inside the atom the nucleus 5.2. i.what’s in the nucleus? a.atomic number - the number of protons...
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Inside the Atom
The Nucleus
5.2
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I. What’s in the nucleus?A. Atomic Number - the number of protons
in the nucleus
B. Isotopesa. Isotopes - atoms of the same element that
have different numbers of neutrons
b. Mass Number - number of neutrons plus protons in a nucleus
c. Table Pg 136
C. Nuclear Gluea. Strong nuclear force holds the protons
together only if they are nearly touching
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II. Radioactive DecayA. Atomic nuclei are stable when they have
about the same number of neutrons and protons
B. In unstable atoms, the nucleus must release a particle
a. Energy is given off
b. Radioactive decay - the release of nuclear particles and energy
c. Transmutation - one element changed into another through radioactive decay
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C. Some Isotopes Release Alpha Particlesa. Smoke Detectors
i. Americium-241 - undergoes transmutation by emitting an alpha particle
ii. Alpha Particle - two protons and two neutrons
iii. Creates electric current
iv. Smoke stops electric current and alarm is triggered
b. After releasing the alpha particle Americium is now Neptunium
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D. Some isotopes Release Beta Particlesa. Beta particle - high energy electron from the
nucleus
b. Neutron split into proton and electron
c. Beta Particle is released with a large amount of energy
d. Because there is now an extra proton, the atomic number and element are changed
e. The mass stays the same.
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III. Half - LifeA. Half-life - the amount of time required for
half a sample of the element to decayB. Half-lives are different for each elementC. Continues at a steady paceD. Carbon Dating
a. Carbon-14 is used to date dead animals, plants, and humans
b. Half-life of 5730 yearsc. Once dead the carbon stops replacing itselfd. By comparing how much is left to how much
a living organisms would have, the date can be determined
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E. Nuclear Waste Productsa. Nuclear waste products are isotopes that
release large amounts of radiation
b. Contained in special waste containers
IV. New Elements by TransmutationA. Using a particle accelerator, scientists
smash alpha and beta particles into existing elements
B. The particles are absorbed and changes the existing element into a new element with a larger atomic number
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C. These elements do not exist in natureD. Elements 93-112 were created this wayE. Tracer Elements
a. Radioactive isotopes are introduced into a living organism
b. The small half-lives prevent prolonged radiation
c. Able to be followed by a device that detects radiation
d. Used for medical diagnoses
Pg 142 1-4