protozoa

pellicle

long flagellum

contractilevacuolechloroplast

mitochondrion

eyespot

nucleusER

Golgi body


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Ichthyology- study of fishes

Cartilaginous fishes Most are marine predators

Cartilaginous skeleton

Main groups:

Skates and rays

Sharks

Chimaeras (ratfishes)

Bony fishescaudal fin

dorsal fins

pectoral

fin (pair)

pelvic fin (pair)

anal fin

- includes 96 percent of living fish species

Three subclasses:

Ray-finned fishes

Lobe-finned fishes

Lung fishes


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Ornithology

- study of birds

Mammalogy

- study of mammals


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Invertebrate Zoology

- study of animals withoutbackbone

Vertebrate Zoology

- study of animals withbackbone


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Animal Classification

Taxonomy- field of Biology that deals with classifying organisms

- Systematic Biology

- names, groups organisms according to:

a. Characteristics

b. Evolutionary History

Importance:

1. Universal system for naming and classifying organisms is

necessary to have clear communication among scientists.

2. Eliminate the use of common names and confusion in the

scientific world.


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Carl Von Linne(Carols Linnaeus)

- Swedish Biologist established a simple system forclassifying and naming organisms

- Father of Taxonomy

- Hierarchy or Ranking System

- morphology

- established a system of groups called TAXA

- category into which related organisms are placed


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Kingdom

PhylumClass

OrderFamily

Genera

Species

King Philip Came Over For Grandmas Soup


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What is the Scientific Method?

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Scientist have to take the time to

think logically when they are

investigating a question orproblem.

Identification of the problem


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Hypothesis formulation

hypothesis

- tentative answer to question

- scientific or educated guess that can be

tested

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The next step scientists take

is to create and conduct an

experiment to test their

hypothesis.

Hypothesis

testing/experimentation

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Once a scientist completes an experiment,

they often repeat it to see if they get thesame findings and results.

Hypothesis acceptance, modification orrejection

- verification, or checking things out to

make sure everything is valid and will

happen again and again

Generalization or Formulation of ConclusionBased on Analyzed Data


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http://130.158.208.53/WWW/PDB/Images/Sarcodina/ap/Amoeba2.jpg


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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

Organization

condition in which parts of an organism have specificrelationships to each other and parts interact to perform

specific functions

ma n a ns ep ys ca an c em cati


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p yproperties

Molecule two or more atoms bonded together

Organelle -several molecules bonded together willform the building blocks of a cell

- small structures contained within a cell

Cell - basic unit of all living things- cell is a collection of organellesfunctioning together

Tissue - group or aggregate of cells with similarstructure and functions

Organ two or more types of tissues that perform

one or more functions

Organ System several organs working together to perform aspecific function

Organism - made up of complex organ systems

mutually dependent on one another


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Reproduce to produce new organisms

Sexual reproductiontwo cells from different

individuals combine to form the first cell of a

new organism

Asexual reproductionall or part of the

organism is used to make a new organism


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Growth and Development

Growthsome cells get larger and other newcells are added

Developmentcells and body parts become

specialized for certain jobs


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Obtain and Use Energy fromEnvironment

Metabolismability to useenergy to perform vital

functions

2 phases:

1.Anabolismprocess ofmaking complex

substances from simpler

substances2.Catabolismbreakingdown complex substances

into simpler substances


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Autotrophorganism that can make its own food from

its environment

Heterotrophorganism that has to obtain its energy

from another organism


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http://www.acclaimimages.com/usepolicy.htmlhttp://www.acclaimimages.com/usepolicy.html


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Respond to the Environment

Stimulusanything in the environment that causes a

reaction from an organism

Reflexautomatic response to a stimulus


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http://www.acclaimimages.com/usepolicy.htmlhttp://acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0001-0408-1012-4759.html


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Homeostasis

maintenance of a relatively constantenvironment within the body.


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When your

body gets too

warm due toactivity or stress,

you will sweat

to cool it down.

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