interactive e-books
TRANSCRIPT
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Interactive E-booksChristian Glahn
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Interactive E-books =
Enhanced digital book publications
For swiss aca
demics
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1. The Web, mobiles, and e-books
2. Modes of interactivity
3. Interactivity and managed learning
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Once upon a time … the WWW and PDF were new (1993/4)
HTML
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• 1st popular smart device (1996)• Low resolution screen
(160x160px)
• Monochrome graphics• Sync-by-wire
• 1st “e-book” readers (ereaders) • MobiPocket*• Documents2Go• Acrobat for PalmOS
“Responsive Design” appears around 10yrs later!
… but then computers went mobile
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E-books reach out to domains where the WWW and PDF fail(ed) to meet the user-requirements.
• Offline capability• Re-floatable content
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E-books are “mobile first” resources by design!
Web-technologies became (much) later part of the game.
“Web-only e-books” are a big No-No!
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What is an E-Book?
PDFs are no e-books??
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E-books are content-packaging formats for distributing publications to a wide range of digital displaying technologies
The content will adapt to the displaying capabilities of the “ereader”.
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PDF is a content format for the lossless distribution of layouted documents to a wide range of printing and displaying devices.
The content looks the same on every “ereader”.
For comparison …
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E-books are content-packaging formats for distributing publications to a wide range of digital displaying technologies
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E-books are content-packaging formats for distributing publications to a wide range of digital displaying technologies
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EPUB version 2 uses XHTML + CSS2 for formatting. • Mostly text and images• Basic interaction
EPUB version 3 uses HTML5 for formatting and interaction. (HTML+CSS3+Javascript)• Multi-media documents• Complex interaction (sometimes possible)
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E-books are no longer limited to text and images.
But many "ereaders" already
have problems with handling
images correctly
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EPUB introduces “fixed-layout” documents as alternative to “reflowable” documents.
Kiss Marry AvoidX
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EPUB3 introduces scripting for interactive content
"Progressive e
nhancement” fo
r
most accessible
content!
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EPUB3 defines ereaders as runtime environments for interactive content.
Can we publish apps as e-books?!
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Business Logic Complexity
The Line Between Apps, Web-apps, and E-books
Full Device
Capabilities
Online Business
LogicInteractiveContent
Native Apps Web-Apps E-books
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E-books support different interactions
• Annotations• References (Links)• Interactive graphics• Quizzes• Interactive storylines
Eas
e of
auth
oring
Inte
rope
rability
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Annotations• Audience-based document
enrichment• All ereaders provide basic
annotation.• Highlights• Notes
• Many ereaders offer also collaborative annotations.
• New Specifications for sharable annotations• Open Annotation • EPUB Content Fragment
Identifier (epubcfi)
http://www.openannotation.org/spec/core/
Collaborative annotations in Kindle
Annotation tools in iBooks
http://www.idpf.org/epub/linking/cfi/epub-cfi.html
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Footnotes and Links• HTML anchors and
links help to move between chapters and sections
• “epub:type” links allow to create pop-ups• Footnotes• Glossaries• Bibliographies(Some readers require back-references)
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Interactive Graphics
• SVG or HTML5 Canvas graphics preferred• Works well for diagrams• PNG or JPEG if photos are
required
• A lot of Javascript is necessary!
Many authors a
nd
ereaders fail here
Example taken from Sanders Kleinfeld: HTML5 for publishers; O'Reilly
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Quizzes
• HTML form elements and form-like interactions
• Some Javascript necessary!
Most authors an
d
ereaders will fail here
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Interactive storylines
• Different levels of interactivity• Content-level scripting
• Changes the content in one chapter• Spine-level scripting
• Changes the flow of the entire document
• Javascript manipulation required
Most authors an
d
ereaders fail here
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Supporting Ereader Capabilities
Providing fallback content for non-scriptable ereaders is mandatory!• epub:switch, epub:case, and epub:default• Choose between ereader capabilities at
content level.• No scripting required.
"Progressive enhancement” means:
start from the fallback presentatio
n!
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The Persistency Pitfall
Persistency of interaction results does not come for free!
Ereaders force reset the scripting engine when• Changing chapters• Changing layouts
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The Future: Reducing Complexity for Authors
New widget specification for EPUB• Organise interaction logic in
(reusable) content blocks.• Separate interaction
elements from main content.• Embed via iframe-elements
http://www.idpf.org/epub/widgets/
Widget example in iBooks
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E-books and
Managed Learning
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SCORME-books are content-packaging formats for distributing publications to a wide range of digital displaying technologies
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vs.• (X)HTML as the primary
data format• Embedded interaction• Sequencing via
pagination (and scripts)• No user-interaction
handling• No sessions• Undefined back-channels
• Mixed data-formats
• Interaction objects (SCOs)• Defined sequencing via
IMS Simple Sequencing• User-interaction handling
• Session aware• Back-channel definition via
CMI
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Overcoming the Gap for Managed LearningEDUPUB® profile adapts the functionality of the EPUB® 3 format to the unique structural, semantic and behavioural requirements of educational publishing.
• Metadata • Additional instructor notes • (Distributable content) • (Scriptable content) • (Assessment via IMS QTITM) • (Analytics via IMS Caliper AnalyticsTM) • (Annotations)
Very early working draft!
http://www.idpf.org/epub/profiles/edu/spec
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EDUPUB Assessment and Analytics will take some time
• EDUPUB will require IMS LTI conformance for back-channels
• IMS LTI defines service interactions not content interactions.• “Man in the middle” is
built into the design
http://www.imsglobal.org/edupub/EPUB3QTILTICaliper_BestPracticesvd8.pdf
Very early
working draft!
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Overcoming the Gap for Managed LearningEPUB and XAPI Integration (IEEE ADB Initiative) • Interactions are stored as experiences• No special content extensions required
• Experiences are available throughout the book
• Experiences could get exchanged with other systems at content level
New, but based on existin
g
specifications and technologies
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EPUB does not define how to organise back-channels.
XAPI looks promising,
but there are hidden challeng
es
Not a technical problem!
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Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
Authors Publishers
Readers & Institutions (teachers/learners)
Distributors
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Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
Authors Publishers
Readers & Institutions (teachers/learners)
Distributors
The ereader bac
k-channels d
efine
the interact
ion complexity
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Authors Publishers
Readers & Institutions (teachers/learners)
Distributors
Amazon
Apple
X
Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
X X
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Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
Authors Publishers
Readers & Institutions (teachers/learners)
Distributors
Swiss Law
XXX
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Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
Authors
Readers &
Institutions
(teachers/learners)
Publishers
Distributors
?
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Summary• E-books are mobile-first resources• E-books are not limited to text and images, but keep the
accessibility in mind• Ereaders are runtime environments for interactive e-book
content• Interactive e-books require software development skills (for
the time being)• E-books are very similar to SCORM Modules (and may
replace them in some cases)• Access to interaction back-channels guide the
effectiveness of e-books in education (and elsewhere)
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Dr. Christian Glahnhttp://www.isn.ethz.ch
@phish108http://slidesha.re/phish108
http://lo-f.at/glahn