The French and Indian War

The American Colonies and Their GovernmentChapter 4

Mr. FerroUS History

Influences on American Colonial GovernmentLesson 1Essential Questions:How does geography influence the development of communities?Why do people create, structure, and change governments?

It Matters Because:Ancient peoples and the great thinkers of the Enlightenment influenced how the Founders shaped our government in ways that still affect us today

The Foundations of DemocracyDemocracy- a government in which citizens hold the power to rule Direct DemocracyRepresentative DemocracyDirect Democracy- a form of democracy in which the vote first handRepresentative Democracy- a government in which citizens choose a smaller group to govern on their behalfRepublic Constitutional MonarchyAncient DemocraciesAncient Greeks created the first direct democracy400s B.C, Athens Men 18 and older could take part in the assemblyDecisions made by council of 500Citizens took turns serving on the councilMembers were paid for their services

Republic The Romans created the first republic- a representative democracy where citizens choose their lawmakers Government was put in the hands of the senateSenate members were wealthy upper class members called patricians Senate elected two members called consultsThe consults lead the government

Early English Influences Since the collapse of the Roman Empire (A.D 476)Kings and Queens and Lords ruled Europe for the next 700 years Lords- noblemen who usually inherited land, wealth and powerOvertime the growth of towns as business and trade centers weakened the power of the lordsKings gained greater control of their kingdomsNobles resisted this changeIn England they rose up against King John in 1215He was forced to sign a document called the Magna CartaLatin for Great Charter

The Magna Carta Limited the power of the KingForbade him from placing certain taxes on nobles without their consentIt gave rights to free menRight to equal treatment under the lawRight to trial by ones peers Right to rebel if the King broke his part of the agreement

Limited Government Limited Government- the idea that a ruler or government is not all powerfulAt first the Magna Carta rights only protected the noblesOvertime those rights came to apply to all English people The Magna Carta established limited government

Parliament After King John, Kings were advised by noble and church officialsGradually these advisors grew to include representatives of the common peopleBy the late 1300s the advisors had become a legislature Legislature- a group of people that make laws English monarch remained strong 1625- King Charles I dismissed Parliament and ruled alonePetitions of Right- like the Magna Carta, Charles I, was forced to sign itCivil war broke out when Charles I didnt abide by the termsCharles I was removed as King, beheaded, and Parliament ruled for 20 yearsKing James II the son was place back on the throne

The English Bill of Rights In 1688 Parliament forced King James II from the throneThe son of Charles IHis daughter Mary and husband William were asked to ruleThis transfer of power was known as the Glorious Revolution

The English Bill of RightsMary and William had to accept rules set by ParliamentEnglish citizens had rights that no king could violateCitizens had the right to a fair trial They could not be taxed unless Parliament agreed These Rights became known as the English Bill of Rights The signing of the English Bill of Rights brought an end to the struggles between Parliament and the monarch

Influence of the Enlightenment Guiding Question: How did Europes Enlightenment influence ideas about government in what became the United States?

The conflict between Parliament and the monarch produced new ideas about GovernmentEnlightenmentEnlightenment- a large cultural movement in Europe driven by ideas1600s, scientific discoveries led to the belief that God had created an orderly universeThe laws that controlled the universe could be discovered through human reasoning Apply the laws that ruled nature to people and societyThis change in how some people saw their world is called the EnlightenmentIt had a great effect on political thinking in Europe and the Americas

Enlightenment Thinkers Niccolo Machiavelli -1469-1525Renaissance writer , wrote the book The Princeit is safer for a ruler to be feared than lovedAlthough he praised republics as the best form of government Many enlightenment thinkers look to Machiavelli

Enlightenment Thinkers Thomas Hobbes -1588-1679Early enlightenment thinker (English)Experienced the English Civil War first handBelieved that a social contract existed between the people and the government People agreed to give up some freedom and be ruled by governmentGovernment had to protect the peoples rights He believe that people needed a strong leader because they were too selfish to be able to rule themselves

Enlightenment Thinkers John Locke -1632-1704 -EnglishInfluenced by the events of the Glorious RevolutionPublished Two Treatises of GovernmentA treatise is a long essayAll people are born equal with certain God-given rights called natural rights Rights to life, freedom and to own propertyHe also believed in a form of social contract If the ruler failed to protect the rights of people, the contract was broken

Enlightenment Thinkers Jean-Jacques Rousseau -1712-1778He wrote The Social Contract -1762Man is born free, yet everywhere he is found in chainsHe was referring to Europeans living with little freedomHe believed that people should have right to decide how they should be governed

Enlightenment Thinkers Baron de Montesquieu -1689-1755, FrenchDeveloped the idea that the power of government should be divided into branches He believed no one branch would become to strong and threaten peoples rights The idea of separation of powers

Enlightenment Thinkers Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) -1694-1778People should have libertySupported freedom of religion and freedom of trade

Social contract, natural rights, and separation of powers influenced the writers of The Declaration of independence U. S. Constitution

The First Colonial GovernmentsGuiding Question: How were first English colonies in America shaped by earlier ideas about democracy and government?

Colony- an area of land in one place controlled by a country in another placeEarly colonists were loyal to EnglandThey brought to America the traditions, beliefs, and changes that had shaped Englands governmentIndividual rights and representative government20JamestownFirst permanent English settlementLocated in what is now VirginiaFounded in 1607 by the Virginia CompanyA business owned by a group of London merchants Ruled by a governor and a councilThe company appointed the officials

Jamestown GovernmentIn 1619 the Virginia Company allow the colony to make their own lawsThis attracted more settlers Colonists elected leaders to represent them in an assemblyLeaders were called burgessesThe assembly was called the House of BurgessesThe beginning of self-government and representative democracy in colonial America

Plymouth SettlementPilgrims arrived in 1620They set sail for Virginia on the ship MayflowerThey were seeking religious freedom Blown off course by a stormLanded off the coast of Massachusetts To survive they needed to form their own government

Mayflower Compact Before they went on land they drew up the Mayflower CompactWritten agreementThey agreed to choose leaders and work together to make their own laws for the colonyThey agreed to obey the lawsThe people in Plymouth held town meetings to discuss problems and make decisions

Lesson 2Settlement, Culture, and Government of the Colonies Essential Question: How does geography influence the development of communities ?Why do people create, structure and change governments?

It matters Because:The reasons early settlers came to America and the economies and governments that grew helped to shape the new United States and continues to influence American culture today.Settling the English ColoniesSettlers mostly came from EnglandOthers came from:Scotland, Ireland, and Wales GermanyAfrica (Slaves)Amsterdam (Dutch)Sweden

Economic OpportunityMost settlers settled here for a chance to earn a livingThe colonies had land for farming and other jobsThose who could not afford to pay for the voyage came as indentured servantsIndentured servants- a worker who contracted with American colonists for food and shelter in return for his or her laborThey worked for 4-7 years or until the debt was paid

Religious Freedom There was much religious unrest in EnglandSome groups were persecuted or treated harshly because of their religious beliefsSome groups decided to come to the English colonies for religious freedomPuritans founded Massachusetts They were called Puritans because they wanted to reform or purify the church in EnglandPuritans were dissenters- one who opposes official or commonly held views

Religious FreedomPuritans wanted to worship God in their own wayThey did not allow others the same freedomThey forced others to leave their colonyRhode Island- founded by Roger WilliamsKnown for its religious freedomConnecticut- founded by Thomas HookerConnecticut developed Americas first written constitutionThe Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutColonists would elect an assembly of representatives from each townThey also elected a governor Colonial LifeGuiding Question: How was life in the colonies shaped by where people lived?People lived in different ways depending on where they settled

The features of its geography influenced each colonys economy

By 1733 England had 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast

Three economic regions were developedNew England ColoniesMassachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode IslandLocated farthest northMost people lived in townsCold climate and rocky soil made farming difficultMany of the colonists were PuritansTheir religion stressed the value of thrift and hard workWorked as shopkeepers, and other small businesses Shipping and fishing Hunting for fur, trading with Native Americans

Middle Colonies New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and DelawareLocated south of New EnglandClimate and soil were better for agricultureCash crops- are grown in large quantities to be sold, not just to feed familyMany crops were sold overseesMany businesses were owned by colonists from Germany, Holland and other European countries Rich in Natural resources Lumber, metals and natural harbors Sawmills, mines, ironworks and other businesses grew

The Southern ColoniesMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and GeorgiaWarm climate, long growing season, and rich soilLarge-scale agricultureTobacco and rice became the main cash cropsPlantation- large farmsMany workers were neededIndentured servants were used at firstPlantation owners became dependent on labor of enslaved Africans Smaller farmers- further inland Poorer soil and they mainly grew what they neededDepended less on enslaved labor

Colonial GovernmentMost colonies shared their English heritage and were loyal to England England was far awayColonists began to depend on their own governments and legislatures Colonists began to think of themselves as Americans rather than English subjects

Governing the Colonies In the beginning Englands government paid little attention to the coloniesParliament was in a political struggle with the KingThe purpose of the colonies was to benefit England 1650s Parliament began passing laws to regulate the colonies tradeThese laws were hard to enforceColonists began to resent having less rights than people living in Great BritainLesson 3Disagreements with Great Britain Essential Question: Why do people create, structure, and change government

It Matters Because:The events that led American colonists to declare independence affected the choices they made about a new governmentSocial and Political Changes in the Colonies Guiding Question: What events and movements affected colonial attitude?

The Great Awakening- religious movement from 1740s to 1760sSwept across the coloniesFiery preachers stressed the value of personal religious experienceThey rejected the teachings of church leadersUrged people to build a direct relationship with GodPressed colonists to question traditional religious, and political authorityLibertyThe Great Awakening movement created a strong spirit of liberty or personal freedomColonists wanted the same rights as people in Great BritainParliament created laws for colonists and most governors where appointed by the kingGrowing resentment in the 1760s towards British rule

The French and Indian WarColonies were expanding westward (1750s)France claimed those lands (Ohio Valley)The tension led to war The French and Indian WarIn Europe England and France were at warThe war in Europe spread to AmericaThe British won the war and took control of French lands The war was over so the colonists expected the British troops to leaveThe British troops did not leave

New Laws and Taxes French and Indian war left Britain in a lot of debtColonists caused the war by moving westKing George decided the colonists should pay for the warHe issued new taxesHe wanted to keep peace with the Native AmericansHe issued an new proclamation or official statement that forbade the colonists from settling in the land won from the FrenchHe placed over 10,000 British troops in the colonies to keep orderThese actions enraged the colonists

New TaxesKing George asked Parliament to tax the colonies to pay for war debtIn 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act Colonists had to buy and place tax stamps on many kinds of documents Colonists protested and called for a boycott, refused to buy, British goods The believed only their representatives had the right to tax them1766 Parliament repealed or canceled the Stamp Act

41Colonial Dissatisfaction GrowsGuiding Question: What events increased colonists anger toward British rule?

Townshend Acts- placed duties (taxes) on a variety of goods the colonists imported from overseasColonists again resisted with boycott and protests Parliament repealed all duties except for a tax on tea

General Search Warrants One of the Townshend Acts allowed for general search warrants Combat smuggling- illegally moving goods in or out of a countryWarrants were called writs of assistance Could enter any business or home to look for smuggled goodsColonists were greatly angered

John Hancocks ship The LibertyTea Act- 1773The Tea Act of 1773 was not a taxIt allowed a British company that grew tea in India to import tea into the colonies without paying existing taxesColonies still had to pay taxes on their teaMade the British companies tea cheaper December 1773- Boston Tea PartyColonists boarded British ships in Boston HarborIn protest they dumped 342 chests of the British companys tea into the water

Parliament Response to Boston Tea PartyParliament passed the Coercive Acts These laws were meant to punish Massachusetts, especially Boston They closed Boston HarborThe laws were so harsh, colonists referred to them as the Intolerable Acts

Steps Toward Independence Guiding Question: What ideas about government influenced the Declaration of Independence?

Parliament thought that the Coercive Acts would frighten the colonistsInstead they had the reverse affectThe other colonies banded together to help Massachusetts and challenge British authority

Boston Massacre Engraving by Paul RevereThe First Continental Congress September 1774- Delegates from 12 Colonies met in PhiladelphiaThey met to plan a united response to the Coercive Acts What should be done about the issues with Great BritainThey decided to send a letter to the King Asked that Britain respect the colonists rights as British citizens They also organized a total boycott of British goods, and a ban on all trade with Britain King Georges response was for stronger measuresBlows (a fight) must decide whether they are subject to this country or independent.

Second Continental CongressThe delegates met again in May 1775April 1775, British troops and colonial militiamen had fought at Lexington and Concord, in MassachusettsCongress had to decide whether to work towards peace or to split with Great Britain They debated for monthsSupport for independence grew in the colonies January 1776, Thomas Paine published a pamphlet titled Common Sense more than 500,000 soldHe used John Lockes ideas to make a case for independence By spring more than half of the delegates favored independence The Declaration of Independence A committee was chosen to explain why the colonies should be freeJohn Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert Livingston and Roger ShermanThe committee chose Thomas Jefferson to write the document He was influenced by the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and VoltaireThe Declaration of Independence was approved July 4, 1776John Hancock was the first to sign the document