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International Patriotism. The University of Utah Observes Washington's Birthday as itsAnnual Peace DayAuthor(s): TORILD ARNOLDSONSource: The Advocate of Peace (1894-1920), Vol. 72, No. 4 (APRIL, 1910), pp. 90-92Published by: World Affairs InstituteStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20665939 .

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90 THE ADVOCATE OF PEACE. April,

nation must continue to adhere, if it is to fulfill its mission and share in the world's progress. Hence such holidays are of vital moment to the nation which has established them.

" But as the years go by, a patriotic holiday may fail to receive that kind of attention which fosters the princi ples for which it stands. Indeed, the celebration may take on such a character that it weakens instead of

strengthens the original purpose. It is here that the schools have a patriotic duty to fulfill.",

Mr. Cary believes that definite instruction should be

given on these occasions, and to this end has prepared the Annual. He has included in this a number of poems, abstracts of addresses, descriptions, quotations, and a

flag drill, which may be used for Memorial and Flag Day observance, finishing the chapter with a suggestive program for Memorial Day. The next two chapters con

sist of exercises for Lincoln's and Washington's birth

days; and the last is devoted to Peace Day. Mr. Cary has given in this chapter a brief description of the two

Hague conferences, several well selected poems, abstracts

of addresses by Secretary of War Dickinson, Charles E.

Jefferson, Cyrus W. Field, Carlyle and Wilbur F. Gordy. He also devotes some space to the American School Peace League and gives in full the announcement of the peace prize contest. The chapter finishes with quota tions from James Russell Lowell, James Bryce, Theodore

Parker, Andrew Carnegie, Erasmus, General Sherman,

Wellington, Cicero, Hume, John Hay, Baroness von

Suttner, Longfellow, Pope Innocent III, the resolutions

adopted at the Chicago Peace Conference, and one se lected from the Hindu, - " To those of a noble disposi tion the whole world is but one family." The suggestive program which ends the chapter is one which will inter est every teacher who reads it. In the list of references to the Township Library List for Patriotic Holidays,

Mr. Cary has cited nearly thirty " Heroes of Peace "

whose names are included in the subject-headings of the

Township Library List. He also states where literature on international peace may be obtained.

Since this Annual goes to every teacher in Wisconsin, we may fairly expect that the Eighteenth of May will be

generally observed in the schools of this State. We wish that such a manual might be placed in the hands of the teachers of all the States.

Plans are in operation for the organization of State Branches in Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana. The spe cial importance of the Branch of the Summer School of the South is obvious in the organization of Branches in the Southern States, inasmuch as the members of this Branch are vigorously promoting the work of the League in their respective communities. The initial steps in the formation of Branches in the Southern States has in every case been taken by the secretary of the Branch of the Summer School of the South. Professor Claxton, presi dent of this Branch, and also president of the Summer School of the South, is planning again this year to make the subject of the international peace movement a part of the program of the summer school.

Under the title, "A Richer Moral Ideal," Professor Claxton gave a most impressive address on the develop ment of the idea of international peace at the meeting of the Department of Superintendence at Indianapolis the first week in March. All who heard him pronounced this

the great feature of the Convention. This speech had much to do with influencing the Committee on Resolu tions to pass the following resolution : " That May 18, the anniversary of the first Hague Peace Conference, be observed in the schools by setting aside a portion of the

day for appropriate exercises in recognition of the en deavor of the nations to establish a higher moral ideal in international relations."

Several thousand of the peace day program, which was

arranged by the secretary of the League, have been dis tributed. The New York Peace Society has bought fifteen hundred to give to the teachers in the schools of the city, and several of the State Superintendents of Instruction have made reprints of this and sent to every teacher in their

respective States. Among these are Mr. J. Y. Joyner, State Superintendent of North Carolina and President of the National Education Association, which meets in Boston next July.

The members of the League are still distributing the

Congressional pamphlet containing addresses by Congress man Richard Bartholdt, Congressman J. A. Tawney, Dr.

Nicholas Murray Butler and Mr. Andrew Carnegie. These have proved to be of great benefit in the preparation of

essays in the prize contest. The publications of the In ternational School of Peace, the American Peace Society, the New York Peace Society and the International Con ciliation Association have also been sent to pupils who have been competing for the prizes.

The peace pin contest is attracting wide attention

throughout the country. Superintendents have generally placed this in charge of the drawing teachers.

The library campaign is going on, and we hope before a year goes by we shall see at least a few libraries in each State of the Union with the international peace literature on their shelves.

The Secretary will speak before the Georgia State Teachers' Association on April 30, and before the teachers of Buffalo on May 7, and other smaller meetings will be addressed between these two dates.

International Patriotism. The University of Utah Observes Washington's

Birthday as its Annual Peace Day. BY PROFESSOR TORILD ARNOLDSON.

On the 2d of June, 1905, the Lake Mohonk Confer ence adopted a resolution, appealing to the universities and colleges of the United States to put forth their con certed efforts to secure among undergraduates early and careful considerations of the principles of international arbitration. As a most appropriate day for students'

meetings was suggested the 22d of February, especially in view of the fact that it was Washington who, as Presi

dent, laid the foundation of the practice of arbitration which has distinguished the foreign policy of the United States.

By a circular issued later in the same year this resolu tion was communicated to the respective colleges, and seems to have been sympathetically received. The Uni

versity of Utah, through the practical idealism of its

president, was one of the first to respond, and observed the following 22d of February, not only as a national

holiday, but also as a day of service for what is frequently

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1910 THE ADVOCATE OF PEACE. 91

termed universal peace. Since then the custom has been

faithfully preserved. This year a worthy program had been prepared and

was enjoyed by an attentive audience which filled the

university assembly room. Prof. N. T. Porter delivered the address of the occasion, speaking with eloquence of

Washington's significance as tbe father of our country, and of his and subsequent American policies friendly to international peace. The music was in harmony with the occasion.

THE ECKSTEIN ARBITRATION PETITION.

At the same meeting attention was called to the world

petition, which, launched a few years ago by Miss Anna B. Eckstein of Boston, has already received some six million signatures. The petition is addressed to the

forthcoming Hague Conference (expected about 1915) and urges a general extension in scope and time of inter national treaties of arbitration. It has already received a semi-official recognition in the State of Utah, being adopted by the Utah State Peace Society and signed by the highest representatives both of the State and of the

leading church. If so far only a few thousand signatures have been secured on the lists circulating here, this is

only due to the lack of sufficient propaganda. There is no doubt that every law-loving citizen would gladly aid the cause of international law by giving this petition the moral

support of his signature. Lists may be obtained either from the secretary of the Utah State Peace Society or from the writer of this article.

EXTERNAL PEACE BECOMES A NECESSITY.

Professor Porter had chosen to treat the subject in a broad manner. He contrasted the past with the future, and pointed out that the barbarism of the battlefield in the past had at least the redeeming features of heroism and sacrifice as compared with the cold-blooded heartless ness of the economic warfare that future times must

bring. Such apprehensions, which may be well justified by the

present trend of social life, can only be an additional incentive for the advocates of international peace to press their cause. The necessity of external peace becomes

greater according as our internal unrest increases, if we

earnestly desire to bring it to a just and rational solution. Moreover, the social struggle is becoming parallel in various parts of the world. The capital and labor ques tion is widening out into an all-national concern. The interests of the labor unions of the different countries are

being identified through mutual support, and capital is

likely to follow suit as the struggle goes on. But this phase of contemporary social life, though it

be the most vital of all, is not the only one to be consid ered. There are many others of a universal nature, such as the agitation for women' s social and political emanci pation, the questions of morals and hygiene, and, perhaps still more significant, international contests of sport, because these furnish the aspiring youth with a noble and healthful substitute for the savagery of warlike conflicts. Literary and scientific contests of an all-national character and international awards, such as those of the famous Nobel Prizes, also tend to strengthen the bond between the nations of the world. And the rapidly increasing interest in the study of foreign languages is a noticeable factor in international life.

INTERNATIONAL DECORUM.

The ultimate approach of all nations into a relation of

general decency, such as we now expect between man

and man, is not necessarily utopian. It may take some

time, but with the proper spirit on the part of the civilized nations the time need not be so far off. To safeguard this policy of decorous relations, a united force in the form of an international navy may be needed, which, though it were as large as those of England and Germany com

bined, would cost comparatively little if the expense were

apportioned to all. The present system of national armaments cannot long

be tolerated, principally because it is too expensive. We are told that it is necessary for us to maintain a strong navy to defend our interests against the inroads of other civilized powers. At the same time, we are assured by our government that we as a nation have no other inten

tions than those of legitimate defense. Other nations have exactly the same pretensions. But neither we nor

they are willing to believe the other party sincere, and so the competition goes on. With some of the great nations, such as Germany and

Japan, there is said to be the question of colonial expan sion. Here, then, there is need for a concerted peaceful solution. It is pretty certain that, for instance, the average German in his homeland never indulges in such a folly as wishing his government to make war upon the United States for the purpose of annexing part of our

territory just because he has relatives or other interests there; and, if he is left undisturbed by chauvinistic agita tion to his sober thinking, he will have a kindly feeling for every other country to which he is thus attached. The United States are, in fact, a glorious example of

peaceful expansion, not of one nation, but of many, bound

by the double tie that precludes national antagonism. A NEW PATRIOTISM.

In an age like ours, when sentimentalism is, rightly or

wrongly, beginning to be considered a sign of weak mindedness (and therefore a useful device employed by political orators and newspapers to win the ignorant masses), when religion is thrown overboard, socialism

becoming fashionable, anarchy at least an interesting topic of conversation, when everything must be subjected to scientific analysis and it is a mark of distinction to make some startling and bizarre assertion, it ought not to shock any one to hear that even patriotism may be

picked to pieces under the searchlight. In the first place, the old adage that "it is sweet to

die for one's country " may still sound very pretty as an

oratorical flourish, but it has no great power of persua sion upon intelligent minds of to-day. It seems, on the contrary, to need a revision, so that the sweetest thing would be to devote to one's country a long life of useful service. In other words, we are beginning to believe

more and more that there are a thousand other ways, more effectual and more in harmony with Christian self-respect, in which we can display loyalty and patriotism.

In the next place, we are getting to know other nations better than before. The common interests already referred to, extended intercourse and interde pendence, are creating an attitude of friendly curiosity which must needs free our patriotism from much narrowness.

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92 THE ADVOCATE OF PEACE. April,

Finally, individual self-assertion is working downward. Men are not born free and equal, as anybody can well

observe, but they all strive for freedom and equality in some form, according to their needs and temperaments. The standard for this desire varies with their milieu, but the spread of education is bound to increase it. Thus the individual life becomes more precious in itself and its claim to the right of development and considera tion greater.

But this self-assertion, which, while possibly most

prominent in the American nation, is another all-national concern, is everywhere modified by the codperative trend of modern society, which in turn is all-national in its nature.

So, through all these agencies, the individual is grad ually assuming a more cosmopolitan attitude to the world.

EDUCATING PUBLIC OPINION.

The eventual substitution of law for war in settling international disputes is, then, expected as the result, not of humanitarian efforts, but rather of social conditions. Nevertheless it must not be forgotten that the active workers for international peace, among whom are found the elite of the educated world, are performing a great and noble task in educating public opinion to a rational and respectful conception of international equity. When the arbitration movement first began, it was

met by the authorities in many lands with scorn and

distrust, and the comic papers received a new source of

inspiration for entertaining their readers. To-day arbi tration is looked upon by the whole civilized world as a

very natural recourse for settling international difficulties when diplomatic sagacity has failed.

One of the many peace societies which have thus

sought to ennoble public opinion is the Association for International Conciliation (542 Fifth Avenue, New

York), which publishes at intervals and distributes free of cost pamphlets of literary merit on various interna tional topics. The Association has headed its program with the sane and dignified motto: Pro patria per orbis concordiam - "for our country through the con cord of the world." This is the type of patriotism which our age requires of good men and women of all nations, more particularly in view of their common concern in the problems of the social world at large.

So Professor Porter reasoned.

The University of Utah, March 1, 1910

New Books. EFFECTS OF WAR ON PROPERTY. By Alma Latifi,

LL.D. Note by John Westlake, LL.D. London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 155 pages.

Dr. Latifi belongs to that class of students who have honored Great Britain with their scholarship in interna tional law. He is not only thoroughly informed, but he writes as one who has thought out his legal position on the various subjects of which he treats. His condensed

style gives his book the character of a manual. One can

get from it in a few glances the gist of the law of public or private property in land or sea warfare in its various

aspects, all conveniently classified. The book was in tended to be useful to the London Naval Conference, and therefore brought down to date the discussion of ques tions that have recently been raised in connection with

the second Hague Conference. One of these is the ques tion of the immunity from capture of private property at sea, against which the author argues with great force from the traditional British point of view. He holds, of course, to the idea that Great Britain will continue her

supremacy at sea, and that she cannot afford to give up the old war right of capturing her enemy's merchant men. But brilliant and comprehensive as his argument is, it treats with scant respect the American view of the

subject. He regards it as a fallacy and a delusion. For the sake of fairness he should have found room for

quotations from Andrew D. White and Hon. Joseph H. Choate, who have both stated the American position in a broad international spirit and put it upon humanitarian

grounds, which have as yet never appealed to Great Britain. Dr. Latifi's presentation of the case is, there

fore, lacking in breadth; in fact, it is somewhat depress ing. It shows, however, where the agitation for the desired reform must be carried on, and that is, in Great Britain. The success of immunity can be won in Great Britain only on the plea that it will be for her own self

preservation. The good work that has been done by Lord Loreburn in showing that Great Britain would be benefited by the measure must be supported by others who share his view. Professor Westlake has added

considerably to the value of Dr. Latifi's book by a note on Belligerent Rights at Sea, in which he discusses the philosophy of the American doctrine of immunity.

PACIFIC BLOCKADE. By Albert E. Hogan, LL. D.,

B. A. Oxford : The Clarendon Press, 1908. 183 pages.

Price, 6 shillings net.

In taking "Pacific Blockade" for his subject, Dr. Hogan has entered a field which, though modern, is little known even by teachers of international law. Having described the nature of the blockade and the rules under which it is conducted, together with the treatment of ships of the blockaded state and of neutrals, the author gives an account of the various instances of this kind of semi warlike operation that have occurred since 1827. Two cases of great historic interest are the Don Pacifico case,

1850, and that of the Venezuela Preferential Payment Claims question in 1902-1903. The reader will find that Dr. Hogan's story of the Don Pacifico case will correct erroneous impressions which have been given wide

currency by text writers. He will be interested in the Venezuela case because it came before the Hague Court.

The author has brought together considerable new mate rial and many references that are of value to the student and the teacher. His method of dividing his subject is

helpful to a ready understanding of it. He is to be con

gratulated upon his simplicity and clearness. At the end of the book is a collection of the various notices that have been issued by governments proclaiming pacific blockade. These notices add to the value of the text.

AMERICAN ADDRESSES AT THE SECOND HAGUE PEACE

CONFERENCE. By Dr. James Brown Scott. Boston :

Ginn & Co. 1910. 217 pages.

Up to this time it has been impossible to get the

speeches made by American delegates at the second

Hague Conference. They have now, however, become

accessible to everybody by their publication in the Inter national School of Peace Series, in a work edited by Dr

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