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Status of Nuclear Power in US Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program 2010 Program Economics of nuclear power Economics of nuclear power Nuclear fuel cycles Nuclear fuel cycles

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Page 1: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Status of Nuclear Power in USStatus of Nuclear Power in US

Brief history of nuclear powerBrief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmapNuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program2010 Program Economics of nuclear powerEconomics of nuclear power Nuclear fuel cyclesNuclear fuel cycles

Page 2: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

History of Nuclear PowerHistory of Nuclear Power

1932—Chadwick discovers neutron in England.1932—Chadwick discovers neutron in England.1938—Hahn and Strassman discover fission in Germany.1938—Hahn and Strassman discover fission in Germany.1942—Fermi and colleagues construct 11942—Fermi and colleagues construct 1stst critical assembly in Chicago (CP-1). critical assembly in Chicago (CP-1).1946—Creation of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) after WWII.1946—Creation of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) after WWII.1951—Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-1) in Idaho generates first1951—Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-1) in Idaho generates first

electricity from nuclear energy.electricity from nuclear energy.1957—First commercial light water nuclear reactor reaches full power 1957—First commercial light water nuclear reactor reaches full power

in Shippingport, PA.in Shippingport, PA.1960s—Rapid growth of the nuclear power industry in U.S.1960s—Rapid growth of the nuclear power industry in U.S.1977—Creation of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1977—Creation of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1979—TMI accident.1979—TMI accident.1989—NRC licensing process streamlined.1989—NRC licensing process streamlined.2000—Generation IV (GEN IV) concepts formalized.2000—Generation IV (GEN IV) concepts formalized.2002—Nuclear Power 2010 Program announced by DOE to stimulate nuclear 2002—Nuclear Power 2010 Program announced by DOE to stimulate nuclear industry in US; Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative established by DOE.industry in US; Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative established by DOE.2007—First applications received by NRC for new nuclear plant construction.2007—First applications received by NRC for new nuclear plant construction.

Page 3: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program
Page 4: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program
Page 5: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Nuclear Reactor RoadmapNuclear Reactor Roadmap

From DOE via WikipediaFrom DOE via Wikipedia

FBR GE (ESBWR)

Westinghouse (AP1000)

Westinghouse

Areva NPRussian

Page 6: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Nuclear Power 2010 ProgramNuclear Power 2010 Programo Joint government/industry cost-shared effort ($18.5Joint government/industry cost-shared effort ($18.5 billion in loan guarantees).billion in loan guarantees).o Identify sites for new nuclear power plants.Identify sites for new nuclear power plants.o Develop and bring to market advanced Develop and bring to market advanced nuclear plant technologies.nuclear plant technologies.o Evaluate the business case for building Evaluate the business case for building new nuclear power plants.new nuclear power plants.o Demonstrate untested regulatory and licensingDemonstrate untested regulatory and licensing processes (Construction and Operating License).processes (Construction and Operating License).

From the NRCFrom the NRC

GEN IIIGEN III

GEN III+GEN III+

www.ne.doe.govwww.ne.doe.gov

Page 7: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

From the Energy Information AdministrationFrom the Energy Information Administration

Worldwide Electricity DemandWorldwide Electricity Demand

Page 8: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Nuclear Component of Electricity DemandNuclear Component of Electricity Demand

Page 9: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Need to invest in nuclear energy

Page 10: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Benefits and Challenges of Nuclear PowerBenefits and Challenges of Nuclear Power+Zero greenhouse gas emission (COZero greenhouse gas emission (CO22, SO, SO22, Nitrous oxides), Nitrous oxides)+Stable base-load electricity generationStable base-load electricity generation+Reduces reliance on energy importsReduces reliance on energy imports+Pricing stability (production costs constant when adjusted for inflation)Pricing stability (production costs constant when adjusted for inflation)+Improved safety (safety system triggers per plant: 2.4 in 1987, 0.03 in 2000)Improved safety (safety system triggers per plant: 2.4 in 1987, 0.03 in 2000)+Fuel reprocessing technology proven (UK, Germany, Japan, France reprocess)Fuel reprocessing technology proven (UK, Germany, Japan, France reprocess)+Helps diversify energy supplyHelps diversify energy supply

─Radioactive waste (no real plan in US: local storage, Yucca mountain)Radioactive waste (no real plan in US: local storage, Yucca mountain)─Fear of accident (TMI and Chernobyl)Fear of accident (TMI and Chernobyl)─Lack of public support (tide is turning; US federal government support now)Lack of public support (tide is turning; US federal government support now)─Cost (goal of NP 2010 program is to help with cost)Cost (goal of NP 2010 program is to help with cost)

Page 11: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Changed 1989

Old vs. New Licensing Process

Page 12: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Economics of Nuclear PowerCurrent cost of electricity: $0.10 per kWhEstimated capital cost w/interest: $4,000 per kW(e) (3% cost inflation, 6-year construction)Total capital cost 1500 MW(e): $6B1 year revenue at 100% full power: $1.3B

The Keystone CenterJune 2007

Page 13: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Electricity Deregulation

Page 14: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Individuals can now purchaseelectricity on a per hour basis—does not include distribution costs.

Ameren IP

Hour by Hour Electricity Cost—Champaign region

Page 15: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Nuclear Fuel CycleNuclear Fuel Cycle

The Future of Nuclear Power, MITThe Future of Nuclear Power, MIT

U3O8 UF6 LEU UOXMOX

Page 16: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program
Page 17: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Sasahara et al., 2004

Effect of closing the fuel Effect of closing the fuel cycle—actinide burningcycle—actinide burning

DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee, 2002

Cm-245

long-lived

Page 18: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

The Future of Nuclear Power, MIT

OpenOpen: : Once-through cycleOnce-through cycle

Major actinides: U, PuMinor actinides: Np, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf

U ore

Page 19: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

PUREX—Plutonium-Uranium Recovery by ExtractionPUREX—Plutonium-Uranium Recovery by Extraction

Spent FuelSpent Fuel

Organic SolventOrganic Solvent(TBP + Kerosene)(TBP + Kerosene)

Insoluble SolidsInsoluble SolidsSoluble ElementsSoluble Elements

(U, Pu, FPs)(U, Pu, FPs)

Nitric AcidNitric Acid

Nitric Acid + FPsNitric Acid + FPsPu + U + SolventPu + U + Solvent

PlutoniumPlutoniumUraniumUranium

Am + CmAm + CmTRUEXTRUEX

Partitioning based Partitioning based on solubilityon solubility

Page 20: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

The Future of Nuclear Power, MITThe Future of Nuclear Power, MIT

ClosedClosed: : One recycle of Pu w/thermal onlyOne recycle of Pu w/thermal only

ProliferationConcerns

Page 21: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

NEA News 2002, no. 20.2NEA News 2002, no. 20.2

Effect of closingEffect of closingthe fuel cyclethe fuel cycle

Compare

Page 22: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program
Page 23: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

P. Lisowski, 2007P. Lisowski, 2007

Reduction in repository holding timesReduction in repository holding times

Page 24: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program
Page 25: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

The Future of Nuclear Power, MITThe Future of Nuclear Power, MIT

Radioisotope Radioisotope contributioncontributionto spent fuelto spent fuelradiotoxicityradiotoxicity

Page 26: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program
Page 27: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

GEN IV Reactor ConceptsGEN IV Reactor ConceptsFASTFAST

THERMALTHERMAL

From DOE via WikipediaFrom DOE via Wikipedia

Page 28: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Integrated ApproachIntegrated Approach

DOEDOE

NERINERIGNEPGNEP

GEN IVGEN IV AFCIAFCI

US IndustryUS Industry

2010 Program2010 Program

NHINHI

GlobalGlobalPartnersPartners

Page 29: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

The GNEP ConceptThe GNEP Concept

GNEP Technical Development Plan, 2007GNEP Technical Development Plan, 2007

GPGP

NENE

Advanced Burner ReactorAdvanced Burner Reactor

Non-proliferation

Page 30: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

P. Lisowski, 2007P. Lisowski, 2007

Global PartnershipGlobal PartnershipOriginal: China, France, Japan, Russia, United States.Original: China, France, Japan, Russia, United States.New: Australia, Bulgaria, Ghana, Hungary, Jordan, ROKNew: Australia, Bulgaria, Ghana, Hungary, Jordan, ROKKazakhstan, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, UkraineKazakhstan, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Ukraine

Page 31: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

P. Lisowski, 2007P. Lisowski, 2007

Closing the fuel cycle with fast reactorsClosing the fuel cycle with fast reactors

Page 32: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Effect of closing the fuel Effect of closing the fuel cycle—resource conservationcycle—resource conservation

DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee, 2002DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee, 2002

Page 33: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

Closed: recycle with fast breeder reactorClosed: recycle with fast breeder reactor

Duderstadt and HamiltonDuderstadt and Hamilton

Page 34: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

The Future of Nuclear Power, MITThe Future of Nuclear Power, MIT

Closed: Recycling with thermal and fast reactorsClosed: Recycling with thermal and fast reactors

Page 35: Status of Nuclear Power in US Brief history of nuclear power Brief history of nuclear power Nuclear reactor roadmap Nuclear reactor roadmap 2010 Program

NEA News 2002, no. 20.2NEA News 2002, no. 20.2

Effect of closingEffect of closingthe fuel cyclethe fuel cycle


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