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Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Integration ofGroundwater Management
intoTransboundary Basin Organizations in
Africa
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Integrated Water Resources Management IWRM
and Groundwater Management
Framework
Module 2
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
•Why Groundwater Management for River Basin Organizations? •Groundwater – the Resource•Groundwater Management Issues•IWRM in Groundwater Management •Transboundary Groundwater
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Why Groundwater Management for River Basins?
• Groundwater and surface water interact in the hydrologic cycle and therefore need to be managed as a single water resource.
• There are vast volumes of groundwater in storage that can provide water managers with valuable new resources.
• Conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water can provide water managers with valuable tools and opportunities to optimize water use within river basins.
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Groundwater in the Hydrologic Cycle
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
The rate of flow and hence the turn-over time for groundwater is orders of magnitude slower than for surface water and hence groundwater requires a
different management paradigm.
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water is a guiding principle of IWRM.
• Traditionally the integrated management of surface and groundwater has lagged behind in many RBOs for various reasons:
✓Institutional separation of groundwater and surface water management,
✓Different knowledge and skill systems required for surface and groundwater management
✓Aquifer systems do not always coincide with river basin boundaries.
➢Given the important role of RBOs in the African regional transboundary water management, RBOs have a unique opportunity to fully integrate groundwater and surface water management and thereby manage their catchment water supplies in an optimal and sustainable manner.
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Importance of groundwater• Groundwater is the main source of water for domestic use for more than 2
billion people in the world.
• The accelerated global development over the past few decades has been significantly supported by groundwater.
• It is the major source of water for many mega cities (Mexico City, Dhaka, Dar esSalaam, etc.)
• Africa is blessed with abundant groundwater resources.
• Groundwater is under-developed in many parts of the African continent
• Additional and sustainable use of groundwater will be vital for the achievement of the ‘UN Sustainable Development Goals’ and for adaptation to climate change
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Regional Distribution of Global Fresh Water Resources
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Type of
storage
Natural/
Artificial
Installed
capacity
(km3)
Annual
Recharge
(km3/yr)
Used
capacity
(km3/yr)
Surface water
Natural
(rivers & lakes)
Artificial
(Large dams)
225,000
6.000
8,000 2,000
3,800
Ground water
Natural
(< 400 meters)
Artificial
(MAR)
3,500.000
20-50
300,0000 3.000
20-50
Sources: Gleick (2000) , IWMI (2000), IGRAC (2006)
Storage: surface water & groundwater
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Groundwater•Positive points•Large volumes in storage – 97% of available freshwater.•Widely dispersed & available where needed: rural water supply. •Relative low cost compared to surface water- allows private development.•Potable without treatment•Drought resistant – no evaporation•Requires little land
•Negative points•Storage & conveyance only•Must be pumped •Limited flows•Mineralized•Difficult & expensive to assess•Need to involve users in management plans
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Why is Groundwater Management needed?
• Management and protection of groundwater has been seriously neglected, potentially endangering the resource.
• The sustainability of groundwater is linked to policy issues influencing water and land use, and represents one of the major global challenges in natural resource management.
• There is a need to integrate groundwater and surface water management to ensure better overall water management and allocation.
1
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Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Interactions between surface water and groundwater
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
IssuesThe
hidden drought
300 m
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
IssuesThe groundwater
quality time-bomb
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Opportunities: Staging of development:
Large capital outlayCapital costs spaced as demand rises
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Opportunities: Decentralized user driven development. • Globally groundwater development has resulted in great social and economic
benefits, providing low-cost, drought-reliable high-quality water supplies – eg India.
• Because it is widely dispersed and relatively cheap to develop – it lends itself to development by individuals and households in most places.
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Management Challenges
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Some Consequences of GW abstraction
Excessive
pumping
When pumping is
further increased
Normal
consequences of
any groundwater
pumping
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Historic data
Example: Water saving to reduce aquifer depletion
Monitoring data
Baseline data (reference)
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
GWM in Practice
• Identify critical points • Excessive drawdown with wells drying up
• Water quality deterioration such that it is unsuitable for original use
• Conflict between abstractors / users
• Uncontrolled waste dumping
• Decline of groundwater dependent ecosystems
• Reduced baseflow
• Declining springflow
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
IWRM Framework – based on Dublin Principles
❖ Three pillars❖ Economic Efficiency❖ Environmental
Sustainability❖ Social Equity
❖ 3 change areas❖ Management Instruments❖ Enabling Environment❖ Institutional Roles
22
Man
agem
ent I
nstrum
ents
Ecosystem Sustainability
Social Equity Economic Efficiency
Man
agem
ent I
nstrum
ents
Institutional Roles
Policy Legislation Regulation
Aquifer & River Basin Central-Local Public-private
Assessment Information
Allocation tools
Enabling Environment
Financing & Incentive Structure
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Groundwater Management
Human BenefitsEconomic Benefits Environmental Benefits
Aquifer Storage
(groundwater resource)
SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT
Artificial Recharge
(irrigation losses,
wastewater returns)
Natural Recharge
(excess rainfall, surface
water seepage)
Indirect Recharge
(aquitard leakage,
cross-formational flow)
Water for development
Groundwater abstraction
(agriculture & Industry)
Water for the Environment
Groundwater discharge
(Springs, surface water,
wetlands, coastal zone)
Water for People
Groundwater supply
(drinking water & Sanitation
and livelihood)
His
cock
, 20
02
THE RESOURCE
THE USES
THE CHALLENGE
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
ACTION PLAN
MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS AND MEASURES
RESOURCE SETTING
HYDROGEOLOGIC CONDITIONS definition of manageable groundwater bodies
resource renewability, recharge rates and sw interactions
aquifer storage characteristics and economic reserves
susceptibility to irreversible aquifer/ecosystem degradation
SOCIOECONOMIC SITUATION
analysis of groundwater use drivers (urban vs rural)
(waterwell construction costs, macro-policy interactions
such as energy subsidies and crop price guarantees)
groundwater use and users profile
REGULATORY PROVISIONS zoning and source protection
groundwater use regulation
POLICY ADJUSTMENTS
macro-policy interventions
linkage with planning
IMPLEMENTATION OF MANAGEMENT MEASURES investment priorities and scheduling of actions
mobilizing stakeholder engagement and essential roles of government
USER PARTICIPATION knowledge and awareness
strengthening user organization
local regulation
DEMAND-SIDE MEASURES
substitution of uses (crops, agronomy)
efficiency measures/ saving
water charging
SUPPLY-SIDE MEASURES
natural/ artificial recharge
retention
alternative sourcing
conjunctive management
QUALITY MEASURES
prevention
adaptation
water treatment
remediation
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Most widely-occurring aquifers
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
no management = no maintenance = no water
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Some Groundwater Management Tools.
Maps: - groundwater managers are finding that thematic (semi)-quantitative maps provide significant spatially valuable data. B
Databases: - databases are essential in order to monitor the location of groundwater resources development and the changes that are taking place to the resource.
Monitoring networks: - these are the fundamental management instrument to gather information about what is happening to the hidden groundwater resource and should monitor both the resource quantity and resource quality.
Modeling: - models can provide detailed information for groundwater management and planning and are useful especially for heavily used aquifers.
Analyses: - analyses of the data and reporting results are an essential part of the management framework.
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Villholth et al. 2013.
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Villholth et al. 2013.
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
Key Conclusions
• Groundwater represents a major portion of fresh water resources
• Hydrogeologic and socio-economic conditions location-specific
• Surface water and groundwater should be managed as one resource.
• Involve the main stakeholders in the resource management and development
• Need for capacity building both among water resource authorities and water users to implement management measures
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya
When the well is dry, then the value of water is understoodMark Twain
Regional Training Workshop on Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins, 15-18 January 2019, RCGW, KEWI, Nairobi, Kenya