Statement by India

Presenter: Abhishek Basak Reactor Engineering Division

Reactor Design & Development Group Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,

Mumbai, India abasak@barc.gov.in

INPRO Dialogue Forum on Global Nuclear Energy Sustainability:

Drivers and Impediments for Regional Cooperation on the Way to Sustainable Nuclear Energy Systems

Status and prospects of the Indian nuclear programme

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Resource sustainability is the main goal of Indian three stage nuclear power programme

3

Electricity

Thorium utilisation for Sustainable power programme

U fueled PHWRs

Pu Fueled Fast Breeders

Nat. U

Dep. U

Pu

Th

Th

U233 Fueled Reactors

Pu

U233

Electricity

Electricity

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

PHWR FBTR AHWR

Power generation primarily by PHWR Building fissile inventory for stage 2

Expanding power programme Building U233 inventory

U233

300 GWe-Year

About 42000 GWe-Year Power potential ~ 530 GWe with 300 GWe using thorium

155000 GWe-Year

H2/ Transport fuel

3

Current status of Indian three stage nuclear power programme

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Stage – I PHWRs

• 18 – Operating • 4 - Under construction • Several others planned • Scaling to 700 MWe • Gestation period has been reduced • POWER POTENTIAL ≅ 10 GWe

LWRs • 2 BWRs Operating • 2 VVERs under construction

8991 9086848479

7569

72

90

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1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-00

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

Av

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ilit

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Stage - II Fast Breeder Reactors

• 40 MWth FBTR - Operating since 1985 Technology Objectives realised

• 500 MWe PFBR- Under Construction • TOTAL POWER POTENTIAL ≅ 530 GWe (including ≅ 300 GWe with Thorium)

Stage - III Thorium Based Reactors

• 30 kWth KAMINI- Operating

• 300 MWe AHWR: Pre-licensing safety appraisal by AERB completed, Site selection in progress

POWER POTENTIAL IS VERY LARGE

Availability of ADS can enable early introduction of Thorium on a large scale

World class performance

Globally Advanced Technology

Globally Unique

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Driving forces and challenges for expansion of the Indian nuclear programme

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Primary drivers for expansion of Indian nuclear programme1

Reduced dependence on imports At present, India imports about 34% of its commercial energy (mainly petroleum

fuels)2 • It is desirable that in future also the import content is reduced or limited to

about the same level.

Environment and economics Indian studies indicate that nuclear power is competitive as compared to coal

fired thermal power, when the nuclear plant is about 1000 km from the pit-head. • Sites have been identified taking this into consideration

Reduction in fossil fuel share with corresponding decrease in greenhouse gas generation

Ref: 1. R B Grover and Subhash Chandra, "A Strategy for Growth of Electrical Energy in India," Document No.10, Department of Atomic Energy,

Mumbai, August 2004 2. Planning Commission, Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012), Volume-III (Agriculture, Rural Development, Industry, Services and Physical

Infrastructure), 2008

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Projected Indian nuclear energy system in 2030 and 2050

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Proposed role of nuclear energy in India by 2030 and 2050 – a study

Year Coal Hydro-carbon Hydro Renew-ables

Nuclear Total

TWh % TWh % TWh % TWh % Twh % TWh

2002 425.74 66.69 125.08 19.61 65.66 10.29 2.66 0.42 19.24 3.01 638.38

2022 957 44 369 17 460 21 162 8 206 10 2154

2032 1630 47 618 18 600 17 197 6 441 13 3485

2042 2673 49 950 18 600 11 237 4 978 18 5438

2052 3774 47 1250 16 600 8 289 4 2044 26 7957

Ref: R B Grover and Subhash Chandra, "A Strategy for Growth of Electrical Energy in India," Document No.10, Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai, August 2004

Indian Planning Commission defines growth targets upto 2030

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Proposed Indian nuclear energy system by 2030 and 2050 – a study

Year PHWR, AHWR and FBR based on Pu from AHWR

LWR and FBR based on Pu from LWR

Grand Total

Thermal (GWe)

Fast (GWe)

Thermal (GWe)

Fast (GWe) (GWe)

Oxide Oxide Metal Oxide Oxide Metal

2002 2.40 - - 0.32 - - 2.72

2022 9.96 2.50 6.00 8.00 - 3.00 29.46

2032 9.40 2.50 33.0 8.00 - 10.0 62.90

2042 7.86 2.50 87.0 8.00 - 26.0 131.36

2052 4.06 2.50 199 8.00 - 61.0 274.56

Ref: R B Grover and Subhash Chandra, "A Strategy for Growth of Electrical Energy in India," Document No.10, Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai, August 2004

Indegenous programme

Based on imported reactors

Indian Planning Commission defines growth targets upto 2030

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Study assumes the following milestones

Installing ~20 GWe nuclear power by the year 2020 This includes 2.5 GWe of Oxide fuelled FBRs and 8 GWe of LWRs.

Deployment of metal fuelled FBRs started by the year

2021

Deployment of thorium based NES started by 2050

Ref: R B Grover and Subhash Chandra, "A Strategy for Growth of Electrical Energy in India," Document No.10, Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai, August 2004

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Nuclear fuel cycle services in India

India has mastered all aspects of fuel cycle technologies, especially for PHWRs, BWR and FBRs Front end

• Mining • Conversion • Enrichment • Fuel pellet manufacturing • Fuel assembly manufacturing

Back end • Spent fuel handling • Reprocessing • Pellet formation and fuel re-fabrication • Waste management

In future, India can provide enrichment, associated fuel fabrication and reprocessing services

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Role of India in deployment of NPPs

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Role of India in deployment of NPPs

India has significant experience in design, construction and operation of PHWRs

Short construction times of 60 months have been achieved

Indian PHWRs (18 currently operating) have been operating at an 82% average capacity factor and 94% average availability factor

AHWR300-LEU, currently under design, has many attractive features Better utilisation of natural uranium Robust design against external and internal threats, including insider

malevolent acts Enhanced inherent PR features Reduced MA generation

India can supply SMRs of upto 540 MWe capacities 13

Back-end fuel cycle services for Indian nuclear programme – India has mastered most of the challenges

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To reduce the repository burden, extensive partitioning of the waste stream is planned

Purex

Recovery of residual Pu & U

Recovery of Cesium & Strontium

Lanthanide and Actinide separation

from FP

Actinide separation from Lanthanide

Spent fuel

Np, Tc, I U, Pu

Cs

Sr

FP Recovery of Platinum group metals (PGM)

PGM

Ln, FP Am, Cm

Recycle

Irradiation

Heat

Value

Recycle in FBR/ADS

Vitrification

Reference: Dr. P. K. Wattal, TWGAFCO Vienna, June 7-10, 2011

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Reprocessing plants in India

Status Year Name Location Remark

Under operation

1964 Plutonium plant Trombay Research reactor metallic fuel

1974 PREFRE-1 Tarapur Power reactor oxide fuel

1998 KARP Kalpakkam Power reactor oxide fuel

2011 PREFRE-2 Tarapur Power reactor oxide fuel

Under Construction 2013 PREFRE 3A Kalpakkam Power reactor oxide fuel

Under planning: Large scale Integrated Nuclear Recycle Plant (INRP series) and Fast Reactor Fuel Cycle Facility

In future, India can provide reprocessing services 16

India’s views on the concept of sustainable nuclear energy systems

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India’s views on the concept of sustainable nuclear energy systems

India’s views are reflected in the INPRO definition of sustainability Safety Environment Economics Infrastructure Waste management Proliferation resistance Physical protection

India is one of the founder members of INPRO and has actively contributed to the development of INPRO methodology

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Activities regarding assessment of sustainability

India has participated actively in the INPRO CP “GAINS”

In-house developed code TEPS has been used for analysis of homogeneous and heterogenous scenarios Results have been in good match with other participants

India is also participating in the all the tasks of INPRO

CP “SYNERGIES” Lead country in Task-4

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Priority areas regarding nuclear energy system sustainability

Safety and security

Resource sustainability

Waste management (including environment issues)

Economics

Infrastructure

Emphasis on technological solutions to address the above areas

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Indicators on nuclear energy system sustainability

India has no national indicators for assessing nuclear energy sustainability, other than those elaborated under INPRO

India has been involved in the formulation of KI for assessing sustainability in the framework of GAINS

Suggested indicators (but not limited to): Average net energy produced per unit mass of natural uranium

• Cumulative demand of natural nuclear materials,i.e. (a) natural uranium and (b) thorium

Radioactive waste inventories per unit energy generated • Minor actinide inventories per unit energy generated

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Energy independence and security of supply

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Understanding of each of these notions with respect to India Energy independence and security of supply are both

components of resource sustainability Fuel cycle needs to be consistent with fissile and fertile resource

availability, and an approach to maximise their energy potential.

India has adopted a closed fuel cycle towards ensuring long term resource sustainability

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Factors that contribute to achieving energy independence and security of supply

Closed fuel cycle with emphasis on long term deployment of thorium based reactors

Human resource development

Participation of Indian industry with simultaneous development of industrial infrastructure

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Cooperation with other countries in energy projects – nuclear and non-nuclear

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Cooperation with other countries in energy projects – nuclear and non-nuclear

India has been collaborating with various countries regarding energy projects Successful collaboration in non-nuclear areas, especially renewable

sources of electricity Two VVERs at Kudankulam under construction In the long past 2 BWRs (1969) , 2 PHWRs (1960s-1980s) and 1

Research Reactor (1960)

Several bilateral cooperation in the area of nuclear

research (e.g. France, Germany, ITER)

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Vision of possible drivers and impediments for cooperation with other countries in nuclear power projects

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Possible drivers and impediments for cooperation with other countries in nuclear power projects

SMRs addressing issues of resource sustainability, safety, security, waste management and proliferation resistance based on technological solutions e.g. AHWR300-LEU

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Suggested indicators to measure benefits/disadvantages of cooperation between countries in nuclear energy projects

Improvement in macro-economic indicators as an expected result of increased installed capacity Expected increase in Per-Capita Electricity Consumption, leading to

increase in: • Human Development Index • Gross Development Product • Life Expectancy at Birth

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10 100 1000 10000 1000000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

54.3%

99.3%

85.7%

32.7%

86.9%86.8%

89.1%

Percentages indicate female literacy

References:Human Development Report, 2009World Bank, 2010Hu

man

Dev

elop

men

t Ind

ex in

200

7

Per Capita Electricity Consumption in 2007(kWh/capita/year)

Thank you

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