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Instructions for use

Title Flora of Utasai Mire degraded by drainage ditches and a road

Author(s) Lee, Ahyoung; Fujita, Hiroko; Motohiro, Haruna

Citation 北大植物園研究紀要, 16, 11-22

Issue Date 2016-12-10

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63888

Type bulletin (article)

File Information BBG16_002.pdf

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/about.en.jsp

ⅰ Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japanⅱ Botanic Garden, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 060-0003 Sapporo, Japanⅲ Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan

Flora of Utasai Mire degraded by drainage ditches and a road

Ahyoung Lee ⅰ , Hiroko Fujita ⅱ , Haruna Motohiro ⅲ

IntroductionWetlands are vitally important ecosystems as they support a wide array of unique plants adapted to wet conditions (Cronk

and Fennessy 2001). From a biological standpoint, wetland plants play multiple roles in wetland functioning such as oxygen

supply to other biota and they contribute to the physical habitat (Cronk and Fennessy 2001). However, wetland plants are

threatened by human disturbances including agriculture, hydrologic alterations, pollution, development, and invasion by alien

species (Cronk and Fennessy 2001). Thus, the frequency of occurrence of a plant species on the landscape can be drastically

changed by human disturbance or interference (Tiner 1999).

The extent of wetlands in Japan has decreased remarkably due to anthropogenic disturbances such as the development

of agricultural lands and urbanization (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GIAJ); http://www.gsi.go.jp/kankyochiri/

diagram_5.html, cited in September 2016). Approximately 61% (1,290 km2) of the natural-state wetland area has been converted

to other land uses (GIAJ; http://www.gsi.go.jp/kankyochiri/shicchimenseki2.html, cited in September 2016). In Hokkaido, the

area of wetlands has declined by approximately 70% over the past 70 years (Fujita et al. 2009). Furthermore, most remaining

mires have been experiencing progressive loss of area and degradation by anthropogenic disturbances (Fujita 1997). One such

wetland that has experienced degradation due to human disturbance is Utasai Mire, which is the southern-most lowland mire in

Hokkaido.

Utasai Mire is a dome-shaped lowland Sphagnum bog with an area of 4.5 ha, reduced from 15 ha because of agricultural

encroachment (Yabe et al. 1999; Hughes et al. 2013). The remaining mire is intensively affected by a road passing through the

mire, as well as the drainage ditches surrounding the mire. Nevertheless, this mire has been chosen as one of the “500 Important

Wetlands in Japan” because it is representative of the original bog vegetation of south-western Hokkaido, despite occupying a

very small area (Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MEJ); http://www.env.go.jp/nature/important_wetland/wetland/w070.

html, cited in September 2016). Furthermore, the association of national trusts in Japan conducted a fund-raising campaign

with the aim of purchasing the mire and its surrounding land that were privately owned, for the purposes of nature conservation

in 2015. Using the funds of the town office of Kuromatsunai (60%) and the association of national trusts in Japan (40%), they

jointly purchased the mire and its surrounding land (The Association of National Trusts in Japan (ANTJ); http://www.ntrust.

or.jp/trust_project/index.html, cited in August 2016). To restore the degraded mire, the town office of Kuromatsunai has been

managing the mire through various activities such as cutting back trees and dwarf bamboos invading the mire and damming in

ditches under expert advice. For conservation activities, knowledge on the flora of the wetland is essential; however, it has not

been reported yet, while the various conservation activities have been conducted.

The aims of the present study were to record the flora of the remaining mire and its surroundings, and to identify the

wetland plant characteristics of the mire degraded by anthropogenic disturbances. The present study provides fundamental

information for the conservation and restoration of Utasai Mire.

MethodsStudy area

Utasai Mire (42°63ˊN, 140°35ˊE, and 95 m above sea level (a.s.l.)) is located in the southwest part of Hokkaido Island,

Japan (Fig. 1). It is known that this region is the northern-most limit of the temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest zone

dominated by Fagus crenata, the typical forest cover of northern Honshu Island (Miyawaki 1984). Utasai Mire, together with

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Ahyoung Lee, Hiroko Fujita and Haruna Motohiro ：Flora of Utasai Mire degraded by drainage ditches and a road

Shizukari Mire, is the southern-most lowland bog in Japan.

The mean annual temperature (1984–2015) at the nearest

meteorological station (7.2 km from the mire, 27 m a.s.l.) is 7.4°C,

and mean annual precipitation is 1,468 mm (Japan Meteorological

Agency; http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php, cited

in June 2016).

This mire is located in the upper river basin of the Utasai

River. As mentioned above, the mire is a dome-shaped bog with

an area of 4.5 ha (180 × 250 m) bisected by a road (Fig. 2).

The mire has been reduced from the original area of 15 ha due

to agricultural encroachment (Yabe et al. 1999), but retains the

original bog vegetation of south-western Hokkaido (MEJ; http://

www.env.go.jp/nature/important_wetland/wetland/w070.html,

cited in September 2016). Tachibana and Fujita (1996) classified

the plant communities of the Utasai Mire as aquatic plant communities, hollow communities, lawn communities, and alder

swamp forest. The aquatic plant communities occurring in the drainage ditches include Nymphaea tetragona community and

Menyanthes trifoliate community. Rhynchospora fauriei-Carex lasiocarpa subsp. occultans community occurs in the hollows,

and Moliniopsis japonica-Sphagnum papillosum community and M. japonica-C. lasiocarpa subsp. occultans community occur

in the lawns, comprising the natural plant communities. Substitutional plant communities affected by human disturbances in the

lawns include Carex middendorffii-Ledum palustre subsp. diversipilosum var. nippoincum community, Alnus japonica・Betula

platyphylla var. japonica-Ilex crenata var. radicans community, and C. middendorffii-Sasa senanensis community. In addition,

alder (A. japonica) swamp forest is distributed around the mire (Tachibana and Fujita 1996).

Plant survey and analysisThe plant survey was mainly conducted on a monthly basis from May to September, 2013. In addition, vascular plant

species that were overlooked in 2013 were collected in 2015 and 2016. Prior to the survey, the survey areas were divided into

two parts: the remaining mire and the periphery

of the mire where is the vicinity of a road passing

through the mire, because this mire is strongly

influenced by the road (Fig. 2). With respect to

the survey area, the remaining mire included alder

swamp forest around the mire and drainage ditches

surrounding and inside the mire. The periphery of

the mire included the road verges and the slopes

running from the road into the mire (Fig. 2). During

the survey, we collected each vascular plant with

reproductive organs (flowers and/or fruits) as the

voucher specimen, and all the sampling points

were recorded by GPS (Garmin GPS Map 62s).

Nomenclature of all collected species followed

Y list based on APG III (http://ylist.info, cited in

September 2016). The specimens were deposited in

the herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Field Science

Center for the Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido

University (SAPT).

A database was created using the flora list

derived from the survey, containing information

Fig. 1. Location of the study site, Utasai Mire

Fig. 2. Survey area. Black solid line indicates the remaining mire including alder swamp forest and drainage ditches (white solid lines). The dotted line indicates the periphery

of the mire, including road verges and slopes running from a road toward the mire. The survey area is divided into the south and north areas by the road. The aerial photograph

was taken in October 2014 by NTT Geospace Corp.

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Bulletin of Botaic Garden Hokkaido Univ., Vol. 16 （2016）

regarding plant habitat and the Hokkaido Blue and Red lists. In regards to the information of plant habitat, we used 15 different

illustrated plant books of Japan (Satake et al. 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1989a, 1989b; Osada 1989; Iwatsuki 1992; Tsujii et al. 1992;

Takita 2001; Shimizu 2003; Tsujii and Tachibana 2003; Katsuyama 2005; Umezawa 2007; Hoshino et al. 2011; Sato 2011).

In regards to the Hokkaido Blue and Red lists, we used the Blue List 2010 of Hokkaido (http://bluelist.ies.hro.or.jp, cited in

November 2014) and the Red List 2015 of MEJ (http://www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/28075.pdf, cited in September 2016).

Sorting of native/non-native species followed the Hokkaido Blue List. The wetland habitat of the plants was defined based on

the aforementioned books, using categories of wetland, mire, marsh, bog, fen, pond, pool, lake, swamp forest, underwater, and

submerged; while plants without any description of wetland habitat were regarded as non-wetland plant species. In this way, the

plant list used four plant statuses: 1) native wetland plant species (NW); 2) native non-wetland plant species (NNW); 3) alien

wetland plant species (AW), and; 4) alien non-wetland plant species (ANW). In addition, near threatened plant species (NT

of the Red List Category) were marked in the flora list based on the Red List. Statistics based on the four plant statuses were

calculated for the remaining mire and the periphery of the mire.

ResultsOur survey identified 146 vascular plant species from 60 families (Table 1; see Appendix 1 for details). In the remaining

mire, 110 species from 50 families were collected, of which 78, 29, 1, and 2 species were grouped as NW, NNW, AW, and

ANW, respectively. Of the 110 species, four species (three in NW and one in NNW) were near threatened. In the periphery of

the mire, 63 species of 27 families were collected, of which 19, 21, 1, and 22 species were classified as NW, NNW, AW, and

ANW, respectively. Approximately 68% of non-wetland species (NNW, ANW) occurred in the periphery of the mire, whereas

approximately 71% of wetland species (excluding one species of AW) occurred in the remaining mire. In addition, approximately

37% of alien species (AW, ANW) occurred in the periphery of the mire, whereas approximately 3% of alien species (AW, ANW)

occurred in the remaining mire. Regarding vascular plant species occurring at the same time in two survey areas, sixteen, eight,

one, and two were classified as NW, NNW, AW, and ANW, respectively.

Sorting the data based on family, Cyperaceae had the largest number of species in the remaining mire, followed by

Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, and Orchidaceae (Fig. 3 and Appendix 1). Among the Cyperaceae species, only one species was

NNW and the other all were NW. Two Cyperaceae species, one of each NW and NNW, were near threatened. The vast majority

of the Asteraceae species were non-wetland species and occurred mainly around the mire edge (Appendix 1). Poaceae comprised

all native species excluding only one AW occurring around the mire edge. Rosaceae and Orchidaceae records comprised only

native species and included three and one non-wetland species, respectively.

In the periphery of the mire, unlike in the remaining mire, Asteraceae and Poaceae had the highest number of species,

followed by Araliaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and Rosaceae, each with three species (Fig. 4 and Appendix 1). They

comprised many more non-wetland species than wetland species in the periphery of the mire, whereas there were many more

wetland species in the remaining mire.

Survey area Total number of vascular plant speciesPlant status

NW NNW AW ANW

Remaining mire60 families 146 species

50 families 110 species 78(*3) 29(*1) 1 2

Periphery of the mire 27 families 63 species 19 21 1 22

The number of vascular plant species occurring in both areas at the same time 16 8 1 2

Table 1. Total number of vascular plant species in the remaining mire and the periphery of the mire with four plant statuses (NW: native wetland plant species, NNW: native non-wetland plant species, AW: alien wetland plant species, ANW: alien non-wetland plant species). Numerals in parentheses with an asterisk indicate the number of near threatened plant species.

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DiscussionOur results showed that recorded species in the remaining mire were chiefly native species, among which approximately

71% were wetland species (Table 1). In the remaining mire, four near-threatened plant species were recorded, whereas no near-

threatened species were found in the periphery of the mire. These species were rare and infrequently found plant species in the

survey area. Whitelaw et al. (1989) stated that wetlands provide a critical habitat for many rare and endangered species, and

Cronk and Fennessy (2001) stated that in general, rare species tend to have highly specific requirements, persisting only under

a narrow set of wetland conditions. On a family basis, Cyperaceae contained the highest number of species (21 spp.), mostly

native wetland species (Fig. 3). In particular, the genus Carex had 14 species (Appendix 1). Wilcox (1995) has stated that Carex

species are major component of shallow emergent wetlands, and are known to be adversely affected by environmental stressors

such as excessive siltation, hydrologic alterations, and nutrient enrichment. Therefore, the occurrence of many Carex species

demonstrates that the remaining mire area is a habitat that still supports wetland species and rare species, although the remaining

mire is being affected by the drainage ditches and the road.

On the other hand, three alien species occurred at the mire edge, namely Phalaris arundinacea, Rudbeckia laciniata,

and Solidago gigantea subsp. serotina. Cronk and Fennessy (2001) stated that the invasion of alien species tends to increase

as ecosystems become degraded. Moreover, some plant species classified as NW such as dwarf bamboo Sasa spp. and Ilex

Fig. 3. The number of vascular plant species in the top five families with the highest number of taxa in the remaining mire. Numerals with asterisks indicate the number of near threatened plant species.

Fig. 4. The number of vascular plant species in the top six families with the highest number of taxa in the periphery of the mire. Araliaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and Rosaceae had the same number of species (3 spp.).

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AcknowledgmentsFunding for this study was provided by town office of Kuromatsunai and the Environment Research and Technology

Development Fund (S9) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. We would like thank for their supports. In particular, we

thank gratefully Kosei Takahashi of town office of Kuromatsunai for his active cooperation on this study.

crenata var. radicans have been expanding their niches along the drainage ditches due to the drawdown of the water table by

the effects of drainage. Sasa is an indication of mesic conditions (Takada et al. 2012). In addition, Takakuwa and Ito (1986) and

Tachibana (2002) stated that natural wetland degradation has been occurring due to the invasion of Sasa vegetation associated

with drainage. Thus, the results show that the remaining mire is under degradation and that the niche of the original mire species

is being threatened by alien species and invasion by Sasa vegetation including I. crenata var. radicans.

Unlike in the remaining mire, non-wetland species and alien species were predominant in the periphery of the mire (Table

1). The predominance of alien species along the roadside reflects the adaptation of alien species to the chemical and physical

soil properties of disturbed habitats (Amor and Stevens 1975; Humphries et al. 1991; Fox and Adamson 1999; Johnston and

Pickering 2001a). On a family basis, Asteraceae and Poaceae had the highest number of species in the periphery of the mire.

These two families are the most alien-species rich families (Khuroo et al. 2007; Weber et al. 2008; Jaryan et al. 2013). In mires

and relict swamp forests, most invasive species are Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, and Apiaceae (Parish et al.

2008). All non-native plant taxa are considered to be tolerant to human disturbance (Wilcox 1995). Therefore, these results

indicate that species composition of the periphery of the mire is being strongly affected by anthropogenic disturbances.

Our results indicate that the remaining mire is still inhabited by mostly native wetland plant species, although the

periphery of the mire (the road verges and the slopes running toward the remaining mire) contained many non-wetland and alien

species. However, it is highly probable that alien species will invade the mire in the near future, because three alien species

are found at the mire edge and many are in the periphery of the mire. Roads promote the dispersal of alien species by altering

habitats, stressing native species, and providing movement corridors (Findlay and Bourdages 2000). Wetlands and riparian

habitats are particularly sensitive to changes in hydrology, as caused by road embankments (Findlay and Bourdages 2000).

Furthermore, road verges are commonly affected by various anthropogenic disturbances and edge effects (Kalwij et al. 2008).

Disturbance facilitates wetland invasion, resulting in a decline in both the frequency and species richness of native plant species

(Zedler and Kercher 2004). In addition, Ellenberg et al. (1981) stated that the effects on vegetation and fauna due to edge effects

have been observed up to several tens of meters away from the road. Wetland areas are particularly susceptible to invasions;

nearly 25% of the world’s most invasive plants occur in wetlands (Zedler and Kercher 2004). Therefore, we believe that urgent

measures are required for conservation of the remaining mire, as the Utasai Mire comprises a very small area (4.5 ha, 180 × 250 m)

and has been intensively affected by the road passing through the mire and the drainage ditches surrounding the mire.

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rea)

NW

UTS

003

Sym

ploc

arpu

s ren

ifoliu

s R

(mire

and

ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS17

9A

ralia

ceae Ar

alia

cor

data

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

P (s

lope

in N

orth

are

a)N

NW

UTS

147,

198

, 199

, 201

Aral

ia e

lata

P

(roa

d ve

rge

in N

orth

are

a)N

NW

UTS

167

Hyd

roco

tyle

ram

iflor

aP

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

NN

WU

TS14

8K

alop

anax

sept

emlo

bus

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in N

orth

are

a )

NN

WU

TS04

7A

spar

agac

eae

Hos

ta si

ebol

dii v

ar. r

ectif

olia

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

099,

100

Mai

anth

emum

dila

tatu

mR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS02

4Po

lygo

natu

m o

dora

tum

var

. max

imow

iczi

iR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

NW

UTS

066

Ast

erac

eae Arte

mis

ia m

onta

naR

(mire

edg

e in

Sou

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in N

orth

are

a)N

NW

UTS

152,

196

, 215

Aste

r gle

hnii

var.

gleh

nii

R (m

ire e

dge

in S

outh

are

a an

d m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea

and

alde

r sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)P

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

NN

WU

TS13

5, 2

03, 2

16, 2

25As

ter m

icro

ceph

alus

var

. yez

oens

isR

(mire

edg

e in

Sou

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)N

NW

UTS

149,

214

Cir

sium

kam

tsch

atic

um

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NN

WU

TS17

5C

irsi

um p

ectin

ellu

mR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)P

(roa

d ve

rge

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS10

9, 1

10, 1

78Er

iger

on a

nnuu

sP

(roa

d ve

rge

in S

outh

are

a)A

NW

UTS

111

Eupa

tori

um g

lehn

ii P

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

185,

202

Hyp

ocha

eris

radi

cata

P (s

lope

in N

orth

are

a)A

NW

UTS

053

Peta

site

s jap

onic

us su

bsp.

gig

ante

usR

(mire

edg

e in

Sou

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)N

NW

UTS

022,

194

Picr

is h

iera

cioi

des s

ubsp

. jap

onic

aP

(roa

d ve

rge

in S

outh

are

a)N

NW

UTS

132

Rudb

ecki

a la

cini

ata

R (m

ire e

dge

in S

outh

are

a)P

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS20

6, 2

07, 2

11Se

neci

o ca

nnab

ifoliu

sR

(mire

edg

e in

Sou

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS13

4, 1

73, 1

97, 2

13So

lidag

o gi

gant

ea su

bsp.

sero

tina

R (m

ire e

dge

in S

outh

are

a)P

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS13

1, 2

00, 2

12So

lidag

o vi

rgau

rea

subs

p. le

ioca

rpa

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS12

2, 2

19Ta

raxa

cum

offi

cina

leP

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS02

1

- 18 -


Bet

ulac

eae Alnu

s jap

onic

aR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS00

4, 0

05Be

tula

pla

typh

ylla

var

. jap

onic

aR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)N

NW

UTS

017

Bra

ssic

acea

eBa

rbar

ea v

ulga

ris

P (s

lope

in N

orth

are

a)A

NW

UTS

161

Cam

panu

lace

aeLo

belia

sess

ilifo

liaR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)P

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

124,

218

Car

yoph

ylla

ceae

Stel

lari

a gr

amin

eaP

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS03

2C

elas

trace

aeEu

onym

us o

xyph

yllu

s var

. oxy

phyl

lus

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NN

WU

TS06

3Pa

rnas

sia

palu

stri

s var

. pal

ustr

isR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS12

3C

olch

icac

eae

Dis

poru

m se

ssile

R

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

NW

UTS

087

Cyp

erac

eae

Car

ex c

apill

acea

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NW

UTS

068

Car

ex d

ispa

lata

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NW

UTS

086

Car

ex la

sioc

arpa

subs

p. o

ccul

tans

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea

and

alde

r sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS07

0, 0

71, 1

01C

arex

max

imow

iczi

iR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS04

3, 2

26C

arex

mic

haux

iana

subs

p. a

siat

ica

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

040,

094

, 204

Car

ex m

idde

ndor

ffii

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

nd N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS03

9, 0

77C

arex

miy

abei

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in S

outh

and

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

049,

171

, 195

Car

ex o

mia

na v

ar. o

mia

naR

(mire

in S

outh

and

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

042,

074

Car

ex p

arci

flora

var

. par

ciflo

raR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS06

7C

arex

rhyn

chop

hysa

R (d

rain

age

ditc

h in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

057,

058

Car

ex th

unbe

rgii

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

096

Car

ex th

unbe

rgii

var.

appe

ndic

ulat

aR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Nor

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS04

6C

arex

trai

zisc

ana

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NW

(*N

T)U

TS08

4, 0

85C

arex

ves

icar

iaR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS09

0El

eoch

aris

pal

ustr

is v

ar. m

ajor

R (d

rain

age

ditc

h in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

059

Eleo

char

is w

ichu

rae

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

120

Erio

phor

um v

agin

atum

subs

p. fa

urie

iR

(mire

in S

outh

and

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

010,

013

, 029

Kob

resi

a m

yosu

roid

esR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

NW

(*N

T)U

TS02

5Rh

ynch

ospo

ra a

lba

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

097

Rhyn

chos

pora

faur

iei

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

136

Scir

pus w

ichu

rae

f. co

ncol

orR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)P

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

130,

217

Den

nsta

edtia

ceae

Pter

idiu

m a

quili

num

subs

p. ja

poni

cum

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

rea)

P (r

oad

verg

e in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

078,

079

, 166

Dro

sera

ceae

Dro

sera

rotu

ndifo

liaR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS09

8D

ryop

terid

acea

eD

ryop

teri

s tok

yoen

sis

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NW

UTS

088,

089

Equi

seta

ceae

Equi

setu

m a

rven

seR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)P

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

nd N

orth

are

a)N

NW

UTS

020,

036

, 174

Eric

acea

e Empe

trum

nig

rum

var

. jap

onic

umR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS00

2, 0

06Le

dum

pal

ustre

subs

p. d

iver

sipi

losu

m v

ar. n

ippo

nicu

mR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS03

0

- 19 -


Vacc

iniu

m o

xyco

ccos

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

038

Faba

ceae M

edic

ago

sativ

aP

(roa

d ve

rge

and

slop

e in

Sou

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS10

6, 1

50Tr

ifoliu

m p

rate

nse

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)A

NW

UTS

033

Trifo

lium

repe

nsP

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS12

1Fa

gace

ae Que

rcus

cri

spul

aR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Nor

th a

rea

)N

NW

UTS

048

Gen

tiana

ceae

Gen

tiana

trifl

ora

var.

japo

nica

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

141

Ger

ania

ceae

Ger

aniu

m th

unbe

rgii

P (r

oad

verg

e in

Sou

th a

rea)

NN

WU

TS11

3H

ydra

ngea

ceae

Hyd

rang

ea p

anic

ulat

aR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS12

7H

ydra

ngea

pet

iola

ris

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NN

WU

TS17

6, 1

77H

yper

icac

eae

Hyp

eric

um e

rect

umR

(mire

edg

e in

Sou

th a

rea)

P (r

oad

verg

e in

Sou

th a

rea

and

slop

e in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

112,

155

, 193

Tria

denu

m ja

poni

cum

R

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Nor

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS18

3, 2

24Ir

idac

eae Ir

is e

nsat

a va

r. sp

onta

nea

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

093

Junc

acea

e Junc

us d

ecip

iens

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

104

Luzu

la c

apita

ta

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)N

NW

UTS

169

Lam

iace

ae Lyco

pus l

ucid

us

R (m

ire a

nd a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NW

UTS

138,

172

Lyco

pus u

niflo

rus

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

160

Lent

ibul

aria

ceae

Utr

icul

aria

inte

rmed

iaR

(dra

inag

e di

tch

in N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS04

4Ly

copo

diac

eae

Lyco

podi

um d

endr

oide

umR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS00

1, 0

80Ly

thra

ceae Ly

thru

m sa

licar

ia

R (m

ire e

dge

in N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS22

0M

alva

ceae Ti

lia ja

poni

caR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

NW

UTS

026

Mel

anth

iace

aeTr

illiu

m c

amsc

hatc

ense

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NW

UTS

027

Vera

trum

alb

um su

bsp.

oxy

sepa

lum

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NW

UTS

061

Vera

trum

stam

ineu

mR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Nor

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS04

5M

enya

ntha

ceae

Men

yant

hes t

rifo

liata

R (d

rain

age

ditc

h in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

015

Mor

acea

e Mor

us a

ustr

alis

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NN

WU

TS06

4N

ymph

aeac

eae

Nym

phae

a te

trag

ona

R (d

rain

age

ditc

h in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

118,

119

Ole

acea

e Frax

inus

man

dshu

rica

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in N

orth

are

a )

NW

UTS

014

Ligu

stru

m ts

chon

oski

iR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

NW

UTS

116

- 20 -


Ona

grac

eae

Epilo

bium

pyr

rich

olop

hum

P

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

153

Oen

othe

ra b

ienn

isP

(roa

d ve

rge

in S

outh

are

a)A

NW

UTS

105

Orc

hida

ceae

Epip

actis

thun

berg

iiR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)P

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

107,

108

, 158

Plat

anth

era

man

dari

noru

m su

bsp.

man

dari

noru

m v

ar. o

read

es

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NN

WU

TS07

6Pl

atan

ther

a tip

uloi

des s

ubsp

. tip

uloi

des v

ar. s

oror

iaR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS11

7Po

goni

a ja

poni

caR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)N

W (*

NT)

UTS

075

Spir

anth

es si

nens

is v

ar. a

moe

na

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS15

7O

smun

dace

aeO

smun

dast

rum

cin

nam

omeu

m v

ar. f

okie

nse

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

031

Osm

unda

japo

nica

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NW

UTS

115

Oxa

lidac

eae

Oxa

lis st

rict

aP

(roa

d ve

rge

in N

orth

are

a)N

NW

UTS

154

Phry

mac

eae

Phry

ma

lept

osta

chya

subs

p. a

siat

ica

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)N

NW

UTS

151

Pina

ceae

Abie

s sac

halin

ensi

sR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)N

NW

UTS

091

Lari

x ka

empf

eri

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NN

WU

TS01

8Pl

anta

gina

ceae

Plan

tago

lanc

eola

ta

P (r

oad

verg

e an

d sl

ope

in S

outh

are

a)A

NW

UTS

037,

162

Poac

eae Ag

rost

is g

igan

tea

P (r

oad

verg

e in

Sou

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS22

3An

thox

anth

um o

dora

tum

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)A

NW

UTS

035

Cal

amag

rost

is e

pige

ios

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS12

9, 1

43D

acty

lis g

lom

erat

aP

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea

and

road

ver

ge in

Nor

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS03

4, 2

05El

ytri

gia

repe

ns v

ar. a

rist

ata

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)N

NW

UTS

144

Mis

cant

hus s

inen

sis

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in N

orth

are

a an

d ro

ad v

erge

in S

outh

are

a)N

NW

UTS

125,

184

, 208

Mol

inio

psis

japo

nica

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

126

Phal

aris

aru

ndin

acea

R

(mire

edg

e in

Nor

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in N

orth

are

a)AW

UTS

221,

222

Phle

um p

rate

nse

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)A

NW

UTS

145

Phra

gmite

s aus

tral

isR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)P

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

139,

140

, 209

, 210

Poa

prat

ensi

sP

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS05

1Sa

sa sp

p. (S

ect.

Sasa

)R

(mire

in S

outh

are

a an

d al

der s

wam

p fo

rest

in N

orth

are

a )

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS00

7, 0

16, 0

54, 0

55Sc

hedo

noru

s pho

enix

P

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS05

0Po

lygo

nace

aeFa

llopi

a sa

chal

inen

sis

P (r

oad

verg

e an

d sl

ope

in N

orth

are

a)N

NW

UTS

168,

181

, 182

Rum

ex a

ceto

sella

subs

p. p

yren

aicu

sP

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS05

2Ru

mex

obt

usifo

lius

P (s

lope

in N

orth

are

a)A

NW

UTS

189

Pota

mog

eton

acea

ePo

tam

oget

on fr

yeri

R (d

rain

age

ditc

h in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

146

Prim

ulac

eae

Lysi

mac

hia

vulg

aris

var

. dav

uric

aR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)P

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

128,

186

Trie

ntal

is e

urop

aea

var.

arct

ica

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

072

Ran

uncu

lace

aeAn

emon

e so

yens

isR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)P

(roa

d ve

rge

in S

outh

are

a)N

NW

UTS

011,

163

, 164

Cop

tis tr

ifolia

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

012

- 21 -


Ros

acea

e Agri

mon

ia p

ilosa

var

. jap

onic

a P

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

NN

WU

TS14

2, 1

87Ar

ia a

lnifo

liaR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)N

NW

UTS

092

Filip

endu

la c

amts

chat

ica

R (m

ire in

Nor

th a

rea)

P (s

lope

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS10

2, 1

92Pa

dus a

vium

R

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

NW

UTS

069

Rubu

s cha

mae

mor

usR

(mire

in N

orth

are

a)N

WU

TS04

1Ru

bus p

arvi

foliu

sP

(roa

d ve

rge

in N

orth

are

a)N

NW

UTS

156

Sorb

us c

omm

ixta

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NN

WU

TS11

4R

ubia

ceae G

aliu

m m

ollu

go

P (r

oad

verg

e in

Nor

th a

rea)

AN

WU

TS16

5Sa

licac

eae Sa

lix in

tegr

aR

(mire

edg

e in

Nor

th a

rea

)P

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

008,

009

, 019

, 170

Sche

uchz

eria

ceae

Sche

uchz

eria

pal

ustr

isR

(mire

in S

outh

are

a)N

WU

TS07

3Th

elyp

terid

acea

eTh

elyp

teri

s nip

poni

ca

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

159

Thel

ypte

ris p

alus

tris

R (m

ire a

nd m

ire e

dge

in S

outh

are

a)P

(slo

pe in

Nor

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

056,

081

, 188

Ulm

acea

e Ulm

us d

avid

iana

var

. jap

onic

aR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

WU

TS18

0V

iola

ceae Vi

ola

kusa

noan

aP

(slo

pe in

Sou

th a

rea)

NN

WU

TS02

3Vi

ola

lang

sdor

fii su

bsp.

sach

alin

ensi

sR

(ald

er sw

amp

fore

st in

Sou

th a

rea

)N

W (*

NT)

UTS

082,

083

Vita

ceae

Vitis

coi

gnet

iae

R (a

lder

swam

p fo

rest

in S

outh

are

a )

NN

WU

TS06

5X

anth

orrh

oeac

eae

Hem

eroc

allis

dum

ortie

ri v

ar. e

scul

enta

R (m

ire in

Sou

th a

rea)

NW

UTS

028

- 22 -

instructions for use - huscapahyoung lee, hiroko fujita and haruna motohiro ：flora of utasai mire...

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