www.ieagreen.org.uk

International International Developments on CODevelopments on CO22 Capture and StorageCapture and Storage

John GaleGeneral Manager

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeScan-REF Conference

Oslo, Norway1st -2nd October 2008

www.ieagreen.org.uk

IntroductionIntroduction• Briefly outline what IEA GHG does• Overview of international activities on CCS

• CO2 injection projects in Developed Countries• Developing countries

• Brazil and China

• International initiatives for demonstration plants in the power sector• Technology overview and current status

• My view on where we stand in deploying CCS.

www.ieagreen.org.uk

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme• A collaborative research programme founded in 1991• Aim: Provide members with definitive information on the role that

technology can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

• Producing information that is:

Objective, trustworthy, independent

Policy relevant but NOT policy prescriptive

Reviewed by external Expert Reviewers

Subject to review of policy implications by Members

• Activities: Studies (>100); R&D networks :- Wells, Risk, Monitoring, Oxy, Capture, Biofixation; Communications (GHGT9, IJGGC, etc); facilitating and focussing R&D and demonstration activities

• Funding approx 2 million €/year (2.6 million $/year).

www.ieagreen.org.uk

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Current COCurrent CO22 Injection and Storage ProjectsInjection and Storage Projects

Nagaoka

Hokkaido•Qinshui Basin

Snohvit

Sleipner

In Salah

Key

ECBM projects

EOR projects

Gas production Fields

Saline aquifier

RECOPOLCO2 SINKK-12B

•Frio

•West Pearl Queen•Mountaineer

WeyburnPenn West

Alberta ECBM

Teapot DomeRangely

Burlington

4 New CO2 -EOR Pilots in Canada

50 Acid Gas injection sites in North America

70 CO2 -EOR projects in U.S.A.

Depleted Oil Field

Otway Basin

Zama

•Carson

Paranar Basin

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Sleipner (1996)

Weyburn (2000)

Cumulative globally stored CO2

Cumulative global need to store CO2

Size matters!

•03/29/2007

• • • •• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

•

• • • •• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

•

Validation Phase – Geologic Field TestsInjection Schedule

•Injection Schedule •Injection Complete

•Injection Ongoing

•2008 Injection Scheduled

•2009 Injection Scheduled

•1

•2•3

•4

•6•8

•9

•10

•11

•12 •13

•14•15 •16

•17

•18

•19

•20

•21

•22•23

•24

•7

•5

•WESTCARB•WESTCARB

•Big Sky•Big Sky

•SWP•SWP

•PCOR•PCOR•MRCSP•MRCSP

•MGSC•MGSC

•SECARB•SECARB

•1

•2•3

•6

•8

•9

•10

•11

•12 •13

•14•15•16

•17

•18

•19

•20

•21

•23

•24

•7

•5•WESTCARB•WESTCARB

•Big Sky•Big Sky

•SWP•SWP

•PCOR•PCOR•MRCSP•MRCSP

•MGSC•MGSC

•SECARB•SECARB

•Partnership •Geologic Province •Formation Type

•Columbia Basin •Saline

•Illinois Basin •Saline

•Illinois •Basin •Oil Bearing•-•Heavy

•Illinois • Basin •Oil Bearing•-•Well Conversion

•Illinois Basin •Oil Bearing•-•Pattern Flood I

•Illinois Basin •Oil Bearing•-•Pattern Flood II

•Illinois Basin •Coal Seam

•Cincinnati Arch •Saline

•Michigan Basin •Saline

•Appalachian Basin •Saline

•Keg River Formation •Oil Bearing

•Duperow Formation •Oil Bearing

•Williston Basin •Coal Seam

•Gulf Coast •Oil•-•Bearing

•Gulf Coast •Saline

•Mississippi Salt Basin •Saline

•Central Appalachian •Coal Seam

•Black Warr•ior Basin •Coal Seam

•Paradox Basin, Aneth Field •Oil Bearing

•Permian Basin •Oil Bearing

•San Juan Basin •Coal Seam

•Thornton Gas Field •Saline

•Thornton Gas Field •Gas Bearing

•Colorado Plateau •Saline

•1

•2

•3

•4

•5

•6

•7

•8

•9

•10

•11

•12

•13

•14

•15

•16

•17

•18

•19

•20

•21

•22

•23

•24

••stacked•test

••stacked•test

•Partnership •Geologic Province •Formation Type

•Columbia Basin •Saline

•Illinois Basin •Saline

•Illinois •Basin •Oil Bearing•-• Heavy

•Illinois • Basin •Oil Bearing•-• Well Conversion

•Illinois Basin •Oil Bearing•-• Pattern Flood I

•Illinois Basin •Oil Bearing•-• Pattern Flood II

•Illinois Basin •Coal Seam

•Cincinnati Arch •Saline

•Michigan Basin •Saline

•Appalachian Basin •Saline

•Keg River Formation •Oil Bearing

•Duperow Formation •Oil Bearing

•Williston Basin •Coal Seam

•Gulf Coast •Oil•-•Bearing

•Gulf Coast •Saline

•Mississippi Salt Basin •Saline

•Central Appalachian •Coal Seam

•Black Warr•ior Basin •Coal Seam

•Paradox Basin, Aneth Field •Oil Bearing

•Permian Basin •Oil Bearing

•San Juan Basin •Coal Seam

•Thornton Gas Field •Saline

•Thornton Gas Field •Gas Bearing

•Colorado Plateau •Saline

•1

•2

•3

•4

•5

•6

•7

•8

•9

•10

•11

•12

•13

•14

•15

•16

•17

•18

•19

•20

•21

•22

•23

•24

••stacked•test

••stacked•test

•1

•2

•3

•4

•5

•6

•7

•8

•9

•10

•11

•12

•13

•14

•15

•16

•17

•18

•19

•20

•21

•22

•23

•24

••stacked•test

••stacked•test

•22

•4

•03/29/2007

•Injection Schedule

•2009 Injection

Scheduled

•2010 Injection

Scheduled

•2011 Injection

•WESTCARB•WESTCARB

•Big Sky•Big Sky

•SWP•SWP

•PCOR•PCOR

•MRCSP•MRCSP

•MGS C

•MGS C

•SECARB•SECARB

Large Scale (1MMT+) Field Tests Injection Schedule

•8

•6 •7

•3

•9

•5

Partnership Geologic Province

Formation Type

Triassic Nugget Sandstone/Moxa Arch

Saline

Mt. Simon Sandstone

Saline

Mt. Simon Sandstone

Saline

Williston Basin Saline/Oil Bearing

Devonian Age Carbonate Rock

Oil Bearing

Lower Tuscaloosa Formation Massive Sand Unit

Saline

Regional Jurassic and Older Formations

Saline

San Joaquin Basin

Saline

•1

•1

•2

•2

•3•4

•4

•5

•6

•7

•8

•9

•5

www.ieagreen.org.uk

New Aquifer Project Initiatives in CanadaNew Aquifer Project Initiatives in Canada• Spectra - 1-2 Mt/y CO2

• Aquistor - 1Mt/y CO2

(2008-2012) • QUEST – project by

Shell to store > 1Mt/y CO2

• ICO2 N - Consortium of oil companies to bring CO2 from oil sands operations for storage Source: Alberta Research Council

www.ieagreen.org.uk

www.ieagreen.org.uk

CCS Activities in BrazilCCS Activities in Brazil• Petrobras leading research

activity• Thematic network

established• Research centres

established• Capture (3X)• Geological Storage

(CEPAC)• Source Store Mapping

completed (CARBMAP)• EOR Pilots underway

Paraná Basin

Three CO2-EOR pilotsWill inject 600 Mt/yFirst started 17 years agoMonitoring programmes established

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Chinas Activities on CCSChinas Activities on CCS“When the Chinese Government

says it is going do something, it will do it” - Lu Xuedu, MOST

• Programme to cut energy intensity in manufacturing industry by 20% by 2010

• Since 2006 half of power plants have been equipped with SO2 scrubbers

www.ieagreen.org.uk

CCS Activities in ChinaCCS Activities in China• Research projects on

CCS with US, Australia, EC, UK, Netherlands ...

• GreenGen Programme to build 250 MW IGCC Demo. in 2009• 400MW plant in 2015

with CCS• Huaneng Group

www.ieagreen.org.uk

ChinaChina’’s 1s 1stst Post Combustion COPost Combustion CO22 Capture Capture Pilot PlantPilot Plant

The design parameters are:•Flue gas flow to unit 2000- 3000 Nm3/h•Steam consumption 3GJ/tonne CO2

•Solvent consumption < 1.35 kg/tonne CO2

Owners: Huaneng

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Demonstration Plant InitiativesDemonstration Plant Initiatives• European Commission in 2007 set out a plan

for 10-12 demonstration plants• Draft Storage Directive• Programme to monitor demonstrations

• IEA Recommendations to G8 • Need for 20 demonstration plants by 2020• Endorsed by G8 at Hokkaido Summit in Spring

2008 • New Australian initative

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Integrated Demonstration ActivitiesIntegrated Demonstration Activities• Development of CCS in the power sector must

go hand in hand with increased efficiency • Overcomes energy penalty issues

• For capture there are three technology options• Post combustion capture

• Solvent scrubbing• Pre combustion capture

• IGCC• Oxy-fuel combustion

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Energy Efficiency DevelopmentsEnergy Efficiency DevelopmentsState of Art Efficiencies for:• Coal plant

• 47% LHV (sea water cooling)

• 43% LHV on lignite• Higher

temperatures will take to 50% LHV

•Gas Fired plant• 55% LHV• New turbine

designs will take this to 60% LHV

530

540

550

560

570

580

590

600

610

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

Max

SH

Ste

am T

empe

ratu

re, °

C

Ultrasupercritical

Supercritical

Studstrup (DK) 540/540Maatsura 1 (J) 538/566Esbjerg (DK) 560/560Schwarze Pumpe (D) 547/565 Maatsura 2 (J) 593/593Haramachi 2 (J) 600/600Nordjylland (DK) 580/580/580Boxberg (D) 545/581Tachibanawan 1 (J) 600/610Avedore (DK) 580/600Niederaussem (D) 580/600Hekinan (J) 568/593Isogo (J) 600/610

Torrevaldaliga (I) 600/610Hitachinaka (J) 600/600

Huyan (China)

Genesee 3 580/570Yunghung 566/576

courtesy Vattenfall

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Technical Maturity of Capture PlantTechnical Maturity of Capture Plant• Power generation with post combustion capture

– SC/USC pulverised coal and NGCC power plants are reliable and proven– Scale up of solvent capture units/integration with power cycle is unproven.

• Power generation with pre-combustion capture– IGCC for coal (1 GWe) is near commercial and proving reliability, better

experience with 3 GWe of IGCC capacity on oil and petcoke. No experience to date with reforming/POX/ATR based natural gas power plants

– Solvent capture units for CO2 available at scale, integration and power block hydrogen utilisation issues

• Power generation with oxy-fuel combustion– No proven experience of operation of pulverised coal power plants in an

oxyfuel combustion mode – the issue is “confidence building”– Large scale air separation units for O2 production proven and reliable.– Some development issues with tail end CO2 purification– CO2 or hybrid turbines do not exist for oxy-fuel combined cycles

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Proposed Integrated CCS ProjectsProposed Integrated CCS Projects

Key

Pre-Combustion Capture

IGCC

Oxy-Fuel

Post-Combustion

HALTEN

RWERWEHypoGen

CentricaE.ON

Mongstad

Stanwell

Hazelwood

CallideIndustrial Processes

nZEC

E.ON

DF2 DF4GREENGEN

LacqBig SkyMGSC

MRCSPPCO2R

Southwest

SEcarbWestCarb

SaskPower

Number of project announcements is increasing

Guaranteeing which project will proceed is difficult in current

economic climate

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Demonstration Project InitiativesDemonstration Project InitiativesCountry/Region Action

Europe Plans to support up to 12 demonstration projects under its 2007 Directive on Sustainable development of energy from fossil fuels

Norway Incoming Government defined new policy to introduce new NGCC plant with CCS

UK Demonstration programme announced with direct financial support for CCS component

Germany Demonstration projects supported through national research programme COORETEC in combination with commercial activities

Netherlands Demonstration programme supported by Ministry of Economics with commercial support

Denmark Commercial developments will initiate a demonstration project

www.ieagreen.org.uk

•COMMERCIAL

•PILOT

•DEMONSTRATI ON

LIGNITENATURAL GAS

COAL

100 MW

500 MW

0 MW

Vattenfall Schware Pumpe , D

Mongstad, No

UK Competition

Pre-combustionPost-combustionOxyfuel

Karsto, No

Nuon - Magnum, NL

Nordjyllandsværket,

Vattenfall, De

RWE, Nordrhein, D

RWE, Niederaußem, D

Cryogenic

CUIDAD, Es

Vattenfall, Janswalde,D

ENCOGEN, NL

CATO/CASTOR,/BRINDISI

TOTAL, Lacq, F

SEQ Project, NL

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Challenges Facing Demonstration ProjectsChallenges Facing Demonstration Projects

• All pilot projects will proceed with industrial, governmental and EC financial support.

• Will on part of power companies for projects to proceed

• Influencing factors include:• EC and national regulatory development• Investment cost uncertainty• Project financing• Public acceptance

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Public AcceptancePublic Acceptance• Pipeline rights of way will need to be agreed

• Subject of local planning reviews• Local issues will come to the fore• Consultation required

• Storage component• Acceptance of concept will be required• “safety & permanence” issues will arise

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Which Will Proceed?Which Will Proceed?

Janswalde

Nat. Gas

Coal (IGCC)

Coal (PC)

Coal (Cryo)Coal (Oxy)

MongstadKarstoNuonRWE

UK DemoNordjy.

ENCOGEN

Yes Yes Yes

Yes YesYesYesYes

Yes Yes

YesYes

Yes ?Yes ?

Yes Yes

Yes ?Yes ? Yes

? ?

?

?

Yes20112014

2015+ ?2015+ ?

20142015

2015 ?2020 ?

Fuel Type Project Political Will Financing Regulations Go Ahead

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Barriers to Wide Scale Implementation (1)Barriers to Wide Scale Implementation (1)• Going from tens to thousands of plant worldwide will

set a number of Challenges• Suitability of large geological resource

• Have to rely on deep saline aquifers but these are under researched

• Development of regulatory regimes• In hand in some countries but not all• For OSPAR slowest country will set the timescale

• Development of CO2 pipeline infrastructures• Establishment/reuse of rights of way• Cost - €19Bn in Europe alone• Co-ordinated action to build and finance needed

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Barriers to Wide Scale Implementation (2)Barriers to Wide Scale Implementation (2)• There is a need to create a long term market for CO2

• Current long terms trades on European Trading System only €12-15/t CO2

• Need to reduce costs for CCS• Will reduce naturally through replication but not enough

to bridge financial gap at present• Need to introduce technology into developing

countries• Current route through Clean Development Mechanism• Need concerted international action to get CCS into the

CDM

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Thank You!Thank You!

Contact E-mail: johng@ieaghg.org

GHGT-916th – 19th November 2009

Washington D.C.http://mit.edu/ghgt9