Institute of Professional StudiesSchool of Research and Graduate

Studies

Referencing

Lecture Five(5)

Outline of Presentation What is Referencing Reasons for Referencing Plagiarism Parts of Referencing Referencing Styles APA referencing in detail In-text referencing and References list

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What is Referencing?

Referencing is a way of showing what sources you have used for your study,

giving credit to the original authors.

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Why do we do Referencing?

To avoid plagiarism by giving credit to the original source of an idea, piece of information or resource.To support your work with the authoritative work of another author.To demonstrate your knowledge and familiarity with a topic that you have researched.To help readers of your work to find the original source of information or ideas that you have used.

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Plagiarism and How to avoid it

Plagiarism is presenting the words or ideas of someone else as your own without giving credit to the original author.To avoid plagiarismLearn good note-taking techniquesParaphrase appropriatelySummarise correctly and efficientlyUse direct quotations appropriatelyUse 'common knowledge'Organise your sourcesReference your sources correctly

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Parts of ReferencingReferencing is in two parts:1.The in-text referencing which is normally done in the text and2.List of references which is normally at the end of the report. There are two ways of listing the references

a. List of references: This refers to sources of materials cited in the text. Any material used for the preparation of the report but was not cited in the text cannot be part of the list of references

b. Bibliography: This refers to all sources of informational materials used for the presentation of the report whether cited in the text or not.

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Referencing StylesThere are many different referencing styles. Each style includes the same basic information, but organizes it slightly differently.

Some of the known formats/styles are:1.American Psychology Association (APA)2.Modern Language Association (MLA)3.Harvard

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APA Referencing StyleAPA stands for American Psychological Association.

Basically, the APA reference style uses the Author-Date format.

It is used by psychologist, sociologist and other social scientist. The complete format can be found in the publication manual of the American Psychological Association.

The APA format requires short notes, or citations, put in parenthesis with the text instead of footnotes or endnotes8

In-text Referencing: Indirect Quotation

Identify source material that you are paraphrasing by citation of the author’s last name and the publication date, either in your sentence or in parenthesis. You do not have to cite page number(s) for paraphrases.1.If you mention the author’s name and the publication date in your sentence, you will not need any additional citation. Example: In 1983 study, Deborah Mayo began to question the scientific validity of experience involving laboratory animals.2.If you mention the author’s last name in your sentence, place the date of publication in parentheses right after the name.Example: Mayo (1983) questioned the scientific validity of experiments involving laboratory animals

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In-text Referencing: Indirect Quotation Cont’d

3. If you do not mention the author’s name or the publication date in your sentence, put both parentheses with comma between them

4. If you cite two works by one author published in the same year, distinguish them by placing an (a) and a (b) after the date within the parenthesis

5. If you cite authors with the same last name, use their first and middle initials within the parentheses

6. If a work has two authors, combine the names with “and” in your sentence. Use an ampersand “&” instead of “and” in a parenthetical citation.

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In-text Referencing: Indirect Quotation Cont’d

7. If a work has no author, cite it by the first tow or three words of the article, starting with the first important word and placing these two words or three words in quotation marks

8. If you use a quotation from an indirect source, precede the source information in the parenthetical citation with the words “as cited in”. In the reference list include an entry only for the secondary source

9. If you cite two or more works by different authors in one parenthetical citation, give the work in alphabetical order and separate them with semicolons (;)

10.If you cite a personal communication, such as a letter, an e-mail or a telephone conversation, you need not include a reference list entry. Cite the communication, giving initial as well as the last name of your source and the exact date11

In-text Referencing: Indirect Quotation Cont’d

If a work has more than two to five authors, cite all of them in your sentence or parenthetical citation in the first instance and in all other subsequent references use the last name of the first author followed by “et al.”

If a work had six or more authors, use et al. after the first authors last name in all references in the text

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In-text Referencing : Direct Quotation

Direct quotation – use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers

Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188).

Alternatively, “Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188).

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In-text Referencing : Direct Quotation Cont’d

Shorter quotations (fewer than 40 words) should be incorporated within your paragraph with quotation marks: they should not be indented separately but should have page numbers preceded by p. or pp.

Longer quotation (over 40 words) should be block-indented five spaces from the left margin and typed without quotation marks

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Reference list1. Book with one author King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of

Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking. N.B. The first letter of the first word of the main

title, subtitle and all proper nouns have capital letters.

2. Book with two to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006).

Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.

N.B. Use & between authors’ names, except when paraphrasing in text.

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Reference List Cont’d3. Edited Book: use (Ed.). Before the date. e.g.

DeGenova, M.K. (Ed.). (1997). Families in cultural context: Strength and challenges in diversity. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield

4. Translated book: show when the original work was published. e.g. Veyne, P. (Ed.). (1987). A history of private life: vol. 1 from pagan Rome to Byzantium (A. Goldhammer, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original Work Published 1985)

5. Edition other than the first: place the edition number in parenthesis after the title; for a revised edition, use Rev. ed. e.g. Bennett, L., Jr.(1984). Before the Mayflower: A history of Black America (5th ed.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.16

Reference list Cont’d6. Books by a corporate Author or Group: e.g. U.S

Bureau of the Census. (1999). Statistical abstract of the United states, 1999 (11th ed.) Washington, DC: Government Printing Office

7. Books without an author or editor: e.g. The control of the campus: a report on the governance of higher education. (1982). Lawrenceville, NJ: Princeton University Press

8. Multivolume work: e.g. The entire set: Neather, C.A., & Richardson, G.F.

(1930). A course in English for engineers (vols. 1-2). Boston:Ginn.

One volume: Battle, K.P. (1912). History of the university of North Carolina: vol. 2. Raleigh, NC: Edwards and Broughton.

If the volume has it own title, include it after the volume number.

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Reference list Cont’d9. Republished or Reprinted Book: e.g. Garcia

Marquez, G. (1990). The general in his labyrinth. (E. Grossman, Trans.). New York: Knopf. (Original Work Published 1989) [Use both years in the parenthetical citation in the text: (Garcia Marquez, 1989/1990).]

10.Essay or Article in a Book: e.g. Wilkinson, D. (1997). American families of African descent. In M.K. DeGenova (Ed.), families in cultural context (pp. 35-51). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

The selection title is written without quotation marks and with lower-case letters (except for the first letter of the title, of proper names and of a subtitle after a colon). The book title is in the same lowercase format but is italicized. Place the page numbers for the complete title.

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Reference list Cont’dCiting from Reports, Documents and DissertationGovernment documents, research report, monographU.S Census Bureau. (1999, September). Money income in the united states. Current population reports (p60-206).Washington, DC: author.Kreshner, L., Addams, B., & Winestein, C. (2001). Use of manipulatives in teaching mathematics in grades four through six (Report No. 6). New Orleans: state Mathematics ServiceA report or document number, if there is one should appear in parentheses immediately after the number.

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Reference list Cont’dDissertationFredericks, C. (1999). HIV testers and non-testers at a university students health centre: A study of college students sexual risk taking (Doctorial dissertation, University of South California, 1999) Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (02A), 0346.

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Reference list Cont’dArticles in a scholarly journal paginated by year or volumeThe entire year’s issues are paginated as a unitBattaglia, D. M., Datteri, D., & Lord, C. (1998). Breaking up is (relatively) easy to do: A script for the dissolution of close relationships. Journal of social and personal Relationships, 15, 829-845Do not italicise the title of the article, and do not capitalize it (except for the first word, proper names and the first word after a colon.Capitalise and italicise the title of the journal. Underline the volume number. It is followed by a comma and the complete page numbers of the article.

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Reference list Cont’dArticle in a scholarly journal paginated

by issue Each issue begins with page 1.Blanton, J.S. (2000). Why consultants don’t

apply psychological research.Consulting psychological journal: practice

and research, 52 (4), 235-247Underline the volume number. It is followed

by the issue number in parentheses (not underline), a comma, and the complete page numbers of the articles.

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Reference list Cont’dInternet Article Based on a Print SourceO’Barr, W., & Conley, J. (2000). When cultures collide: Social security and the Market [electronic version]. Journal of psychology and Financial Market, 1, 92-100Article in an Internet-only JournalWagner, L. (2001). Virtual Advertising: Delivering Student services. Online journal of Distance Learning Administration, 4(3). Retrieved June 1, 2002, from http://www.westga.edu/distance/main11.htmWorld Wide Web SiteInternational Society for Mental Health Online. (n.d.). Children and trauma: Reflections on the World Trade Centre disaster. Retrieved October 15, 2001, from http://www.ismho.org

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Thank You

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