integrated lake basin management (ilbm) upper...
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Integrated Lake Basin Management Integrated Lake Basin Management Integrated Lake Basin Management Integrated Lake Basin Management
(ILBM) (ILBM) (ILBM) (ILBM)
Upper Bhima Basin (UBB) and Upper Bhima Basin (UBB) and Upper Bhima Basin (UBB) and Upper Bhima Basin (UBB) and
the Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake) the Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake) the Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake) the Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake) the Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake) the Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake) the Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake) the Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake)
Maharashtra, Maharashtra, Maharashtra, Maharashtra,
IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia
Panoramic view of Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake), Maharashtra, IndiaPanoramic view of Yeshwantsagar (Ujjani lake), Maharashtra, India
Named after visionary politician of Maharashtra, Late Yehwantrao Chavan as Yeshwantsagar, Ujjani lake was constructed in June1980 on river Bhima, a tributary of Krishna (one of major rivers in South India). The Upper Bhima Basin (UBB) has the catchmentof 4,700 sq km and Ujjani lake is situated at the terminal end of this river basin. UBB and Ujjani lake complex is a classical case
where all the concepts of ILBM can be put to test and successful ILBM in UBB could be a trend setter for conservation and management of lakes and reservoirs in South Asia
Constitution of IndiaFundamental duties of citizens :
Article 51 A : It shall be duty of every citizen of India –
a. To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National anthem
b. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspire our national struggle for freedom
c. To upheld and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
d. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so
e. To promote the harmony and spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic
and regional or sectoral diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
f. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
h. To develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of enquiry and reform
i. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence
j. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher
levels of endeavor and achievements
g. To protect and improve natural environment including Forests, Lakes, Rivers and Wild Life, and to have compassion for living creatures
A lake should not be looked in isolation but as a continuous unit often defined by geography with three basic components viz. Basin, Water body and down stream command area. The
three components have profound influence on each other
A lake should not be looked in isolation but as a continuous unit often defined by geography with three basic components viz. Basin, Water body and down stream command area. The
three components have profound influence on each other
Freshwater is critical natural resource and 90% of readily available fresh water resources are the lakes (Lentic ecosystems)
Freshwater is critical natural resource and 90% of readily available fresh water resources are the lakes (Lentic ecosystems)
International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC), JapanIntegrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM)
ILEC has defined the ILBM as “A way of thinking that assists lake basin managers and stake holders in achieving sustainable
management of lakes and their basins
ILEC has defined the ILBM as “A way of thinking that assists lake basin managers and stake holders in achieving sustainable
management of lakes and their basins
Of the three basic components i.e. Basin, Water Body and Command, the first, Lake basin, is the most important because a lake is reflection of its catchment.
ILBMessentiallyemphasizes On improvedLake BasinGovernance**************** A lake basin isdynamic entityand status quo
The six basic components
of this Governance
structure *****************
1. Institutions,
2. Policies,
Good Lake Basin Governance : a key to success
and status quocan not help.****************TO addressnew issues andProblemsSolutionsbasedon newknowledge andTechnologiesis essential
3. Participation of
all the stake
holders,
4. Technologies,
5. Knowledge and
Information and
6. Finance. A lake has three basic attributes; Basin, water body and command . The basin manaagement needs priority as a lake is
reflection of its basin
1. Institutions : The basin level actions and programmes usually involve pooling of resources from different Governmental
Institutions/Departments and Inter-Institutional/departmental co-operation and co-ordination is crucial for success of ILBM. In India lake based and State level
Lake Conservation authorities are already functional.
1. Institutions : The basin level actions and programmes usually involve pooling of resources from different Governmental
Institutions/Departments and Inter-Institutional/departmental co-operation and co-ordination is crucial for success of ILBM. In India lake based and State level
Lake Conservation authorities are already functional.
Good Lake Basin Governance : a key to success
2. Policies and rules : Concrete policy formulations based on existing laws should facilitate better basin management that will
maximize benefits from a lake without compromising its ecological integrity. The policy based
2. Policies and rules : Concrete policy formulations based on existing laws should facilitate better basin management that will
maximize benefits from a lake without compromising its ecological integrity. The policy based maximize benefits from a lake without compromising its ecological integrity. The policy based actions should lead to sustained flow of ecological services.
maximize benefits from a lake without compromising its ecological integrity. The policy based actions should lead to sustained flow of ecological services.
3. Participation : Basin level actions are not touch and go affair and need long term commitment from all sections
of the stake holders. Lack of interest among stake holders can nullify most useful and beneficial interventions
3. Participation : Basin level actions are not touch and go affair and need long term commitment from all sections
of the stake holders. Lack of interest among stake holders can nullify most useful and beneficial interventions
4. Technologies :Interventions like shore line development, treatment of sewage through wetlands, STP, aforestation to
control soil erosion and siltation etc. have potential to compliment other technology based treatment options. Development of new and up-gradation of existing technologies and
eco-technologies have a special role in ILBM.
4. Technologies :Interventions like shore line development, treatment of sewage through wetlands, STP, aforestation to
control soil erosion and siltation etc. have potential to compliment other technology based treatment options. Development of new and up-gradation of existing technologies and
eco-technologies have a special role in ILBM.
variation presents an opportunity to share experiences and knowledge gained in the process. Thus a solid information and knowledge base will go a long way in
5. Knowledge and Information : There will be great variation in the nature of ILBM depending on prevailing environmental, socio-economic, geographical and political factors and experiences will also be equally different. This
variation presents an opportunity to share experiences and knowledge gained in the process. Thus a solid information and knowledge base will go a long way in
making ILBM an instrument of change.
Good Lake Basin Governance : a key to success
6. Finance : To sustain gains of ILBM the maintenance costs of infra-structure and processes need internalization.
6. Finance : To sustain gains of ILBM the maintenance costs of infra-structure and processes need internalization. To sustain gains of ILBM the maintenance costs of infra-structure and processes need internalization.
This underlines the importance of self financing nature of the projects under ILBM for long term sustainable gains.
To sustain gains of ILBM the maintenance costs of infra-structure and processes need internalization. This underlines the importance of self financing nature of the projects under ILBM for
long term sustainable gains.
To summarize, success of ILBM hinges on the six drivers outlined above and out come should be evaluated on two basic indicators viz. 1. Have goods and services improved? and
2. Is ecological integrity of the ecosystem intact?
To summarize, success of ILBM hinges on the six drivers outlined above and out come should be evaluated on two basic indicators viz. 1. Have goods and services improved? and
2. Is ecological integrity of the ecosystem intact?
Restoration of goods and services of a lake ecosystem is long drawn process
and as dramatic as its de-spoilation and degradation
Sudden
manifesta
tions
No visible impacts
Dramatic
recovery
Carrying capacity
tions
Projected water scenario by 2025Projected water scenario by 2025
Global water scenario by 2025 : India will be a water stressed region by 2017 with decline of per capita availability of water from 2,200 m3 in 2000 to 1600 m3 in 2017. By 2025 ater will be the limiting factor for development and or sustainability in all the sectors of national activities. On this background there is an urgent need to conserve
and manage available freshwater resources in the form mainly of of rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
South Asia : predicted water scenario by 2025
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The countries include India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
South Asia includes mainly seven countries constituting South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The countries
include India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Maldives and Pakistan.
The Indian sub-continent supports 18% of world’s population crammed in to only 2% of its land mass
The Indian sub-continent supports 18% of world’s population crammed in to only 2% of its land mass
Often described as “Water stressed “ the countries in South Asia are also facing water crisis mainly on account of an increasing demand of
freshwater in all sectors of human activities.
Often described as “Water stressed “ the countries in South Asia are also facing water crisis mainly on account of an increasing demand of
freshwater in all sectors of human activities.
crammed in to only 2% of its land masscrammed in to only 2% of its land mass
The region is cradle of one of the oldest human civilizations that mainly flourished around lakes and rivers.
The region is cradle of one of the oldest human civilizations that mainly flourished around lakes and rivers.
Location of Upper Bhima Basin (UBB)
UBB and Ujjani lake
Details of Upper Bhima Basin and water resources : Reservoirs and rivers
The precipitation pattern in UBB.
Annual rain fall from 6000 (dark)
to 500 mm (colourless)Water resources
Ujjani lake : Physiographic features
Land use pattern
Attribute Area in Sq km / million hectors
Name and year of construction Ujjani lake, June 1980
Purpose of the reservoir Irrigation, Drinking water and
hydropower generation
Catchment 14,700 / 1.47
Forest cover 10.1% / 0.149
Uncultivated land 13.6%Uncultivated land 13.6%
Cultivable land 76.3 / 1.222
Land under plough 64.8 / 0.53
Larger picture of Irrigation infra-structure
Major dams (19) 0.37
Medium/minor dams (214) 0. 09
Ground water 0. 25
Irrigation potential 0. 71 (63% of cultivable land)
Ujjani lake basin issues :
2. Treatment of enormous volumes of sewage generated by urban centers
3. Industrial liquid and solid waste : Treatment and safe disposal
1. Ever increasing Urban water demands of growing population and expanding urban centers
3. Industrial liquid and solid waste : Treatment and safe disposal
4. Degradation of river water quality and impacts on rural areas
5. Ground water pollution and public health
6. Effects on irrigated agriculture.
7. Degradation of Ujjani lake
1.951
2.467
3.178
4.164
5.533
7.232
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population in m
illion
Rural Population
Urban Population
Total Population
Year
Population increase in UBB
Table 3. Industries in Pune district (2004-05).
No
Industry
CategoryType of industry
Total
Large Medium Small
1 Red 164 84 753 10011 Red 164 84 753 1001
2 Orange 21 54 569 644
3 Green 37 80 1840 1957
Total 222 218 3162 3602
CREP Industries ( MPCB, 2004)
Total : 42
Red : 30
Orange : 12
Industrial Effluent Qty. : 62,931 CMD
Common Effluent treatment Plant (CETP):
CETP for treatment of industrial wastewater is located at Kurkumbh MIDC in
the Daund Taluka.
Common hazardous Waste Disposal Facility:
For the disposal of hazardous wastes new Common Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) site is being
developed at Ranjangaon, Taluka Shirur.
Stone Mines:
Excluding the Taluka Pune city, there are in all about 141 open cast stone
mines located in the different Taluka of the district having area of 262.4
sq.km.
Industrial waste generation sites
Hazardous waste generation map
The irrigation in UBB
Map of Ujjani reservoir, Mahrashtra. Upper two images showing factors controlling hydrology of the lake on left side, while composition of algae on the right.
Orthophosphate level in Ujjani lake
Seasons Ortho-P mg/l Secchi
Depth
(m)Upper Layer Deeper Layer
Range Avg Range Avg Range
Early
Summer
0.05 – 0.20 0.13 - - 0.8-1.9
Summer
Summer <0.1 – 0.87 0.10 <0.01 – 1.76 0.37 0.7-1.0
Monsoon/
Winter
<0.1 – 1.36
0.14 – 0.28
0.220.18 <0.04 – 0.31
0.11 – 0.38
0.13
0.19
0.8-2.0
1.5-2.9
Ujjani is mesotrophic and productive lake
Nephrotoxins (Kideneys)
Hepatotoxins (Liver)
Dermatotoxins (Skin)
Algal scum – Blooms of cyanobacteria (blue green algae) is a sure indication of sewage linked
eutrophication. They produce toxins affecting Kidneys, Liver and skin and render the water
unfit for domestic consumption. The blooming of algae set a chin reaction
manifesting in the form of anaerobia, toxicity and massive fish kills.
A mass fish kill is sure sign of extreme environmental pollution of the lake. Such fish kills was a common feature in lake Hussainsagar up to 1993. Of late extreme pollution has virtually wiped out fishes from the lake. Effort are being made to stock the fishes to harvest the nutrients
6/7 May 1975 Out of 27 species in the lake, 9 species including the main ones : Clarias, Etroplus, Tilapia, Mystus etc.
24 April 1984 Species not identified
22 April 1986 3 species : Notopterus, Puntius, Channa.
24 April 1990 Notopterus sp.
6 April 1991 Notopterus sp.
23 April 1993 Notopterus sp., Channa
One of the most perceptible manifestations of eutrophication is wild growth of aquatic
weeds like water hyacinth that cover entire lake affecting its water quality,
biodiversity and livelihood of lake dependent communities.
Ground water quality in the Kukatpally area.
Parameterppm
WHO IS Average
Range
pH 7.5 8.5 8.06 7.3 – 9.0
TDS 500 500 827 435 – 1531
Alkalinity - - 313 200 – 475
Hardness 150 300 249 160 – 440
Sulphates 400 250 618 242 – 985
Nitrates 45 20 57 40 – 90
Nitrites - - 2.3 0.12 – 5.8
Phosphates 0.1 0.1 0.48 0.11 – 0.68
Groundwater pollution : The recharging process contaminates ground water if a lake is polluted. Such pollution is severe in the case of lake Hussainsagar with large industrial areas in
its catchment.
Phosphates 0.1 0.1 0.48 0.11 – 0.68
Chlorides 250 25 358 10 - 760
Pollution of a lake adversely affects livelihood of lake dependent communities like Fishermen, washermen and small dairy farmers
Stake holders participation : Jal Dindi
Highlights of the symbolic action programmes during Jal Dindi
1. Kalash pujan (Worship of a sacred pot) :
2. Jal - Maitri Yatra (Friends of river/water) :
3. Establishment of Jal Mitra Mandals (River Eco-Clubs) :
4. Jala Dindi Sanskar Shibir (Camp) :
I - Jal Dindi : Integration of tradition and culture in to environmental protection
4. Jala Dindi Sanskar Shibir (Camp) :
Health check-up, advise and distribution of medicines
Water quality studies/assessment and guidance for
avoiding water related health issues
5. The way ahead : The Jal Dindi has emerged as an unprecedented
environmental movement touching the lives of thousands of
impoverished rural people who are victims of water pollution from
up-stream urban centers.
II - Water user’s Associations (WUA) :
In 2005 Maharashtra State Assembly passes an act titled – “Participatory Irrigation Management Act” that has transferred irrigation management at supply end from concerned State department to Water User’s Associations
(WUA). The members of WUA are basically farmers using water for irrigated agriculture.
III - Upper Bhima Water Partnership (UBWP) :III - Upper Bhima Water Partnership (UBWP) :
Under the aegis of IWP-GWP initiative an Area Water Partnership (AWP) called Upper Bhima Partnership was established in July 2001. The out come of this civil society initiative was the document titled ‘Vision
for the development of Upper Bhima Basin by 2025’. The objective is to establish a pollution free productive regime for the continued sustainable and equitable
socio-economic development of the UBB.
IV - Public Interest Litigation (PIL) :
Indian judiciary has played a very pro-active role in the matter of environmental protection which also gave birth to the concept of Public
Interest Litigation (PIL). A citizen can approach a court for redressal of an issue of public interest and most of the environmental issues fall under
this category. Even a post card written by an aggrieved citizen involving an issue of public interest was taken note of by the High courts and even Supreme court of India and a number of favourable judgments are
delivered.
V- Lifting of sewage for irrigation :
The severage water which is available through out the year in the rivers is considered as a source for the Purandar Lift Irrigation Scheme. The
scheme was designed and planned in the year 1993. However, in the last 15 years due to large increase in the population in the catchment urban
centers and also industrialization has increased the pollution in the river making river water unfit for irrigation.
I – Lake basin management :
A. Sewage management : Decentralization of sewage management and introduction of septic tank system could reduce sewage related problems of eutrophication. Further, wherever possible emphasis should be on recycle and reuse of sewage as a resource.
B. For reducing diversion of irrigation water to the cities, rain water harvesting, recycle and reuse of city waste water needs to be given priority.
C. Industries should be encouraged to adapt zero discharge policies through effective use of water in its processes
D. Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) to treat effluents through public-private partnership should be encouraged to minimize effluent load on the lake.
E. Sewage Treatment through STP needs to be complemented through introduction of cost effective eco-technologies for restoration of the lake water quality.
Actions proposed based on ecosystem approach :
II – Water quality management :
1. Maintenance of bio-conservation zone:
2. Treatment of sewage in the course of its flow in to the lakeby Green Bridge filtration system:
3. Micro habitat and feeding ground along shore line:3. Micro habitat and feeding ground along shore line:
4. Phyto-remediation:
5. Introduction of composite fish culture:
6. Aeration:
7. Establishment of lake conservation society (Hussainsagar Sarovar Samvardhini) to ensure peoples participation:
1. Maintenance of bio-conservation zone:
A ‘no development’ buffer zone around the lake ensures protection from negative urban impacts.
A well de-marked bio-conservation zone extending between 100 to 1000 meters in width depending on topography, will act as an effective barrier to moderate the negative impacts from developmental activities in the lake environment. from developmental activities in the lake environment.
In this eco-sensitive zone only plantation and other eco-friendly activities should be allowed
Greenery around lake and its catchment prevents siltation due to soil erosion.
2. Treatment of sewage in the course of its flow in to the lake by Green Bridge filtration system:
In-flow treatment of water : It is
step wise filtration process
involving a green Bridge and
linearly arranged three stages of
the fine gravel (size 10mm to
40mm), the course gravel (size
40mm to 60mm) and the large
sized gravel. The Green Bridge
filter consists of layers of Coir over
which a bed of floating aquatic
weeds (eg. water hyacinth) are
compactly woven to form a bridge. compactly woven to form a bridge.
All the floatable and suspended
solids are trapped in this biological
bridge and the turbidity of water is
reduced. The aquatic weeds are
very efficient at nutrient stripping.
The over-flowing sewage passes
over three sections of gravels
during which microbes and algae
remove the nutrients. Finally,
organic matter will settle down by
sedimentation in the green lake
and over folw enters the lake.
3. Micro habitat and feeding ground along shore line: Shore line along margins of a lake generates feeding habitats and help in reducing nutrients
due to development of benthic food chain/web.
4. Phyto-remediation:
Analysis of four species of aquatic macrophytes in Hussainsagar Hyderabad,, India.
Aquatic macrohytes constitute an important biotic community in a lake. Un-controlled wild growth of these weeds has negative impacts. However, because of their de-polluting characteristic
these components can be effectively used for conservation of a lake through phyto-remediation.
Controlled growth of macrophytes in towable flotellas is proposed for removal of nutrients and heavy metals
Sample A - Cyperus alopecuroides; Sample B - Cyperus articulatus;
Sample C - Alternanthera philoxeroides; Sample D - Polygonum glabrum
Characteristics Hussainsagar
A B C D
Copper (Cu) ppm 57.03 126.13 148.05 -
Zinc (Zn) ppm 311.3 847.3 0.14 -
Arsenic (As) ppm 29.02 14.30 6.18 -
Cadmium (Cd) ppm 4.04 21.30 1.00 -
Lead (Pb) ppm 8.45 3.69 9.77 -
5. Introduction of composite fish culture:
☯ Nutrient loading beyond carrying capacity is the main cause of eutrophication and consequent environmental degradation of any lake ecosystem
☯ The main source of organic enrichment is un-treated domestic sewage that makes a lake an open aerobic sewage pond.
☯ As BOD builds food chains/webs are disrupted and nutrient cycling is slowed down. This can lead to hypertrophic state which is very difficult to restore.
☯ The organic matter is found in two states; Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) and Particulate Organic Matter (POM). DOM is mainly utilized by microbes, while POM by a variety of particulate feeders like zooplankton, periphyton, micro- and macro-benthos setting in motion bio-geo-chemical cycles.
☯☯ The cycle can work smoothly if biomass developed by POM is harvested. Loss of biodiversity of terminal animals of food chain/web like fishes leads to disruption of biological cycling of matter.
☯ Different species of fishes harvest food from different nitches like surface, column and bottom zones of a lake. Composite fish culture is a concept that involves exploitation of all possible feeding nitches and in tuen harvesting of biomass generated by utilizing DOM and POM.
☯ By introduction of fishery the organic load can be reduced thereby restoring water quality, biodiversity and cycling of energy and matter – attributes of an eosystem in an ecological balance.
☯ Fish species like grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are voracious feers on plant biomass and can be employed for control of aquatic weeds.
6. Establishment of lake conservation society (YeshwantsagarSarovar Samvardhini) to ensure peoples participation:
In Indian context, the revised National water policy (2002) has underscored the need forproper institutional mechanisms to protect country’s water resources and stated that with aview to give effect to the planning and management of water resources on hydrological unitbasis multi-sectoral, multidisciplinary and participatory institutions will have to beappropriately reoriented/reorganized and even created wherever necessary.
The society will be a registered body with an executive council elected by general body having a wide membership of people dependent on the water body for a wide variety of interests like irrigation, fishery, dairy, washing and bathing to recreation and tourism. irrigation, fishery, dairy, washing and bathing to recreation and tourism.
Following are some of the suggested activities and the list can be unending for positive action in any sphere :
1. Generation of data base on history, geology, archaeology, biodiversity, water quality etc.2. Awareness campaigns to attract development budget, tourism etc.3. Publication of literature/books/leaf-lets and other publicity material4. Development of a website for national and international audience interested in the
ecosystem5. Help in organization of lake festivals/ Jatras/ Melas in the vicinity of lakes
• Challenge 1 : Equity in the face of variability and scarcity :
• Challenge 2 : How to satisfy rapidly changing pattern of competing
water demands :
• Challenge 3. Investment for sewage treatment :
• Challenge 4 : Integration of technologies with eco-technologies
– A green approach :
• Challenge 5 : How to tackle the problem of toxic industrial solid
and liquid waste (Industrial effluents) : and liquid waste (Industrial effluents) :
• Challenge 6 : Resolution of urban-rural conflict :
• Challenge 7 : Mitigation of pollution impact on Ujjani reservoir and
its command :
• Challenge 8 : Protection of Ujjani brid sanctuary :
• Challenge 9 : Utilization of biological resources of the lake :
• Challenge 10 : Development of Eco-tourism, educational activities
and awareness campaigns :
Yeshwantsagar, Ujjani lake, Upper Bhima Basin (UBB), Maharashtra, India
THANKS
Lakes and wetlands are most important components of Global water cycle. They impound precious fresh water. In view of their large scale and wanton destruction and degradation, it is time their role is properly evaluated in the water
economy and effective actions initiated for their protection and
conservation.