industry cluster analysis for the coastal bend …stedc.tamucc.edu/files/cluster_cb_2014.pdf ·...

INDUSTRY CLUSTER ANALYSIS FOR THE

COASTAL BEND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT AREA

2014 Update

Prepared for

Prepared by

Jim Lee

EDA University Center

College of Business

Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi

March 2014

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………….. iv

I. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………........ 1

Objective ………………………………………………………………............ 2

Data Sources ………………………………………………………………..... 1

Area Profile ………………………………………………………………......... 2

Geographical Definition ……………………………………………. 2

Regional Economic Profile …………………………………………. 4

Employment Data ……………………………………………………. 7

Major Industrial Development Projects …………………………… 13

II. INDUSTRY CLUSTER ANALYSIS …………………………………………………… 18

Methodology ………………………………………………………………...... 18

Industry Cluster Definition …………………………………………… 18

Industry Cluster Analysis ……………………………………………… 19

Location Quotients …………………………………………………… 21

Shift-Share Ratios ……………………………………………………… 22

Results of Industry Cluster Analysis …………………………………………. 23

Identifying Industry Clusters …………………………………………………. 29

Cluster Employment Projections for 2013-18 …………………….. 29

Cluster Employment Projections for 2013-23 …………………….. 34

III. DETAILS OF INDUSTRY CLUSTERS 38

Business Establishments ……………………………………………………… 38

Wage Earnings ………………………………………………………………... 42

Major Employers ………………………………………………………………. 42

Industry Clusters across the Region ……………………………………….. 44

Labor Market Conditions ………………………………………………….. 44

Potential of Clusters as Industry Targets ………………………………….. 46

Oil and Gas …………………………………………………………..... 46

Construction …………………………………………………………… 47

Industrial Manufacturing …………………………………………..... 47

Healthcare …………………………………………………………….. 48

Hospitality ………………………………………………………………. 48

Existing Targeted Industries and Occupations ………………………….. 50

IV. FINAL OBSERVATIONS ………………………………………………………….. 53

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………................... 54

iii

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………….................. A.55

Appendix A: Construction Occupations, 2013-17…………………...……. A.56

Appendix B: Industry Staffing Patterns ……………………………………... A.58

Appendix C: Employment Composition and Growth by Industry …….. A.68

Appendix D: Industrial Construction Impacts and Job Openings …..… A.76

iv

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Page

Exhibit 1: Counties of the Coastal Bend WDA……………………………... 3

Exhibit 2: Coastal Bend WDA Economic Profile……………………………. 6

Exhibit 3: Employment Composition by Industry, 2008 and 2013………. 8

Exhibit 4: Industry Composition by Output, 2013…………………………... 10

Exhibit 5: Average Hourly Wages, 2013……………………………………… 12

Exhibit 6: Major Industrial Development Projects, 2014-18………………. 15

Exhibit 7: Employment Impacts of Major Capital Projects………………. 17

Exhibit 8: Hypothetical Industry Clusters……………………………………... 20

Exhibit 9: Location Quotients and Shift-Share Ratios……………………… 24

Exhibit 10: Industry Performance……………………………………………….. 26

Exhibit 11: Employment of Industry Clusters, 2013-18………………………. 30

Exhibit 12: Employment of Industry Clusters, 2013-23………………………. 35

Exhibit 13: Establishments and Wages of Industry Clusters, 2013……….... 39

Exhibit 14: Largest Employers in Coastal Bend Industry Clusters…………. 43

Exhibit 15: Regional Employment Shares of Industry Clusters, 2013……… 45

Exhibit 16: Strengths and Weakness of Industry Clusters…………………… 49

Exhibit 17: Existing Target Industries…………………………………………….. 51

Exhibit 18: Coastal Bend WDA Targeted Occupations, 2012-13………… 52

v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The objective of this study is to provide an update on changes in the economic

base of the Coastal Bend Workforce Development Area and to identify the key

industry clusters that will help drive current or future employment growth in the

region. Basic techniques of economic base analysis, including location

quotients and shift-share ratios, are applied to historical and projected

employment data through 2018 and 2023, respectively. Regional industries that

demonstrate existing strengths or growth potentials are aggregated to form

clusters. For each of the five industry clusters to be identified, this report also

describes the labor market conditions in the context of the staffing patterns by

occupation. This report concludes with a synopsis of the identified clusters’

strengths and weaknesses as targets for future workforce development.

Historically, the economic base of the Coastal Bend WDA has been

represented by a well-balanced mix of private industries. Driven largely by

the expanding oil and gas drilling activity in the Eagle Ford Shale region,

rapid growth in the regional economy has not only generated record levels

of employment and income growth, especially in oil and gas production and

its support activities, but it has also altered the distribution of jobs and growth

patterns across different industries.

The current Coastal Bend economy is best represented by a mix of five key

industry clusters—oil and gas, construction, industrial manufacturing,

healthcare, and hospitality. The largest industry clusters are still healthcare

and hospitality, each of which shares a roughly 10 percent of the regional

workforce. However, the regional economic landscape is about to change.

A large number of industrial sites under construction promise to transform the

Coastal Bend into a manufacturing center besides being an energy hub.

Despite its historically declining trend, industrial manufacturing is about to

emerge as the fastest growing industry cluster, particularly in Nueces and San

Patricio counties.

The five leading industry clusters together accounted for 47 percent of total

employment in the Coastal Bend during 2013. Between 2013 and 2018, these

clusters are expected to gain more than 31,000 jobs, and account for 58

percent of employment growth across the region. The collective

contribution of these industries to regional employment growth is projected

to increase to over 60 percent by 2023.

Businesses in those industry clusters involve a wide variety of occupations,

some of which pay the highest (oil and gas extraction) wage earnings in the

region while others pay the lowest (restaurants). Overall, the typical wage

rate across those industries is higher than the region’s average wage rate.

Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 1

I. INTRODUCTION

This report describes both historical and projected changes in the Coastal

Bend Workforce Development Area’s (WDA) economic base and workforce

patterns. The project is commissioned by the Workforce Solutions of the Coastal

Bend as an update to previous reports completed in 2004 and 2009.

The overall economy of the Coastal Bend as well as its industrial makeup

have changed significantly since the depths of the economic downturn in 2009.

While many communities across Texas have witnessed economic and

employment growth above the pace nationwide, the economic experience of

the Coastal Bend is unique in terms of developments in its growing industries as a

result of its comparative advantages. Current developments near the Port of

Corpus Christi have generated a profound impact on future employment

patterns of the Coastal Bend. This industry cluster report contains projected

workforce needs and employment growth by 2018 and 2023, respectively.

Objective

The primary objective of this study is to facilitate the planning of economic

and workforce development strategies for the Coastal Bend WDA with data

analysis regarding how key industries and their labor markets will evolve in the

next decade. Research work draws on an approach commonly referred to as

industry cluster analysis, which identifies groups of interconnected industries or

businesses that comprise the region’s key economic base as the cornerstone of

the regional economy.

Why is industry cluster analysis important? Industry clusters have been

recognized as critical elements that determine the competitiveness of a region

in the global marketplace (Porter 1990). As the key drivers of economic growth,

industry clusters have increasingly been incorporated into regional policy

strategies for workforce and economic development. Some notable clusters

are in Silicon Valley for its microelectronics and information technology

industries; and the Research Triangle in North Carolina for its agricultural,

pharmaceutical and telecommunications industries.

Industry clusters serve as the “engines” of an economy, driving its growth

in the long run. As such, an understanding of their recent and future trends as

well as their strengths and weaknesses is an important first step toward building a

successful regional economic development strategy. In 2004, Texas Governor

Rick Perry officially adopted a strategic plan that targets the development of

several industry clusters (Perry 2004).


Data Sources

To facilitate Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend’s development of

strategic plans, employment and wage data are the key focus of this study. The

primary sources for the local- and state-level data are Texas Workforce

Commission’s (TWC) online databases: Quarterly Census of Employment and

Wages (QCEW), Research and Analysis of Trends in Employment System

(SOCRATES), and Wage Information Network (WIN). Some employment and

wage data are obtained through Economic Modeling Specialists International’s

(EMSI) Analyst, an online labor market database. The U.S. Census Bureau, the

Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis provide

economic data particularly at the national level. Industries are classified using

the industry definitions of North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

wherever possible.

One distinctive aspect of the industry cluster analysis in this study is the use

of projected data for the future, rather than historical data. While historical data

help identify industries that have flourished or declined, future data projections

are more instrumental for developing economic and workforce strategic plans.

The TWC and EMSI have provided projections of industry and occupational

employment for the Coastal Bend over the period through 2023. Those

projections, however, apparently miss most recent developments in the region

that will have profound effects on both its overall economic base and certain

regional industries. Their data will be modified in light of those large-scale

development projects that will affect the regional labor markets through 2023.

The benchmark periods of the projections are Year 2018 and Year 2023.

Given 2013 as the base year, 2018 reflects the 5-year-ahead medium-term

future, and 2023 represents the 10-year-ahead long-term future.

Area Profile

Geographical Definition

The region under investigation is Texas Workforce Commission’s 22nd

Workforce Development Area (WDA) overseen by Workforce Solutions of the

Coastal Bend. This area consists of 12 counties in South Texas: Aransas, Bee,

Brooks, Duval, Jim Wells, Kenedy, Kleberg, Live Oak, McMullen, Nueces, Refugio,

and San Patricio (see Exhibit 1). The counties of Aransas, Nueces and San

Patricio comprise the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The Port

of Corpus Christi is the fifth busiest port in the U.S. by cargo tonnage. Among

others, the Port supports shipping and oil and gas production on the Gulf of

Mexico.


Exhibit 1 Counties of the Coastal Bend WDA.


Regional Economic Profile

Exhibit 2 below contains some basic economic data of the region in

comparison with the state of Texas and the U.S. The 12 counties of the Coastal

Bend WDA have a total population of approximately 590,000. The Corpus Christi

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is the largest populated area in the Coastal

Bend WDA, and it has a population of approximately 440,000, or 75 percent of

the regional total.

Between 2008 and 2013, the population in the region grew a total of 4

percent, which was about the same as the national average but remarkably

lower than the Texas state average of nearly 9 percent. Both the metro area

and the Coastal Bend region as a whole experienced outmigration of residents

during that period. This historical trend, however, has changed. In light of strong

regional employment growth since 2011, population in the Coastal Bend is

expected to expand by more than the historical past of one percent per year

through 2023.

As for many communities in Texas, economic growth in the Coastal Bend

accelerated since 2011. Between 2008 and 2013, the area’s gross domestic

product in current dollars—the broadest measure of the size of an economy—

grew a total of 38 percent, which was nearly three times that of the national

average. Output growth in the area was also substantially higher than the Texas

statewide average of 19 percent.

Expansion in economic activity is the driving force for job creations and

income growth. Between 2008 and 2013, the Coastal Bend added 6 percent

more jobs, slightly more than the statewide employment growth rate. By

contrast, the nation had yet recovered most of the jobs lost during the depths of

the Great Recession in 2009. As a result of accelerated job growth in the region

since 2011, the regional unemployment rate has undergone steady declines

through the end of 2013. The unemployment rate for the Coastal Bend was 5.9

percent on average in 2013, more than one percent below the U.S.

unemployment rate of 7.5 percent.

Strong employment growth in the Coastal Bend has raised local wage

earnings and personal income more rapidly than the paces at the state and

national levels. Yet the area’s personal income per capita of $42,421 in 2013

remained below the national and state averages. In 2013, the average hourly

wage rate for employees in the Coastal Bend was $20.79, almost $4 below the

U.S. hourly wage rate. The relatively lower wage earnings for employees in the

area contributed to the relatively lower personal income.


The relatively low wage and income earnings for employees in the

Coastal Bend are attributable to differences in educational attainment.

Educational attainment is an indicator of workforce preparedness and thus

workers’ earning potentials. As shown in Exhibit 2, the share of the regional

population with either a high-school diploma or a college degree lags behind

the rest of the nation and the state. While the shares of U.S. population with high

school and college degrees increased by almost 3 percent between 2008 and

2013, the overall levels of education attainment for the area have remained

largely unchanged. Without meaningful improvements in education attainment

and workforce skills, the strong gains in wage earnings seen in recent years

would not likely sustain in the future.


Exhibit 2 Coastal Bend WDA Economic Profile.

Economic Data 2013

Level Coastal

Bend

Corpus Christi

MSA Texas U.S.

Panel A: % Change 2008-13 Population 589,231 4.0% 4.7% 8.9% 3.9% Output (GDP in current millions dollars) 27,857 37.7% 31.0% 19.4% 12.1% Employment 283,377 5.9% 3.8% 5.5% -0.8% Per capita personal income $42,421 21.5% 14.8% 9.4% 8.8% Panel B: 2013 Level Unemployment Rate 5.9% 6.0% 6.3% 7.5% Mean Hourly Wage $20.79 $20.45 $24.67 $24.11 Educational Attainment Population 25 years and over High school graduate or higher 74.7% 76.7% 78.7% 87.1% Bachelor's degree or higher 17.1% 18.7% 25.6% 29.9% Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, Census Bureau, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and author’s calculations.


Employment Data

Employment across broad industry sectors reflects the make-up of the

economic base in the regional community. Following national trends, a

significant amount of employment in the Coastal Bend has shifted from

manufacturing-oriented industries to service-oriented industries. Exhibit 3 below

provides a snapshot of employment composition in the region during 2013. The

bar charts are organized by employment according to the 2-digit NAICS

classification of broad economic sectors. The data for 2008 are also displayed

for comparison.

The Coastal Bend regional economy is represented by a diverse mix of

industries. According to the bar chart in Exhibit 3, the government sector is the

largest employer in the region, followed by health care and social assistance,

retail trade, and accommodation and food services. The government sector,

including the military and public education institutions in addition to various

government agencies, accounts for approximately one in five jobs in the

Coastal Bend. Between 2008 and 2013, the share of public sector employment

reduced by one percent. This declining trend is expected to continue in the

future, given the federal government’s expressed priority in reducing the

national debt as well as the overall size of the public sector.

By contrast, the shares of the accommodation and food services sector,

and the health care and social assistance sector, have increased during the

past five years. Measured by the percentage change, the mining sector has

increased the most, primarily due to the regional growth in oil and gas related

employment. Oil and gas exploration and drilling activities in the Eagle Ford

Shale formation have become major sources of employment growth not only in

oil and gas industries, but also in accommodation, food services, and health

care services that support oilfield operations.


Exhibit 3 Employment Composition by Industry, 2008 and 2013.

Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and Bureau of Labor Statistics.


In comparison with Exhibit 3 above, Exhibit 4 below provides an

alternative perspective on the regional economic base in the form of industry

composition by output instead of employment. Total output in the Coastal Bend

is the value of production using the area’s own resources, such as land, labor

and capital.1

As the pie chart in Exhibit 4 indicates, the output share is greater than the

employment share for some industries but smaller for other industries. In

particular, the output shares of the mining and manufacturing industries at least

double their employment shares. This means that employees in those industries

are much more productive, i.e., more value-added output per employee, than

employees in other industries.

On the contrary, the accommodation and food service sector employs

more than 10 percent of the regional workforce, but accounts for approximately

3 percent of the region’s total output. This contrast can be explained by the

relatively lower value added of the region’s hotels, motels and restaurants from

local resources, as well as the relatively lower wage earnings of their employees.

1 Output at the national level is most commonly measured by Gross Domestic Product. The equivalent measure at

the regional level is Gross Regional Product. These measures are also called value added.


Exhibit 4 Industry Composition by Output, 2013.

Sources: Bureau of Economic Analysis, and author’s calculations.


Businesses typically compensate their employees for their individual

productivity and skills. For this reason, the discrepancy between output and

employment compositions can be appreciated by comparing wage earnings

across industries. Exhibit 5 below lists the average hourly wages for the 2-digit

NAICS industries or sectors. In comparison with the regional average of $20.8,

hourly wages in 2013 varied widely across industries from $8.35 in the

accommodation and food services sector to over $40 among the mining,

manufacturing and utilities sectors. As discussed above, wages tend to be

higher for industries within a sector where its output share is higher than its

employment share (e.g., mining and manufacturing). Conversely, wages tend

to be lower in sectors with a lower output share than employment share (e.g.,

accommodation and food services).

The employment data presented in Exhibits 3 to 5 represent snapshots of

the relative strengths of different industries in the Coastal Bend region. To better

understand the economic roles of those industries, however, industry cluster

analysis should also take into account other measurement factors, such as

output and wages, as well as the growth potentials of individual industries.


Exhibit 5 Average Hourly Wages, 2013.

NAICS Industry Description Wage

All Industries $20.79

11 Agriculture $18.71

21 Mining, Oil & Gas Extraction $44.52

22 Utilities $54.99

23 Construction $32.21

31 Manufacturing $50.23

42 Wholesale Trade $32.33

44 Retail Trade $15.45

48 Transportation & Warehousing $31.42

51 Information $27.97

52 Finance & Insurance $29.05

53 Real Estate & Rental $26.79

54 Professional & Technical Services $33.99

55 Management of Businesses $58.00

56 Administrative and Support $19.07

61 Educational Services (Private) $19.01

62 Health Care & Social Assistance $20.31

71 Arts & Entertainment $10.55

72 Accommodation & Food Services $8.35

81 Other Private Services $17.89

90 Government $27.10

99 Unclassified $16.20

Source: Texas Workforce Commission.


Major Industrial Development Projects

Historical data, as displayed in Exhibits 3 to 5, can be misleading if the

regional economy is undergoing significant change in its industry or employment

structure. This is likely the case for the Coastal Bend, given rapid expansion in

regional oil and gas production in recent years that has also prompted the

development of some industries with heavy energy consumption. Access to

shale oil and gas supplies in the Eagle Ford Shale formation and the logistical

advantage of the Port of Corpus Christi for export shipping have made Corpus

Christi an attractive location for developing heavy manufacturing plants and

petrochemical facilities.

Exhibit 6 below lists major industrial construction projects near the Port of

Corpus Christi. Those projects have been announced or under construction.

Tianjin Pipe Company (TPCO) of China began the construction of a $1 billion

steel mill in 2011. The plant is expected to become operational by 2015, when it

enters the second phase of development. The TPCO project was followed by a

plan for constructing another steel processing plant by Austrian Voestalpine,

and later Italian M&G Group’s announcement for building a facility producing

PET resins.

In addition to those industrial facilities that will take advantage of the

abundant supply of shale oil and natural gas in the Eagle Ford, a number of

companies have announced the construction or expansion of petrochemical

manufacturing or refining facilities in Corpus Christi’s Port District. In particular,

Houston-based Cheniere Energy has announced the construction of a liquefied

natural gas (LNG) export terminal at $12 billion. Together, those large-scale

construction projects will bring to the region a total capital investment of

approximately $20 billion through 2017.

The construction timeframes for nine large-scale industrial development

projects between 2014 and 2017 are delineated by shaded areas in Exhibit 6.

Drawing on surveys conducted with companies involved in those projects, the

bottom two rows of the exhibit lists the estimates of full-time-equivalent (FTE) job

positions directly associated with their construction as well as their eventual

operations for the individual years between 2014 and 2017. During that 4-year

window, those capital projects will require an estimated average total of 1,270

construction and craft workers per year.

The estimates for employment directly involved in construction are

apparently smaller than what would have been derived from the standard

multiplier methodology. This discrepancy is attributable to the fact that local

labor costs account for less than 20 percent on average of the total

construction expenditures, as the majority of those projects are completed with


imports, namely from resources outside the Coastal Bend region. Furthermore,

the job estimates are FTE positions. Because the timeframes of those projects

are not perfectly aligned, not all craft and construction workers will be needed

at the same time. The staggering nature of those projects will allow some

workers to move from one completed site to next site under construction.

Exhibit 6 lists only the numbers of direct local jobs associated with major

industrial projects. Those projects create two types of economic effects. First,

they contribute to a construction boom in the Coastal Bend, which also has

spillover effects on other local industries. Second, when development of those

industrial sites is complete, the manufacturing plants will be staffed with

permanent employees on site. All of those nine industrial sites are expected to

be operational by 2018. Their operations will also generate ongoing spillover

economic effects on the rest of the Coastal Bend community.

Those industrial facilities will have a significant impact on demand for local

construction and craft workers at least through the end of 2017. Appendix A lists

the occupations that will face an increase in job openings by 10 or more

positions between 2013 and 2017. Other than construction laborers and helpers

that do not require specific skills, the Coastal Bend is expected to experience a

surge in demand for equipment operators, carpenters, plumbers, pipefitters,

welders, and electricians. Those occupations do require formal training.

In the absence of those construction sites, an estimated increase of 2,084

jobs across various construction and craft occupations will be needed to

accommodate the “natural” growth of the regional economy through 2017. At

its peak, the increase in such industrial construction activity will require 1,340

more positions in the regional labor markets for those occupations in the

construction industry.

The bottom row of Exhibit 6 shows the number of direct jobs associated

with the operational phase of the industrial sites. By 2018, those facilities will

generate an estimated total of 1,480 jobs. Increased employment among those

facilities will also generate spillover or multiplier effects on overall employment

within the region, commonly known as secondary effects. Those effects will be

incorporated into the employment projections in this report below.


Exhibit 6 Major Industrial Development Projects, 2014-18.

Company Product Investment Operation Construction Timeline

($ Million)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

TPCO Steel Pipe 1,300 2014 Phase II

OxyChem Propane Distribution 70 2015

LyondellBassel Ethylene Plant 400 2015

Voestalpine Steel 700 2016

OxyChem Ethylene Plant 1,400 2016

M&G Group PET Plant 751 2016

CCI Condensate Splitter 400 2016

Cheniere LNG Plant 12,000 2017

Construction Jobs

580 1,910 1,378 1,213

Permanent Jobs

300 800 1,480

Sources: Corpus Christi Regional Economic Development Corporation, and author’s calculations.


The industrial construction projects listed in Exhibit 6 will affect overall

employment in the Coastal Bend. Exhibit 7 below shows the total impact of the

construction and operation of those new industrial sites on regional

employment. The upper panel presents annual employment levels between

2008 and 2023, and the lower panel presents corresponding annual percentage

changes over the same period. Data through 2013 are historical data.

Beginning 2014, the data labeled as “baseline” reflect projections drawing on

historical patterns and expected future trends across local industries, without the

consideration of those announced capital projects. Data labeled as

“projection” reflect the estimates that take into account the total effects,

including both direct and secondary effects, of those major capital projects.

During the five-year period between 2014 and 2018, those industrial

development projects together are expected to add 3,663 more jobs to the

Coastal Bend, as compared to the baseline estimates. The amount of

additional jobs is equivalent to 1.4 percent of projected regional employment,

which adds to the baseline annual employment growth by another one-half of

one percent on average. As discussed in Section III below, the surge in craft

skills demand will likely exceed the existing workforce training capacity of the

region. As a result, wages for construction and craft workers will likely rise more

rapidly, and potential labor shortages may be mitigated by hiring workers from

other regions near the Gulf Coast.

Over the long-term future through 2023, the impacts of those capital

projects will shift from primarily construction-related employment that is only

temporary in nature to permanent manufacturing-oriented employment.

During the second half of the 10-year window between 2019 and 2023, the

regional employment projections including the additional industrial

developments will add approximately 5,000 more jobs per year to the region, or

the equivalent of 1.8 percent of regional employment.

In addition to the overall employment level for the region, those large-

scale industrial facilities will affect the composition of regional employment by

changing the structure of the regional industry base. In particular, the

development of those industrial sites will spur short-term demand for workforce in

industrial construction, such as welders, pipefitters, electricians and laborers.

Once constructed, those industrial facilities will begin to expand employment in

the heavy manufacturing sector. Such developments will help reverse the

historical trends of declines in employment between the oil and gas and

manufacturing industries. The following section discusses how those industries

will evolve in comparison with other industries over the next 10 years.


Exhibit 7 Employment Impacts of Major Capital Projects.

Source: Author’s calculations.


II. INDUSTRY CLUSTER ANALYSIS

Methodology

Industry Cluster Definition

An industry or sector is a group of businesses that supply similar products or

services. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which has

replaced the SIC since 1997, provides guidelines for identifying most industries in

the U.S.

Industry clusters, however, resist easy definition. According to the Texas

Workforce Commission (2005), an industry cluster is “a concentration of

businesses and industries in a geographic region that are interconnected by the

markets they serve, the products they produce, their suppliers, the trade

associations to which their employees belong, and the educational institutions

from which their employees or prospective employees receive training.” By

comparison, Porter (1990) describes an industry cluster as a group of interrelated

businesses or industries with strong vertical and/or horizontal linkages. Vertical

linkages are made up of buyer-seller relationships between businesses.

Horizontal linkages develop when businesses share a common market for their

products, or specialized infrastructure, distribution channels or resource inputs,

such as labor skills and technologies.

An industry cluster, in some cases, may be synonymous with a broad

industry sector. However, the definition of a cluster demands a higher level of

detail than the standard classification by the SIC or NAICS system (e.g.,

manufacturing, trade, and mining). Cluster analysis is applied to group

businesses according to their final products and how these products are related

to each other or integrated along the vertical supply chain. This approach

provides a more meaningful view toward industries than the official classification

method based solely on the similarities of final products or services.


Industry Cluster Analysis

Industry cluster analysis is an exploratory method that organizes observed

data into meaningful economic groups, or industry clusters. The objective is to

establish a set of clusters such that the degree of association or similarity

between members of the same cluster is stronger than members outside the

cluster.

The particular approach of industry cluster analysis used in this study is

agglomerative. This approach initially treats all individual data or industry

segments as clusters. They are subsequently fused together, forming larger and

larger clusters. Exhibit 8 illustrates a convenient way to visualize industry clusters,

namely A and B, using two individual criteria on the two axes, one of which

represents the characteristics of labor skills and another one represents the

geographical distance between businesses. One prominent example is the Port

District in Corpus Christi, which consists of a number of oil and gas refineries, and

petrochemical and heavy manufacturing plants.


Exhibit 8 Hypothetical Industry Clusters.


Location Quotients

One common approach for identifying industry clusters is based on

quantitative techniques, such as location quotients and shift-share ratios. These

two techniques underscore those areas of a regional economy in which

comparative advantages exist. An industry is considered to process a

comparative advantage if its employment, output, productivity or growth is high

relative to other regions. One way to identify the industries that perform

relatively better than others is to compute location quotients.

A location quotient (LQ) is a measure of an industry’s concentration within

a region relative to a benchmark, such as the nation or state. A location

quotient is computed as the ratio of an industry’s share of local employment

over that industry’s share of national or state employment. Using the U.S. as the

benchmark, then the formula for calculating the location quotient of Industry X

in a particular area can be expressed as follows:

Employment in Industry X in the AreaTotal Employment in the Area

of Industry XEmployment in Industry X in the U.S.

Total Employment in the U.S.

LQ

The estimate based on the above formula is also referred to as a

coefficient of specialization. If a location quotient is greater than 1.0, then it

indicates that the industry has a larger concentration of employment within the

region than employment in the same industry for the nation as a whole. That

particular local industry is also a likely source of local exports outside the region,

and this is also called an “export” industry. Conversely, if a location quotient is

less than 1.0, then the industry is not well represented in the region, and a

relatively large portion of the goods or services represented by that industry is

likely imported from the rest of the world. Some industries are inherently local,

such as real estate and dry cleaning. Since the goods or services of these

industries are neither exported nor imported, their local quotients are typically

close to 1.0. A value of 1.0 indicates an equal share of local employment in the

industry between the regional and national economies.

The long-term growth of a regional economy has commonly been

described in terms of growth in “export” industries. These industries typically

export their goods or services outside the region, supporting “ancillary”

industries, such as retail, housing and personal services. Those export-oriented


industries are important economic drivers because exports generate income to

pay for imports and support local economic activity. Location quotients help

identify those industries.

In essence, location quotients provide a description of the regional

economic base by highlighting the comparative advantages of a region. They

are, nevertheless, static measures and tell little about the growth (dynamic)

patterns of regional industries. As shown below, for example, the location

quotient for the manufacturing sector in the Coastal Bend is relatively low after a

long period of declines, but their employment is projected to expand at a

significantly faster pace than other industries. Such dynamic patterns can be

captured by shift-share analysis.

Shift-Share Ratios

Shift-share analysis is another analytical tool to account for the

competitiveness of a region’s industries. This approach essentially provides an

account of the growth differential of a particular industry in that region and in

the nation or state. A shift-share ratio is simply the ratio of percentage

employment growth of an industry in a region during a given time period over

the percentage change in employment of that industry in the nation or the

state during the same period. In this study, the shift-share analysis is applied to

recent employment trends over the 2008-13 period as well as projected

employment data over the alternative periods of 2013-18 and 2013-23. The

findings with future data provide insights into the potential strengths of regional

industries as a result of shifting industry shares over time in both the near-term

and long-term future.


Results of Industry Cluster Analysis

Exhibit 9 displays estimates of location quotients and shift-share ratios for a

list of industries based on the 2-digit NAICS definitions. The findings are based on

comparing regional employment data against the U.S. national data. Estimates

for 2008 and 2013 draw on historical data, and estimates for periods after 2013

are derived from projected data as described above.

The second to fifth columns in the table of Exhibit 9 list the location

quotients for four reference years: 2008, 2013, 2018, and 2023. Location

quotients or shift-share ratios greater than 1.1 are highlighted in bold and italic.

An estimate greater than 1.1 means that the industry is 10 percent or more over-

represented in the Coastal Bend as compared to the national benchmark. The

location quotient estimates in the table indicate employment concentrations in

a wide array of sectors in addition to the public sector: mining, construction,

real estate, health care and social services, and accommodation and good

services. The estimates are similar across the four reference years. In particular,

the results confirm that the overall make-up of the regional economic base has

remained about the same since 2003—the observation period of the previous

two reports (Lee, 2004, 2009).

The sixth to eighth columns in the table list estimates of shift-share ratios for

the 2008-13, 2013-18, and 2013-23 windows, respectively. A shift-share ratio

greater than 1.1 indicates that the Coastal Bend region is projected to add 10

percent more jobs in an industry over a given period than the percentage of job

gain in that industry nationwide. In addition to those industries with relatively

high location quotients, the table shows a number of industries with relatively

high shift-share ratios: manufacturing, trade, transportation, and business

management. In line with continuously high regional employment growth,

increasingly more regional industries are expanding at a faster pace than the

U.S. as a whole.

Between 2013 and 2018, only two regional industries are expected grow

at a relatively slower rate, namely agriculture and professional services. Over

the longer-term future through 2023, the information industry is expected to grow

at a relatively slower pace along with the other two industries.


Exhibit 9 Location Quotients and Shift-Share Ratios.

Sector Description Location Quotient Shift-Share

2008 2013 2018 2023

2008-2013

2013-2018

2013-2023

Agriculture 1.06 0.85 0.80 0.79 -6.00 0.46 0.61

Mining, Oil & Gas Extraction 9.48 11.35 11.02 11.24 3.13 1.31 1.31

Utilities 1.03 0.98 1.02 1.01 1.00 11.27 10.93

Construction 1.60 1.94 1.98 1.84 0.21 2.12 1.10

Manufacturing 0.53 0.52 0.60 0.60 0.64 4.93 25.66

Wholesale Trade 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.74 1.25 2.21 1.69

Retail Trade 1.03 0.95 0.92 0.90 2.00 1.85 1.30

Transportation/ Warehousing 0.80 0.95 0.99 1.01 12.50 2.64 2.02

Information 0.53 0.47 0.43 0.43 1.60 1.72 0.56

Finance & Insurance 0.59 0.55 0.54 0.52 1.25 1.87 1.08

Real Estate & Rental 1.13 1.08 1.10 1.10 0.67 3.00 1.96

Professional Services 0.55 0.49 0.45 0.43 -0.50 0.92 0.65

Management of Businesses 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 3.13 3.53 2.11

Administrative and Support 0.77 0.62 0.60 0.58 -2.50 1.38 0.93

Educational Services(Private) 0.26 0.21 0.23 0.21 -0.36 2.31 1.38

Health Care/Social Assistance 1.24 1.24 1.21 1.22 1.70 1.27 1.28

Arts & Entertainment 0.61 0.54 0.52 0.51 -1.00 1.18 0.99

Accommodation/ Food Services 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.24 3.00 1.73 1.82

Other Private Services 0.87 0.92 0.86 0.86 13.00 1.02 1.07

Government 1.27 1.20 1.19 1.22 1.00 3.08 2.65

Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and author’s calculations.


In addition to the numerical data in Exhibit 9, the bubble graphs in Exhibit

10 below provide visual illustrations of how the industries perform over the three

time frames by plotting their location quotients against their growth differentials

with the nation. For each window period, the location quotient is the estimate

for the end of the period, and the shift share ratio is the estimate for

employment growth between the beginning and the end of the period. The

size of a bubble reflects the size of employment in the final year of the period. In

principle, a bubble that is farther away from the origin and closer to the upper-

right corner represents better performance—the industry not only witnesses a

relatively higher employment concentration in the region than in the nation as a

whole, but that industry is also expected to grow more rapidly.

In panel A of Exhibit 10, it is apparent that oil and gas extraction in the

mining sector outperforms all other industries, followed by accommodation and

food services. Overall, the graph reveals no clear winners at the broad sector

level other than those historically identified as the primary economic engines of

the region.

Panel B of Exhibit 10 shows the future performance of regional industries

through 2018. The graph reveals a large number of industries lying on the 45

degree line through the origin, meaning that those industries with a relatively

high location quotient will also expand relatively faster. The construction industry

is a noteworthy example.

Panel C of Exhibit 10 shows the future performance of regional industries

over the 10-year period through 2023. In contrast to panel B, this graph

indicates that those fast growing industries between 2013 and 2018 will slow

down. Still the manufacturing and utilities are expected to continue to grow

rapidly (high shift shares) despite their relatively small sizes (low location

quotients).

By revealing the relative roles of different industries in a region, the

estimates of location quotients and shift-share ratios provide an initial

understanding of potential industry clusters. These quantitative analyses,

however, do not necessarily address whether relationships indeed exist among

individual businesses, nor do they account for other factors beyond the product-

market relationship, such as industry collaboration or information flow. For this

reason, the quantitative findings above will be supplemented with qualitative

analysis, such as identifying commonalties between industries (e.g., workforce or

infrastructure needs, or technologies used).


Exhibit 10 Industry Performance a) Performance of Industries, 2008-13.



Exhibit 10 (continued) Industry Performance b) Performance of Industries, 2013-18.



Exhibit 10 (continued) Industry Performance c) Performance of Industries, 2013-23.



Identifying Industry Clusters

The industry cluster analysis in this study began with exploring candidates

for industry “clusters” based on industries that demonstrate strengths in the

Coastal Bend. The location quotient and shift-share data in the preceding

section suggest that the Coastal Bend regional economy is driven by the

following five private industry clusters: oil and gas, construction, industrial

manufacturing, healthcare, and hospitality. All but the manufacturing cluster

correspond to the lists previous industry cluster reports (Lee, 2004, 2009).

Cluster Employment Projections for 2013-18

Exhibit 11 lists the industry segments that make up each of the five industry

clusters, along with their employment in 2013 and projected employment in

2018. These five clusters together account for 47 percent of total employment in

the Coastal Bend in 2013, and this share is projected to increase to over 48

percent by 2018. Those clusters are expected to continue to be a major driver

of future regional employment growth. Employment across all industries in the

Coastal Bend is projected to expand by 12.8 percent between 2013 and 2018.

All but the construction cluster is expected to experience growth at a similar or

stronger pace than overall regional employment. As discussed above,

construction activity will in fact be strong as a result of an unprecedented

number of capital development projects underway. However, most those

industrial sites are expected to be fully developed prior to 2018. See Appendix A

for the impacts of those projects on the construction industry through 2017.

Three of those five industry clusters are comparable the NAICS 2-digit

sector definitions: construction, manufacturing, and healthcare. The

construction cluster (NAICS 23) includes special trade contractors besides

various construction services. Its combined employment accounted for 8

percent of the regional total employment in 2013. This share of employment is

expected to remain about the same in 2018. A significant portion of local

construction activity is directly tied to industries in the oil and gas and industrial

manufacturing industries.

Healthcare is the largest cluster by employment. The healthcare cluster

includes three industry segments of health services: offices of health

practitioners, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities (NAICS 621-

623). Employment in this cluster accounted for 14 percent of all regional jobs in

2013, and the employment share is expected to rise to 15 percent by 2018.


Exhibit 11

Employment of Industry Clusters, 2013-18.

NAICS Industry Description 2013 %Total 2018 %Total # Jobs %

Change Change

ALL INDUSTRIES 244,653 100% 275,969 100% 31,316 12.80%

OIL & GAS 19,383 7.92% 22,564 8.18% 3,181 16.41%

2111 Oil & Gas Extraction 1,935 0.79% 2,208 0.80% 273 14.11%

2131 Support Activities for Mining 14,866 6.08% 17,415 6.31% 2,549 17.15%

4831 Deep Sea & Coastal Water Transport 77 0.03% 105 0.04% 28 36.36%

4832 Inland Water Transportation 115 0.05% 140 0.05% 25 21.74%

4841 General Freight Trucking 1,476 0.60% 1,687 0.61% 211 14.30%

4861 Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 186 0.08% 234 0.08% 48 25.81%

4862 Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 213 0.09% 230 0.08% 17 7.98%

4869 Other Pipeline Transportation 37 0.02% 45 0.02% 8 21.62%

4883 Support Activities for Water Transport 478 0.20% 500 0.18% 22 4.60%

CONSTRUCTION 20,376 8.33% 22,572 8.18% 2,196 10.78%

2361 Residential Building Construction 641 0.26% 740 0.27% 99 15.44%

2362 Nonresidential Building Construction 7,446 3.04% 7,807 2.83% 361 4.85%

2371 Utility System Construction 2,284 0.93% 2,752 1.00% 468 20.49%

2372 Land Subdivision 24 0.01% 32 0.01% 8 33.33%

2373 Highway, Street, & Bridge Construction 535 0.22% 544 0.20% 9 1.68%

2379 Other Heavy/Civil Engineer Construction 1,903 0.78% 2,402 0.87% 499 26.22%

2381 Foundation & Building Contractors 1,034 0.42% 1,107 0.40% 73 7.06%

2382 Building Equipment Contractors 3,556 1.45% 3,913 1.42% 357 10.04%

2383 Building Finishing Contractors 543 0.22% 489 0.18% -54 -9.94%

2389 Other Specialty Trade Contractors 2,410 0.99% 2,786 1.01% 376 15.60%

(Continued on next page)


Exhibit 11 (continued)


Change Change

INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING 8,470 3.46% 11,164 4.05% 2,694 31.81%

3241 Petroleum & Coal Products 2,841 1.16% 3,008 1.09% 167 5.88%

3251 Basic Chemical 586 0.24% 1,712 0.62% 1,126 192.15%

3252 Resin & Synthetic Rubber 340 0.14% 602 0.22% 262 77.06%

3253 Pesticide & Other Agr. Chemical 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3254 Pharmaceutical & Medicine 22 0.01% 10 0.00% -12 -54.55%

3255 Paint, Coating, & Adhesive 22 0.01% 10 0.00% -12 -54.55%

3256 Soap & Cleaning Compound 97 0.04% 82 0.03% -15 -15.46%

3259 Other Chemical Product 21 0.01% 24 0.01% 3 14.29%

3261 Plastics Product 32 0.01% 45 0.02% 13 40.63%

3262 Rubber Product 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3271 Clay Product & Refractory 10 0.00% 0 0.00% -10 -100%

3272 Glass & Glass Product 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3273 Cement & Concrete Product 230 0.09% 196 0.07% -34 -14.78%

3274 Lime & Gypsum Product 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3279 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product 40 0.02% 49 0.02% 9 22.50%

3311 Iron and Steel Mills 0 0.00% 750 0.27% 750 100.00%

3312 Steel Product Manuf. from Purchased Steel 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3313 Alumina & Aluminum Production 763 0.31% 871 0.32% 108 14.15%

3314 Nonferrous Metal Production 24 0.01% 42 0.02% 18 75.00%

3315 Foundries 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3321 Forging & Stamping 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3323 Architectural & Structural Metals 423 0.17% 340 0.12% -83 -19.62%

3324 Boiler, Tank, & Shipping Container 365 0.15% 394 0.14% 29 7.95%

3325 Hardware 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3326 Spring & Wire Product 165 0.07% 229 0.08% 64 38.79%

3327 Machine Shops, Nut & Bolt 522 0.21% 586 0.21% 64 12.26%

3328 Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating 82 0.03% 83 0.03% 1 1.22%

3329 Other Fabricated Metal Product 64 0.03% 68 0.02% 4 6.25%

3331 Agr., Construction & Mining Machinery 778 0.32% 994 0.36% 216 27.76%

3332 Industrial Machinery 14 0.01% 13 0.00% -1 -7.14%

3333 Commercial & Service Machinery 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3334 Ventilation, Heating & AC Equipment 20 0.01% 28 0.01% 8 40.00%

3335 Metalworking Machinery 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3336 Engine, Turbine & Power Transmission 30 0.01% 36 0.01% 6 20.00%

3339 Other General Purpose Machinery 104 0.04% 117 0.04% 13 12.50%

3366 Ship & Boat Building 815 0.33% 815 0.30% 0 0.00%

3369 Other Transportation Equipment 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%





Change Change

HEALTHCARE 35,335 14.44% 41,549 15.06% 6,214 17.59%

6211 Offices of Physicians 4,545 1.86% 5,283 1.91% 738 16.24%

6212 Offices of Dentists 1,271 0.52% 1,388 0.50% 117 9.21%

6213 Offices of Other Health Practitioners 1,176 0.48% 1,286 0.47% 110 9.35%

6214 Outpatient Care Centers 942 0.39% 1,070 0.39% 128 13.59%

6215 Medical & Diagnostic Laboratories 274 0.11% 338 0.12% 64 23.36%

6216 Home Health Care Services 13,136 5.37% 16,379 5.94% 3,243 24.69%

6219 Other Ambulatory Health Care Services 608 0.25% 682 0.25% 74 12.17%

6221 General Medical & Surgical Hospitals 8,434 3.45% 9,443 3.42% 1,009 11.96%

6222 Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals 136 0.06% 168 0.06% 32 23.53%

6223 Specialty Hospitals 167 0.07% 163 0.06% -4 -2.40%

6231 Nursing Care Facilities 3,365 1.38% 3,883 1.41% 518 15.39%

6232 Residential Mental Health Facilities 427 0.17% 471 0.17% 44 10.30%

6233 Community Care Facilities for the Elderly 741 0.30% 873 0.32% 132 17.81%

6239 Other Residential Care Facilities 113 0.05% 122 0.04% 9 7.96%

HOSPITALITY 31,279 12.79% 35,132 12.73% 3,853 12.32%

4811 Scheduled Air Transportation 67 0.03% 70 0.03% 3 4.48%

4812 Nonscheduled Air Transportation 30 0.01% 42 0.02% 12 40.00%

4852 Interurban & Rural Bus Transportation 296 0.12% 333 0.12% 37 12.50%

4853 Taxi & Limousine Service 41 0.02% 40 0.01% -1 -2.44%

4854 School & Employee Bus Transportation 203 0.08% 271 0.10% 68 33.50%

4855 Charter Bus Industry 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

4859 Other Passenger Transportation 121 0.05% 176 0.06% 55 45.45%

4871 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Land 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

4872 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Water 135 0.06% 156 0.06% 21 15.56%

4879 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Other 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

4881 Support Activities for Air Transportation 1,229 0.50% 1,423 0.52% 194 15.79%

7111 Performing Arts Companies 41 0.02% 42 0.02% 1 2.44%

7112 Spectator Sports 165 0.07% 156 0.06% -9 -5.45%

7113 Performing Arts, Sports Events Promoters 56 0.02% 72 0.03% 16 28.57%

7114 Agents for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers 19 0.01% 16 0.01% -3 -15.79%

7115 Independent Artists, Writers, & Performers 60 0.02% 79 0.03% 19 31.67%

7121 Museums & Historical Sites 255 0.10% 300 0.11% 45 17.65%

7131 Amusement Parks & Arcades 166 0.07% 193 0.07% 27 16.27%

7132 Gambling Industries 38 0.02% 38 0.01% 0 0.00%

7139 Other Recreation Industries 1,217 0.50% 1,305 0.47% 88 7.23%

7211 Traveler Accommodation 3,574 1.46% 3,892 1.41% 318 8.90%

7212 RV Parks & Recreational Camps 202 0.08% 238 0.09% 36 17.82%

7213 Rooming & Boarding Houses 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

7221 Full-Service Restaurants 8,944 3.66% 10,243 3.71% 1,299 14.52%

7222 Limited-Service Eating Places 12,273 5.02% 13,642 4.94% 1,369 11.15%

7223 Special Food Services 964 0.39% 1,140 0.41% 176 18.26%

7224 Drinking Places 1,173 0.48% 1,255 0.45% 82 6.99%

Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and author's calculations.


Two clusters—oil and gas, and hospitality—involve industries from different

NAICS broad sectors. The oil and gas cluster consists of firms with vertical

relationships. For example, oil and gas drilling operators (mining sector) provide

material inputs to firms in pipeline and water transportation (transportation

sector), and petrochemical wholesalers (trade sector).2 This cluster is part of the

broader energy cluster in the previous report. This newly identified cluster is warranted

by both recent and prospective growth of oil and gas production and its support

services in the region. Together, those industries involving in the production and

transportation of oil and gas accounted for 8 percent of total regional

employment in 2013. This cluster is poised for further growth through 2018.

Development in the oil and gas industry cluster has also promoted the

emergence of an industry cluster that revolves around the manufacturing of

petrochemicals and other industrial materials. Those industrial or heavy

manufacturing plants, including steel mills, oil and gas refineries, and

petrochemical manufacturers, will depend on Eagle Ford Shale oil and gas as

energy inputs (e.g., steel mills) or feedstock for further processing (e.g., refineries

and petrochemical manufacturers). Those facilities, while on different stages of

the oil and gas supply chains, require some common workforce skills, such as

machine operators and tenders. Horizontal relationships develop across those

facilities as they cluster together geographically in the northern part of the

Corpus Christi metro area. The Corpus Christi Port Authority, which facilitates the

supply chain of the oil and petrochemical production processes with its deep-

water port, also plays a vital role in this cluster. This industrial manufacturing

cluster has remained a small part of the regional economy with a 3 percent

share of regional employment in 2013. However, this cluster as a whole is

expected to gain over 2,600 jobs between 2013 and 2018, resulting in the

greatest percentage growth among the five industry clusters.

The “tourism” cluster in the previous two industry cluster reports is now

referred to as “hospitality” to reflect the broader scope of its business today.

Rapidly expanding oil and gas drilling activity in the Eagle Ford Shale area has

spurred the expansion of lodging and food services for oilfield workers and

others who have stayed in the area for extended periods of time. The hospitality

cluster reflects growth in this market segment beyond the traditional tourism

sector, which involves mostly visitors coming to the region for leisure or business

purposes and staying for only short periods of time.

The hospitality cluster is largely made up of industries in three 2-digit NAICS

sectors: transportation (NAICS 84); arts, entertainment and recreation (NAICS

71); and accommodation and food services (NAICS 72). This cluster also 2 Petroleum retailers, such as gas stations, are excluded because of their remote connections with the suppliers and

their performance is affected largely by demand conditions rather than industry supply conditions.


includes air and local transportation, and travel agencies in the transportation

sector. Together, the various industries in the hospitality cluster, from hotel and

motel accommodation to eating and drinking places to taxicabs, accounted

for approximately 13 percent of regional employment in 2013 and its total

employment share is expected remain relatively stable over time through 2018.

The five major industry clusters are made up of a wide array of industries

across the Coastal Bend regional economy. Together, these industries

accounted for 45 percent of total employment in the Coastal Bend during 2013.

Between 2013 and 2018, the five clusters are expected to gain a total of 26,000

jobs, or about 60 percent of total projected employment growth for the region.

Between 2013 and 2018, home healthcare services (NAICS 6216) will see

the largest gain with over 3,000 new jobs, closely followed by support activities

for mining (NAICS 2131) with more than 2,500 additional jobs. In the

manufacturing cluster, the basic chemical industry (NAICS 3251) will be the

largest source of employment growth. In the hospitality cluster, restaurants

(NAICS 7221-7222) together will create the most jobs.

Cluster Employment Projections for 2013-23

Exhibit 12 below presents corresponding data for the longer-term future

between 2013 and 2023. Employment across all industries in the Coastal Bend is

projected to increase by 21 percent, or approximately 2 percent annually. All of

the five industry clusters are expected to add proportionally more jobs than the

region as a whole. By the end of that 10-year horizon, the five industry clusters

are expected to account for approximately 60 percent of regional employment

growth. By the number of job creation, the healthcare cluster will continue to

add the most jobs, with about half of those new jobs coming from home health

care services. In the context of employment growth, however, industrial

manufacturing will be the top driver with a growth rate over 32 percent, closely

followed by the healthcare industry.

Current expansion in oil and gas employment is expected to continue

through 2023. Support activities for oil and gas extraction will be the top industry

segment in job creation, with an estimate of 4,359 more jobs by the end of the

10-year period. The impact of the new industrial facilities in the Corpus Christi

MSA is captured by the growth statistics of 100 percent or more for

manufacturers of iron and steel, resin and other petrochemical products.


Exhibit 12

Employment of Industry Clusters, 2013-23.


Change Change

ALL INDUSTRIES 244,653 100% 295,235 100% 50,582 20.67%

OIL & GAS 19,383 7.92% 24,788 8.40% 5,405 27.89%

2111 Oil & Gas Extraction 1,935 0.79% 2,399 0.81% 464 23.98%

2131 Support Activities for Mining 14,866 6.08% 19,225 6.51% 4,359 29.32%

4831 Deep Sea & Coastal Water Transport 77 0.03% 101 0.03% 24 31.17%

4832 Inland Water Transportation 115 0.05% 141 0.05% 26 22.61%

4841 General Freight Trucking 1,476 0.60% 1,816 0.62% 340 23.04%

4861 Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 186 0.08% 276 0.09% 90 48.39%

4862 Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 213 0.09% 242 0.08% 29 13.62%

4869 Other Pipeline Transportation 37 0.02% 47 0.02% 10 27.03%

4883 Support Activities for Water Transport 478 0.20% 541 0.18% 63 13.18%

CONSTRUCTION 20,376 8.33% 25,069 8.49% 4,693 23.03%

2361 Residential Building Construction 641 0.26% 797 0.27% 156 24.34%

2362 Nonresidential Building Construction 7,446 3.04% 8,733 2.96% 1,287 17.28%

2371 Utility System Construction 2,284 0.93% 2,859 0.97% 575 25.18%

2372 Land Subdivision 24 0.01% 38 0.01% 14 58.33%

2373 Highway, Street, & Bridge Construction 535 0.22% 565 0.19% 30 5.61%

2379 Other Heavy/Civil Engineer 1,903 0.78% 2,739 0.93% 836 43.93%

2381 Foundation & Building Contractors 1,034 0.42% 1,211 0.41% 177 17.12%

2382 Building Equipment Contractors 3,556 1.45% 4,420 1.50% 864 24.30%

2383 Building Finishing Contractors 543 0.22% 523 0.18% -20 -3.68%

2389 Other Specialty Trade Contractors 2,410 0.99% 3,184 1.08% 774 32.12%





Change Change

INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING 8,470 3.46% 11,241 3.81% 2,771 32.72%

3241 Petroleum & Coal Products 2,841 1.16% 3,152 1.07% 311 10.95%

3251 Basic Chemical 586 0.24% 1,178 0.40% 592 101.02%

3252 Resin & Synthetic Rubber 340 0.14% 668 0.23% 328 96.47%

3253 Pesticide & Other Agr. Chemical 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3254 Pharmaceutical & Medicine 22 0.01% 10 0.00% -12 -54.55%

3255 Paint, Coating, & Adhesive 22 0.01% 10 0.00% -12 -54.55%

3256 Soap & Cleaning Compound 97 0.04% 78 0.03% -19 -19.59%

3259 Other Chemical Product 21 0.01% 25 0.01% 4 19.05%

3261 Plastics Product 32 0.01% 52 0.02% 20 62.50%

3262 Rubber Product 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3271 Clay Product & Refractory 10 0.00% 0 0.00% -10 -100%

3272 Glass & Glass Product 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3273 Cement & Concrete Product 230 0.09% 217 0.07% -13 -5.65%

3274 Lime & Gypsum Product 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3279 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product 40 0.02% 51 0.02% 11 27.50%

3311 Iron and Steel Mills 0 0.00% 750 0.25% 750 100.00%

3312 Steel Product Manuf. from Purchased Steel 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3313 Alumina & Aluminum Production 763 0.31% 967 0.33% 204 26.74%

3314 Nonferrous Metal Production 24 0.01% 42 0.01% 18 75.00%

3315 Foundries 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3321 Forging & Stamping 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3323 Architectural & Structural Metals 423 0.17% 354 0.12% -69 -16.31%

3324 Boiler, Tank, & Shipping Container 365 0.15% 420 0.14% 55 15.07%

3325 Hardware 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3326 Spring & Wire Product 165 0.07% 247 0.08% 82 49.70%

3327 Machine Shops, Nut & Bolt 522 0.21% 609 0.21% 87 16.67%

3328 Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating 82 0.03% 83 0.03% 1 1.22%

3329 Other Fabricated Metal Product 64 0.03% 71 0.02% 7 10.94%

3331 Agr., Construction & Mining Machinery 778 0.32% 1,086 0.37% 308 39.59%

3332 Industrial Machinery 14 0.01% 12 0.00% -2 -14.29%

3333 Commercial & Service Machinery 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

3334 Ventilation, Heating & AC Equipment 20 0.01% 26 0.01% 6 30.00%

3335 Metalworking Machinery 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

3336 Engine, Turbine & Power Transmission 30 0.01% 35 0.01% 5 16.67%

3339 Other General Purpose Machinery 104 0.04% 123 0.04% 19 18.27%

3366 Ship & Boat Building 815 0.33% 915 0.31% 100 12.27%

3369 Other Transportation Equipment 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%





Change Change

HEALTHCARE 35,335 14.44% 46,252 15.67% 10,917 30.90%

6211 Offices of Physicians 4,545 1.86% 5,885 1.99% 1,340 29.48%

6212 Offices of Dentists 1,271 0.52% 1,491 0.51% 220 17.31%

6213 Offices of Other Health Practitioners 1,176 0.48% 1,479 0.50% 303 25.77%

6214 Outpatient Care Centers 942 0.39% 1,195 0.40% 253 26.86%

6215 Medical & Diagnostic Laboratories 274 0.11% 384 0.13% 110 40.15%

6216 Home Health Care Services 13,136 5.37% 18,693 6.33% 5,557 42.30%

6219 Other Ambulatory Health Care Services 608 0.25% 748 0.25% 140 23.03%

6221 General Medical & Surgical Hospitals 8,434 3.45% 10,196 3.45% 1,762 20.89%

6222 Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals 136 0.06% 187 0.06% 51 37.50%

6223 Specialty Hospitals 167 0.07% 171 0.06% 4 2.40%

6231 Nursing Care Facilities 3,365 1.38% 4,238 1.44% 873 25.94%

6232 Residential Mental Health Facilities 427 0.17% 512 0.17% 85 19.91%

6233 Community Care Facilities for the Elderly 741 0.30% 941 0.32% 200 26.99%

6239 Other Residential Care Facilities 113 0.05% 132 0.04% 19 16.81%

HOSPITALITY 31,279 12.79% 38,114 12.91% 6,835 21.85%

4811 Scheduled Air Transportation 67 0.03% 71 0.02% 4 5.97%

4812 Nonscheduled Air Transportation 30 0.01% 47 0.02% 17 56.67%

4852 Interurban & Rural Bus Transportation 296 0.12% 402 0.14% 106 35.81%

4853 Taxi & Limousine Service 41 0.02% 42 0.01% 1 2.44%

4854 School & Employee Bus Transportation 203 0.08% 336 0.11% 133 65.52%

4855 Charter Bus Industry 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

4859 Other Passenger Transportation 121 0.05% 201 0.07% 80 66.12%

4871 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Land 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

4872 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Water 135 0.06% 168 0.06% 33 24.44%

4879 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Other 10 0.00% 10 0.00% 0 0.00%

4881 Support Activities for Air Transportation 1,229 0.50% 1,483 0.50% 254 20.67%

7111 Performing Arts Companies 41 0.02% 42 0.01% 1 2.44%

7112 Spectator Sports 165 0.07% 168 0.06% 3 1.82%

7113 Performing Arts, Sports Events Promoters 56 0.02% 52 0.02% -4 -7.14%

7114 Agents for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers 19 0.01% 16 0.01% -3 -15.79%

7115 Independent Artists, Writers, & Performers 60 0.02% 72 0.02% 12 20.00%

7121 Museums & Historical Sites 255 0.10% 308 0.10% 53 20.78%

7131 Amusement Parks & Arcades 166 0.07% 206 0.07% 40 24.10%

7132 Gambling Industries 38 0.02% 38 0.01% 0 0.00%

7139 Other Recreation Industries 1,217 0.50% 1,410 0.48% 193 15.86%

7211 Traveler Accommodation 3,574 1.46% 4,259 1.44% 685 19.17%

7212 RV Parks & Recreational Camps 202 0.08% 257 0.09% 55 27.23%

7213 Rooming & Boarding Houses 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

7221 Full-Service Restaurants 8,944 3.66% 11,217 3.80% 2,273 25.41%

7222 Limited-Service Eating Places 12,273 5.02% 14,729 4.99% 2,456 20.01%

7223 Special Food Services 964 0.39% 1,219 0.41% 255 26.45%

7224 Drinking Places 1,173 0.48% 1,361 0.46% 188 16.03%



III. DETAILS OF INDUSTRY CLUSTERS

Business Establishments

Other than employment, the significance of the identified industry clusters

in the region can be appreciated by looking at the number of businesses

involved in those clusters. Exhibit 13 below lists the number of business

establishments in the 4-digit NAICS industries included each of the five identified

industry clusters. The total number of business establishments among the five

industry cluster is 4,391, or approximately 35 percent of all business

establishments in the Coastal Bend. The clusters’ total business share in the

region is smaller their total employment share, reflecting their relatively larger

employment sizes, particularly those establishments in industrial manufacturing.

With over 9,600 business establishments, the three counties of the Corpus Christi

MSA collectively account for 75 percent of all business establishments in the

Coastal Bend.

In the oil and gas cluster, nearly half of the businesses are in support

activities. In the construction cluster, building equipment contractors account

for the most businesses. In the healthcare cluster, physician offices top the list.

In the hospitality cluster, limited-service eating places, such as fast-food

restaurants, and full-service restaurants top the list. The restaurant business is also

the largest local industry by the number of establishments or jobs.


Exhibit 13 Establishments and Wages of Industry Clusters, 2013.

NAICS Industry Description Establishments Hourly Wage

Average 90th

Percentile

ALL INDUSTRIES 12,906 $20.79 $32.64

OIL & GAS 641 $37.83 $61.59

2111 Oil & Gas Extraction 151 $44.78 $68.98

2131 Support Activities for Mining 309 $38.94 $59.99

4831 Deep Sea & Coastal Water Transport 4 $26.07 $44.73

4832 Inland Water Transportation 7 $20.81 $35.71

4841 General Freight Trucking 107 $21.25 $36.47

4861 Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 9 $41.27 $63.57

4862 Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 28 $54.40 $83.81

4869 Other Pipeline Transportation 3 $60.68 $84.95

4883 Support Activities for Water Transport 23 $21.76 $31.56

CONSTRUCTION 888 $26.64 $41.04

2361 Residential Building Construction 132 $17.33 $26.70

2362 Nonresidential Building Construction 90 $29.97 $46.16

2371 Utility System Construction 64 $35.28 $54.35

2372 Land Subdivision 7 $18.09 $27.86

2373 Highway, Street, & Bridge Construction 18 $21.94 $33.79

2379 Other Heavy/Civil Engineer 14 $28.46 $45.63

2381 Foundation & Building Contractors 123 $15.71 $28.84

2382 Building Equipment Contractors 255 $23.13 $42.45

2383 Building Finishing Contractors 68 $19.00 $34.87

2389 Other Specialty Trade Contractors 117 $21.96 $40.30




Average


INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING 211 $38.84

3241 Petroleum & Coal Products 14 $53.26

3251 Basic Chemical 14 $47.00

3252 Resin & Synthetic Rubber 3 $49.13

3253 Pesticide & Other Agr. Chemical 0 --

3254 Pharmaceutical & Medicine 1 $35.00

3255 Paint, Coating, & Adhesive 0 $47.15

3256 Soap & Cleaning Compound 2 $31.17

3259 Other Chemical Product 6 $22.55

3261 Plastics Product 4 $16.57

3262 Rubber Product 1 $17.72

3271 Clay Product & Refractory 2 $21.99

3272 Glass & Glass Product 2 $14.21

3273 Cement & Concrete Product 11 $20.45

3274 Lime & Gypsum Product 0 --

3279 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product 3 $13.58

3311 Iron and Steel Mills 0 --

3312 Steel Product Manuf. from Purchased Steel 0 --

3313 Alumina & Aluminum Production 2 $40.43

3314 Nonferrous Metal Production 2 $44.01

3315 Foundries 1 $17.33

3321 Forging & Stamping 1 $21.39

3323 Architectural & Structural Metals 17 $23.84

3324 Boiler, Tank, & Shipping Container 10 $23.75

3325 Hardware 0 --

3326 Spring & Wire Product 2 $31.07

3327 Machine Shops, Nut & Bolt 37 $23.32

3328 Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating 6 $20.02

3329 Other Fabricated Metal Product 12 $29.10

3331 Agr., Construction & Mining Machinery 32 $29.84

3332 Industrial Machinery 1 $18.14

3333 Commercial & Service Machinery 0 --

3334 Ventilation, Heating & AC Equipment 3 $17.36

3335 Metalworking Machinery 2 $22.57

3336 Engine, Turbine & Power Transmission 4 $19.73

3339 Other General Purpose Machinery 7 $32.39

3366 Ship & Boat Building 8 $26.86

3369 Other Transportation Equipment 1 $9.20




Average


HEALTHCARE 1,138 $17.32

6211 Offices of Physicians 467 $32.00

6212 Offices of Dentists 153 $21.26

6213 Offices of Other Health Practitioners 170 $16.75

6214 Outpatient Care Centers 60 $23.49

6215 Medical & Diagnostic Laboratories 24 $17.78

6216 Home Health Care Services 139 $8.02

6219 Other Ambulatory Health Care Services 27 $17.22

6221 General Medical & Surgical Hospitals 11 $25.29

6222 Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals 2 $18.60

6223 Specialty Hospitals 3 $18.23

6231 Nursing Care Facilities 45 $12.91

6232 Residential Mental Health Facilities 12 $11.36

6233 Community Care Facilities for the Elderly 23 $11.29

6239 Other Residential Care Facilities 2 $12.33

HOSPITALITY 1,513 $8.70

4811 Scheduled Air Transportation 3 $41.14

4812 Nonscheduled Air Transportation 7 $26.29

4852 Interurban & Rural Bus Transportation 3 $33.21

4853 Taxi & Limousine Service 6 $10.26

4854 School & Employee Bus Transportation 4 $12.29

4855 Charter Bus Industry 0 --

4859 Other Passenger Transportation 0 $13.81

4871 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Land 0 --

4872 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Water 14 $9.29

4879 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Other 2 $45.87

4881 Support Activities for Air Transportation 21 $29.00

7111 Performing Arts Companies 6 $9.89

7112 Spectator Sports 7 $9.43

7113 Performing Arts, Sports Events Promoters 3 $11.66

7114 Agents for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers 1 $21.31

7115 Independent Artists, Writers, & Performers 11 $6.68

7121 Museums & Historical Sites 11 $11.40

7131 Amusement Parks & Arcades 12 $6.30

7132 Gambling Industries 5 $6.10

7139 Other Recreation Industries 108 $8.85

7211 Traveler Accommodation 186 $9.93

7212 RV Parks & Recreational Camps 32 $8.89

7213 Rooming & Boarding Houses 0 --

7221 Full-Service Restaurants 427 $7.31

7222 Limited-Service Eating Places 491 $6.67

7223 Special Food Services 46 $7.76

7224 Drinking Places 107 $5.48



Wage Earnings

In addition to business establishments, Exhibit 13 above shows the

average hourly wage rates for the individual industries in the five clusters. The

average hourly wage rate across all industries in the Coastal Bend was $20.79 in

2013. The oil and gas industry cluster generated the highest wages on average

at $37.83. Conversely, the hospitality cluster yielded the lowest wages on

average at $8.70 (excluding tips). Of course, different occupations within the

same industry pay differently. Across different industries, management positions

tend to pay more than any other line of work.

For the construction and oil and gas industry clusters, the table also

presents the top 90th percentile wage rates next to the column of average

wage rates. Continued growth in the oil and gas industry in South Texas as well

as current development of industrial construction activity will likely add

increasing pressures to the existing wages in those industries. The increasingly

tight markets specifically for craft occupations in those regional industries would

likely push their ongoing wages to the 90th percentile levels by 2018. This,

however, would be less likely for other industries.

Most industries or businesses are supported by a wide variety of

occupations, ranging from management to clerical to janitorial types of

employment. Some occupations, on the contrary, are unique to specific

industries, e.g., civil engineers and roofers in construction. Appendix B describes

the staffing patterns of the five individual industry clusters. A staffing pattern lists

the percentage of jobs in a given industry that belong to a specific occupation.

The staffing patterns in Appendix B contain the employment data for

occupations that are projected to add more than 10 job positions between

2013 and 2018. The list also includes the corresponding median hourly wage

rates in 2013 and the required education levels. Staffing pattern data are

potentially helpful for identifying the current and future workforce needs of an

industry. It is important to note that projections are speculative and exact

numbers may be less significant than the employment trend represented by the

numbers, which show increasing employment.

Major Employers

Firms, of course, do vary in size. Exhibit 14 below displays a short list of the

largest regional employers in each of the five clusters. The majority of the

employers are located in Nueces County, which accounts for over 60 percent

of all businesses in the Coastal Bend. The Corpus Christi MSA is the economic

center of this region, with the most major employers within the region.

Judging by annual sale volume or employment size, most employers in the

hospitality cluster are relatively small. By contrast, firms in the industrial

manufacturing and construction clusters are substantially larger. Industrial

manufacturing takes place mostly in Nueces and San Patricio counties near the

Port of Corpus Christi.


Exhibit 14

Largest Employers in Coastal Bend Industry Clusters.

Employer County Sales Employees

CONSTRUCTION

BAY LIMITED Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million 1000+

BERRY CONTRACTING LP Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million 1001-2000

AKER GULF MARINE Nueces $50 Million - $100 Million 100 - 499

OIL & GAS

EOG RESOURCES INC Nueces $20 million - $50 million 100 - 499

GREY WOLF DRILLING CO Jim Wells $20 million - $50 million 100 - 499

FESCO, LTD Jim Wells $20 million - $50 million 100 - 499

BASIC ENERGY SERVICE Nueces $10 million - $20 million 50 - 99

INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING

KIEWIT OFFSHORE SERVICE San Patricio Over $1 Billion 1000+

FLINT HILL RESOURCES Nueces Over $1 Billion 500 - 999

VALERO BILL GREEHEY REFINERY Nueces Over $1 Billion 100 - 499

CITGO Nueces Over $1 Billion 500 - 999

EQUISTAR CHEMICALS Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million 100 - 499

DUPONT San Patricio $100 Million - $500 Million 100 - 499

HEALTHCARE

CHRISTUS SPOHN HEALTH SYSTEM Nueces $500 Million - $1 Billion 1000+

CORPUS CHRISTI MEDICAL CTR Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million 1000+

DRISCOLL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million 1000+

HOSPITALITY

OMNI CORPUS CHRISTI HOTEL Nueces $20 Million - $50 Million 100 - 499

HOLIDAY INN-CORPUS CHRISTI Nueces $10 million - $20 million 100 - 499

Source: Texas Workforce Commission.


Industry Clusters across the Region

The five industry clusters are representative of the Coastal Bend as a

whole, but they may not fully reflect the economic landscape of the region’s 12

individual counties. Exhibit 15 below shows employment in each of the five

clusters as a share of county employment. For comparison, the bottom two

rows show the corresponding statistics for Texas and the U.S. Above the state

and national benchmarks are data for Corpus Christi and the Coastal Bend as a

whole. The shaded areas highlight the county employment shares of the

specific industry clusters that are relatively higher than those for the state and

the nation. Appendix C presents detailed data for computing locational

quotients (employment shares) and shift-share ratios (employment growth).

Given that the Corpus Christi metro area accounts for more than two-

thirds (76%) of all jobs in the Coastal Bend, their statistical patterns are strikingly

similar. In particular, their shares of industrial manufacturing employment in 2013

remained below the state or national benchmark, but they are expected to

increase significantly through 2018. Nevertheless, industrial manufacturing has

already been playing an important role in San Patricio County. With much of

industrial activity located along the north side of Corpus Christi Bay, San Patricio

County has the highest concentration of industrial manufacturing employment.

In comparison with the state and the U.S. as a whole, the share of oil and

gas employment is relative higher among all Coastal Bend counties except

Kleberg. Employment in the healthcare cluster is relatively more concentrated

in five of the 12 counties. Four counties, namely Duval, Nueces, Refugio and San

Patricio, have a relatively high concentration in construction employment.

Reflecting the dominant role of tourism in the Corpus Christi metro area, all its

three counties have relatively high employment in hospitality.

Labor Market Conditions

Appendix D provides more data regarding future labor market conditions

in the Coastal Bend. For each occupation, the appendix shows projected

training completions from the region’s training facilities and higher education

institutions, as well as its estimated job openings. Job openings are calculated in

light of changing supply and demand conditions for the occupations. In

addition to completions, workforce supply is affected by attrition due to

retirement and other economic factors. Workforce demand depends on

growth of industries or the region as a whole. Relatively more openings for a

given occupation signify a tighter labor market or a shortage.


Exhibit 15 Regional Employment Shares by Industry Clusters, 2013.

Oil & Gas Construction Industrial Manu-

facturing

Healthcare Hospitality Total

Aransas 7.1% 5.5% 0.7% 8.1% 22.9% 44.2%

Bee 8.3% 2.8% 1.7% 13.1% 10.7% 36.5%

Brooks 10.7% 3.5% 0.3% 12.5% 11.4% 38.5%

Duval 21.2% 13.9% 0.6% 5.5% 3.6% 44.9%

Jim Wells 25.9% 2.1% 2.7% 18.6% 8.0% 57.3%

Kenedy 48.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% 7.7% 57.5%

Kleberg 3.1% 2.8% 1.4% 16.8% 11.1% 35.3%

Live Oak 30.5% 3.2% 5.2% 3.7% 11.5% 54.0%

McMullen 32.6% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% 10.3% 45.0%

Nueces 4.9% 9.0% 3.7% 15.6% 13.7% 46.9%

Refugio 18.7% 8.1% 0.6% 6.3% 11.7% 45.3%

San Patricio 6.4% 18.3% 8.0% 6.6% 12.0% 51.3%

Corpus Christi 5.1% 9.8% 4.0% 14.5% 13.9% 47.3%

Coastal Bend 7.9% 8.3% 3.5% 14.4% 12.8% 47.0%

Texas 3.7% 5.6% 6.0% 10.6% 11.3% 37.3%

U.S. 1.6% 4.3% 6.9% 11.7% 11.5% 36.0%

Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and Bureau of Labor Statistics.


The first table of Appendix D focuses on the impact of current industrial

construction on the local labor market conditions by 2017. The list is ordered by

the number of openings directly associated with the surge in construction

activity. Given current developments, potential shortages are expected to

occur for occupations particularly in the manufacturing and oil and gas

industries. As a result, more openings can be found among construction and

craft occupations. The second table lists job openings for all five clusters

together. The list is ordered by the number of estimated openings in 2018. As

part of the national trend, personal care aides, food preparers and cashiers top

the list. However, relative to the sizes of their workforce, openings for those

occupations are far smaller than those occupations in the manufacturing and

oil and gas industries.

Potential of Clusters as Industry Targets

According to Porter (1990), industry clusters are keys to regional economic

growth in the long run. For this reason, many government agencies, including

the state of Texas, have implemented policies targeting clusters that

demonstrate competitive advantages or growth potentials. This section

evaluates the five identified industry clusters as possible “targets” for economic

and workforce development in the Coastal Bend WDA. Exhibit 16 below

summarizes the major strengths and weaknesses of those clusters.

Oil and Gas

The oil and gas industry cluster has long been considered as the mainstay

of the Coastal Bend regional economy. The industries have been strengthened

by explosive growth in shale oil and gas drilling and production in South Texas.

This cluster’s strengths include the following: (1) The cluster consists of export-

oriented industries with high employment concentrations relative to the rest of

the nation; (2) many occupations in the cluster, e.g., petroleum engineering,

require professional degrees and thus pay relatively high wages and salaries; (3)

many businesses and manufacturing plants are interconnected with oil and gas

facilities as they are geographically concentrated alongside the Port of Corpus

Christi; (4) the proximity to Houston, a major oil-producing metro area, helps

facilitate shipping and manufacturing petrochemical products; and(5) energy

is also one of the industry targets adopted by the state of Texas since 2004 (Perry

2004).

Some weaknesses of the oil and gas cluster are that: (1) the

nonrenewable nature of oil and gas deposits that makes the industry non-


sustainable; (2) industry performance is sensitive to world oil prices, which have

been relatively volatile; and (3) concerns about environmental pollution from

the petrochemical and power generation industries may instill future regulatory

restrictions on those industries.

Construction

The construction industry experienced substantial growth in recent years.

Growth has occurred in both industrial and residential construction. Expansion in

home building activity has been part of the national trend as the housing

market has begun to recover from the financial crisis and the ensuring

economic recession between 2007 and 2009. By contrast, expansion in industrial

construction is unique to the Coastal Bend region in the shadow of

developments in the Eagle Ford Shale. The current regional construction boom

is also attributable to a large number of industrial construction sites near the Port

of Corpus Christi. Most of those industrial development projects that have been

announced are expected to complete by 2018.

The long-term strengths of the construction industry include: (1) the

industry has a mix of occupational skills—some occupations require formal

training, e.g., civil engineers, while others require no training at all, e.g., laborers;

and (2) wages are relatively higher than those in many other industries. The

construction industry’s major weaknesses include: (1) construction is essentially

an auxiliary industry that serves local demands, meaning that most construction

jobs are temporary in nature; and (2) since much of local construction activity is

non-exporting, its performance is sensitive to regional economic conditions that

are cyclical in nature.

Industrial Manufacturing

Following the national trend, the manufacturing sector has been on a

persistent decline for decades. This trend is about to be reversed with the

announcements of a number of industrial manufacturing facilities since 2011.

Although relatively small by their combined employment size, construction of

those capital intensive industrial sites will substantially raise the demand for

workforce in the construction industry in the short run, and the craft skills and

manufacturing-oriented employment in the long run. Current growth of this

industry cluster is attributable to Texas’s business friendly regulatory environment,

proximity of the region to shale oil and gas supplies, the Port of Corpus Christi as

an export outlet, and the influx of foreign capital investments. In addition to the

state’s favorable regulatory environment and the locational advantages of the

Coastal Bend, the strengths of this industry cluster include its export-oriented


activity that will be a driver for future regional economic growth. On the other

hand, the industry’s weaknesses include its adverse environmental impacts on

local residents.

Healthcare

As the largest of the five industry clusters, the healthcare industry makes

up over one-tenth of the regional economy. Its strengths include the following:

(1) Hospitals and medical centers in the region have well established facilities;

(2) large numbers of healthcare occupations with skill requirements offer

relatively high wages; (3) there are growing healthcare needs from the

retirement communities and the aging baby-boomers coming to the region; (4)

a sound healthcare system enhances the quality of life and the quality of

workforce in local communities; and (5) workforce needs are met by the

colleges and universities within the region (health service programs are offered

by Del Mar College, College of Nursing at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi,

the School of Pharmacy at Texas A&M University-Kingsville, and Texas A&M

University’s medical residency program at one of CHRISTUS Spohn’s hospital

campuses).

There are also potential challenges in targeting the healthcare industry:

(1) The region lacks a medical school for training physicians; and (2) major

medical centers exist in neighboring metro areas, such as Houston and San

Antonio, which may hinder the growth potential of this industry locally.

Hospitality

As with the healthcare cluster, the hospitality cluster employs more than

one in ten workers in the Coastal Bend. The key strengths of this cluster include

the following: (1) The Coastal Bend area and the Corpus Christi metro area, in

particular, offer many tourist attractions to make the region a major visitor

destination in Texas; (2) tourism has received strong support from the regional

communities (e.g., the arena and baseball stadium in downtown Corpus Christi

are considered tourism-enhancing projects); and (3) the industries in hospitality,

such as amusement parks and restaurants, all tend to enhance local residents’

quality of life as well.

The hospitality cluster, however, also has its drawbacks as a potential

driver for regional economic growth: (1) Many jobs in this cluster require little or

no skill and thus pay the least in wages among all industries; and (2) the area,

particularly Corpus Christi, suffers some geographically disadvantages as a

tourist destination, including the lack of a hub for airlines.


Exhibit 16 Strengths and Weaknesses of Industry Clusters.

OIL & GAS CLUSTER Strengths:

Boom in the Eagle Ford Shale

Export-oriented industries

Occupations with high wages and skills

Location advantages: geographical concentration, infrastructure support, and proximity to the Port and Houston Texas state industry cluster

Weaknesses:

Nonrenewable nature of oil and gas

Sensitive to oil price movement

Possible environmental impacts

CONSTRUCTION CLUSTER

Strengths:

Relatively high wages

Mix of occupational skills

Current industrial development boom

Weaknesses:

Non-export oriented industries

Sensitive to cyclical economic conditions

INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING CLUSTER

Strengths:

Favorable state regulatory environment

Proximity to the Eagle Ford Shale for energy and raw material inputs

Growing workforce training programs at regional universities

Weaknesses:

Historically declining employment

Less community support due to environmental impacts

HEALTHCARE CLUSTER

Strengths:

Well established facilities

Large numbers of occupations with high wages and skills

Serves the needs of retirement communities and aging baby-boom population

Enhances the community’s quality of life

Nursing school and other medical workforce training facilities in the region

Weaknesses:

In competition with medical centers in Houston and San Antonio

Lack of training programs for physicians

HOSPITALITY CLUSTER

Strengths:

Potential as top Texas tourist destination with attractions (beaches & waterfront)

Growth in nature tourism

Growth in extended stay business due to Eagle Ford Shale activity

Strong community support with major construction projects

Enhances the community’s quality of life

Weaknesses:

Mostly low-paying, low-skill jobs

Sensitive to national economic conditions

Geographical disadvantages (e.g., lack an airline hub)


Existing Targeted Industries and Occupations

How do the five industry clusters stack up with the priorities of the state

and local workforce development entities? As shown in panel A of Exhibit 17,

the state of Texas has officially adopted an economic development strategic

plan that targets six industry clusters (Perry, 2004): advanced technologies and

manufacturing, aerospace and defense, biotechnology and life sciences,

information and computer technology, petroleum refining and chemical

products, and energy. The comparative advantage of the Coastal Bend WDA

has given rise to the development of the oil and gas, and industrial

manufacturing clusters that are consistent with the state’s industry target for

petroleum refining and chemical products.

At the regional level, Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend has

regularly updated a list of target industries. Panel B of Exhibit 17 lists its 19 target

industries for the 2013-18 period by 4-digit NAICS classification. The industry

segments of the five industry clusters in this report match most of the target

industries currently adopted by that regional workforce development board.

The exceptions are wireless telecommunication, public schools, and auto repair.

All but four industries on the local list also coincide with the Texas State

Governor’s target industries. The two exceptions are in construction (NAICS

2373, 2379), which reflects the particular comparative advantages of the

Coastal Bend region. These two industries are also included in the broad

“construction” cluster of this report.

Exhibit 18 below shows the list of targeted occupations adopted by

Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend. Particularly for the construction,

industrial production and health care sectors, the targeted occupations match

those that are expected to be in high demand in both the medium and long

term future. Along with the data in the appendix, the targeted occupations list

highlights the workforce training needs for the Coastal Bend.

The main objective of this report is to identify those industries that either

serve as key drivers of the Coastal Bend regional economy or exhibit growth

potentials. For the purposes of future economic or workforce development,

however, it is important to also nurture industries or develop occupations that

are competitive in the global marketplace but remain in infancy locally.

Advanced technologies and manufacturing, which have been adopted by the

local workforce development board, are primary examples.


Exhibit 17 Existing Target Industries.

A) Governor’s Industry Clusters

Industry Description

Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing

Aerospace and Defense

Biotechnology and Life Sciences

Information and Computer Technology

Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products

Energy

Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing

Aerospace and Defense

Biotechnology and Life Sciences

Information and Computer Technology

B) Target Industries for the Coastal Bend WDA.

NAICS Industry Description Governor's Target Industry Segment

2111 Oil and Gas Extraction Energy

2131 Support Activities for Mining Energy

2362 Nonresidential Building Construction Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing

2371 Utility System Construction Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products

2373 Highway, Street, and Bridge Construction No Assignment

2379 Other Heavy Construction No Assignment

3241 Petroleum & Coal Products Manufacturing Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products

3251 Basic Chemical Manufacturing Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products

3252 Resin, Rubber, and Synthetic Fibers Biotechnology and Life Sciences

3323 Architectural and Structural Metals Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing

3327 Machine Shops and Threaded Products Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing

3364 Aerospace Product & Parts Manufacturing Aerospace and Defense

3366 Ship and Boat Building Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing

4831 Sea, Coastal & Great Lakes Transport Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products

4841 General Freight Trucking Aerospace and Defense

5172 Wireless Telecommunications Carriers Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing

6111 Elementary and Secondary Schools No Assignment

6221 General Medical and Surgical Hospitals Biotechnology and Life Sciences

8111 Automotive Repair and Maintenance No Assignment

Sources: Perry (2004), and Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend, Business and Strategic Plan, 2013-2018.


Exhibit 18 Coastal Bend WDA Targeted Occupations, 2012-13.

Occupational Title SOC Code

WDA Employment

Entry Wage

Average Wage

Experience Wage

Construction/Industrial Production Bus, Truck & Diesel Engine Mechanics 493031 510 $ 12.10 $ 16.72 $ 19.03

Carpenters 472031 600 $ 11.29 $ 15.40 $ 17.45

Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers 472051 350 $ 11.73 $ 14.79 $ 16.32

Chemical Plant and System Operators 518091 NA $ 20.88 $ 27.72 $ 31.14

Construction Managers 119021 360 $ 16.02 $ 31.00 $ 38.49

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Tech 173023 220 $ 21.52 $ 29.16 $ 32.97

Electricians 472111 1,080 $ 12.76 $ 20.20 $ 23.92

Engineering Technicians, Exc. Drafters 173029 210 $ 14.38 $ 26.27 $ 32.21

Engineers, all others 172199 200 $ 22.05 $ 34.81 $ 41.19

Forming, Pressing, & Compacting Machine Operator 519041 100 $ 13.11 $ 15.65 $ 16.91

Heat Treating Equipment Operators & Setters 514191 20 $ 10.81 $ 16.12 $ 18.77

Heating, A/C, and Refrigeration Mechanics 499021 670 $ 13.90 $ 18.47 $ 20.76

Industrial Engineering Technician 173026 30 $ 25.37 $ 36.45 $ 41.99

Industrial Machinery Mechanics 499041 1,070 $ 14.45 $ 21.31 $ 24.74

Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, Weighers 519061 540 $ 12.43 $ 21.95 $ 26.72

Machinists 514041 690 $ 15.15 $ 22.70 $ 26.48

Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment 472073 1,040 $ 11.73 $ 15.91 $ 18.01

Petroleum Pump Operators, Refinery Operator 518093 800 $ 15.98 $ 27.57 $ 33.36

Plumbers/ Pipefitters/ Steamfitters 472152 1,420 $ 12.98 $ 17.45 $ 19.69

Production Workers 519399 70 $ 9.67 $ 17.28 $ 21.09

Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas 475012 630 $ 18.63 $ 29.13 $ 34.38

Roustabouts, Oil and Gas 475071 1,440 $ 9.42 $ 13.75 $ 15.92

Truck Drivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer 533032 3,590 $ 11.83 $ 16.95 $ 19.51

Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers 514121 1,650 $ 12.59 $ 17.74 $ 20.32

Business Management & Administration Accountants and Auditors 132011 1,060 $ 17.53 $ 31.66 $ 38.73

Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 433031 2,510 $ 10.31 $ 15.03 $ 17.39

Executive Secretaries & Administrative Assistants 436011 1,660 $ 14.37 $ 20.77 $ 23.97

Legal Secretaries 436012 300 $ 12.75 $ 17.82 $ 20.36

Medical Secretaries 436013 1,100 $ 8.99 $ 12.20 $ 13.81

Paralegals and Legal Assistants 232011 300 $ 15.37 $ 20.09 $ 22.45

Information Technology/Telecommunications

Computer Support Specialists 151150 570 $ 13.86 $ 22.72 $ 27.15

Network & Computer Systems Administrators 151142 230 $ 18.17 $ 25.15 $ 28.64

Education/Training Elementary School Teachers 252021 2,820 $ 19.46 $ 22.97 $ 24.72

Middle School Teachers 252022 1,610 $ 19.46 $ 23.51 $ 25.54

Secondary School Teachers 252031 2,210 $ 19.20 $ 23.74 $ 26.00

Health Care EMT and Paramedics 292041 330 $ 9.72 $ 13.17 $ 14.89

Licensed Practical & Licensed Vocational Nurse 292061 2,000 $ 15.44 $ 19.71 $ 21.84

Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians 292012 250 $ 11.81 $ 15.54 $ 17.40

Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists 292011 290 $ 17.53 $ 24.27 $ 27.64

Medical Records and Health Information Technicians 292071 480 $ 9.96 $ 13.43 $ 15.17

Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants 311012 2,410 $ 8.19 $ 10.11 $ 11.07

Occupational Health, Safety Specialists & Technicians 299011 200 $ 20.61 $ 32.14 $ 37.90

Physical Therapist Assistants 312021 100 $ 23.79 $ 32.67 $ 37.11

Radiologic Technologists & Technicians 292037 510 $ 17.59 $ 24.83 $ 28.46

Registered Nurses 291111 4,090 $ 23.35 $ 30.71 $ 34.39

Respiratory Therapists 291126 190 $ 18.92 $ 24.05 $ 26.61

Public Safety

Correctional Officers 333012 NA $ 9.42 $ 14.25 $ 17.92

Fire Fighters 332011 660 $ 14.38 $ 19.47 $ 22.01

Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers 333051 1,160 $ 14.94 $ 23.37 $ 27.58

Security Guards 339032 1,610 $ 8.39 $ 13.27 $ 15.71

Source: Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend, 2013.


IV. FINAL OBSERVATIONS

The Coastal Bend WDA has a diverse mix of private industries that

contribute to current and future regional economic growth—oil and gas,

construction, industrial manufacturing, healthcare and hospitality. Together,

these five industry clusters account for approximately half of total employment

in the region. The largest clusters are healthcare and hospitality, each of which

shares roughly 10 percent of the regional workforce.

The overall economic landscape has shifted appreciably since 2008—the

observation year in the previous industry cluster study for the region (Lee 2009).

Most businesses in the Coastal Bend remain service-oriented as opposed to the

production of goods. Yet manufacturing is emerging as a major driver for the

region’s future economic growth.

Given the limited resources available for economic and workforce

development, it is important that policymakers allocate these resources

efficiently in order to meet the needs of established or potentially growing

industries. This report has presented findings of quantitative analyses that help

identify those industries and aggregated them into clusters.

Industry clusters have increasingly been viewed as economic

development focal points. With a better understanding of the leading

economic drivers, workforce development agencies and policymakers alike

can revise their strategic plans for infrastructure and workforce training needs in

efforts to meet the infrastructure and workforce needs of those industries. On

the other hand, they should not neglect other industries that are in infancy but

have potential to grow.

Private enterprises form the core of industry clusters in the Coastal Bend.

Yet evidence across U.S. communities indicates that industry clusters tend to be

more successful through a network of supporting organizations, including

government, civic organizations and educational institutions, which collaborate

in regional workforce training, strategic planning, and so on. With hindsight,

community partnerships are a vital part of the economic development process.


REFERENCES

Economic Modeling Specialists International, EMSI Analyst, World Wide Web

electronic database. http://economicmodeling.com. Accessed in Feb.

2014.

Lee, Jim. Industry Cluster Analysis for the Coastal Bend Workforce Development

Area, report commissioned by the Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend,

2004, 2009.

Lee, Jim (ed). Aqua Book: Annual Review of South Texas Economy – 2014

Edition, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 2014.

Perry, Rick. State of Texas Governor’s Office, Press Release, October 20, 2004.

http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/4530/

Porter, Michael. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Basic

Books, 1990.

Texas Workforce Commission, Growth Abounds: A Forecast of the Texas Labor

Market – 2012-2015, 2014.

Texas Workforce Commission, Standardized Occupational Components for

Research and Analysis of Trends in Employment System (SOCRATES). World

Wide Web electronic publication. http://socrates.cdr.state.tx.us. Accessed

in Feb. 2014.

Texas Workforce Commission, Texas Rapid Access to Career and Economic

Resources (TRACER). World Wide Web electronic publication.

http://www.tracer2.com. Accessed in Feb. 2014.

Texas Workforce Commission, Wage Information Network (WIN). World Wide

Web electronic publication. http://www.texaswages.com. Accessed in Feb.

2014.

Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.55

APPENDICES


APPENDIX A

Construction Occupations, 2013-17


Construction Occupations

SOC Occupation 2013 2017 Change Hr. Wage Education Level

47-2061 Construction Laborers 3,175 3,772 597 $11.66 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2073 Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment Operators 952 1,200 248 $15.68 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades & Extraction Workers 1,425 1,689 264 $24.43 Work experience in a related occupation

47-2031 Carpenters 979 1,153 174 $15.32 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 1,055 1,221 166 $18.39 Long-term on-the-job training

11-9021 Construction Managers 663 795 132 $30.81 Bachelor's degree

47-2111 Electricians 1,228 1,389 161 $19.84 Long-term on-the-job training

51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers 400 498 98 $18.80 Postsecondary non-degree award

49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration Mechanics & Installers 389 483 94 $17.86 Postsecondary non-degree award

53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 414 498 84 $15.74 Short-term on-the-job training

43-9061 Office Clerks, General 579 670 91 $11.48 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2051 Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers 350 419 69 $14.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1051 Cost Estimators 256 318 62 $27.63 Bachelor's degree

47-3015 Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 255 304 49 $11.84 Short-term on-the-job training

43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 308 359 51 $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2151 Pipelayers 124 164 40 $13.14 Short-term on-the-job training

47-3012 Helpers Carpenters 166 204 38 $12.75 Short-term on-the-job training

49-3042 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 123 155 32 $18.77 Long-term on-the-job training

11-1021 General & Operations Managers 497 552 55 $38.03 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

43-6014 Secretaries & Administrative Assistants 452 504 52 $13.12 Short-term on-the-job training

49-9052 Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers 145 173 28 $24.90 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2171 Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers 124 150 26 $16.39 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2221 Structural Iron & Steel Workers 667 726 59 $18.04 Long-term on-the-job training

17-2051 Civil Engineers 109 133 24 $37.77 Bachelor's degree

49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General 157 183 26 $12.40 Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-7032 Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators 87 108 21 $20.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2071 Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators 72 93 21 $14.69 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-4061 Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators 77 97 20 $18.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2121 Glaziers 70 89 19 $15.81 Long-term on-the-job training

49-9051 Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers 60 79 19 $26.23 Long-term on-the-job training

41-4012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing 133 155 22 $22.85 Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers 115 136 21 $25.99 Work experience in a related occupation

47-2081 Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers 116 136 20 $14.20 Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-7062 Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand 89 107 18 $10.90 Short-term on-the-job training

47-3013 Helpers Electricians 189 213 24 $12.60 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2132 Insulation Workers, Mechanical 116 134 18 $15.34 Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-6011 Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants 114 132 18 $20.80 Work experience in a related occupation

53-7021 Crane & Tower Operators 109 127 18 $22.88 Long-term on-the-job training

49-9098 Helpers Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers 107 124 17 $11.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-2011 Accountants & Auditors 94 111 17 $25.11 Bachelor's degree

47-4031 Fence Erectors 56 70 14 $10.27 Moderate-term on-the-job training

41-3099 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 73 87 14 $21.87 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2211 Sheet Metal Workers 432 468 36 $26.57 Long-term on-the-job training

43-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Office & Administrative Support Workers 86 100 14 $20.11 Work experience in a related occupation

49-2022 Telecommunications Equipment Installers & Repairers 51 63 12 $24.56 Postsecondary non-degree award

37-3011 Landscaping & Groundskeeping Workers 48 60 12 $10.13 Short-term on-the-job training

47-5021 Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas 36 47 11 $17.06 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-3019 Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other 95 108 13 $13.01 Short-term on-the-job training

49-3031 Bus & Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists 55 66 11 $17.12 Postsecondary non-degree award

43-5061 Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks 81 93 12 $24.02 Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-3051 Payroll & Timekeeping Clerks 63 73 10 $15.90 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2011 Boilermakers 59 69 10 $19.14 Long-term on-the-job training

43-4171 Receptionists & Information Clerks 55 65 10 $10.57 Short-term on-the-job training


APPENDIX B

Industry Staffing Patterns


Oil and Gas Cluster SOC Occupation 2013 2018 Change Hr. Wage Education Level

53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 2,870 3,380 510 $15.74 Short-term on-the-job training

47-5013 Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, & Mining 2,082 2,504 422 $17.97 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-5071 Roustabouts, Oil & Gas 2,233 2,631 398 $15.62 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-5012 Rotary Drill Operators, Oil & Gas 969 1,137 168 $27.82 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-5011 Derrick Operators, Oil & Gas 734 893 159 $23.78 Short-term on-the-job training

47-5081 Helpers Extraction Workers 1,021 1,143 122 $16.86 Short-term on-the-job training

47-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades & Extraction Workers 769 883 114 $24.43 Work experience in a related occupation

53-7062 Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers 529 625 96 $10.90 Short-term on-the-job training

49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 686 777 91 $27.26 Postsecondary non-degree award

49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 300 372 72 $22.54 Long-term on-the-job training

17-2171 Petroleum Engineers 279 344 65 $50.47 Bachelor's degree



47-2061 Construction Laborers 293 336 43 $11.66 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2073 Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment Operators 259 302 43 $15.68 Moderate-term on-the-job training

19-4041 Geological & Petroleum Technicians 238 281 43 $26.74 Associate's degree




53-7072 Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers 156 189 33 $16.35 Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-7073 Wellhead Pumpers 118 151 33 $17.06 Moderate-term on-the-job training



43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance 212 244 32 $15.05 Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-1031 First-Line Supervisors of Transportation & Material-Moving 196 224 28 $24.35 Work experience in a related occupation

53-3033 Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 181 208 27 $12.66 Short-term on-the-job training



51-8093 Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, & Gaugers 227 249 22 $26.14 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2111 Electricians 147 169 22 $19.84 Long-term on-the-job training

19-2042 Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists & Geographers 87 109 22 $51.14 Bachelor's degree

53-5011 Sailors & Marine Oilers 103 124 21 $12.21 Short-term on-the-job training

51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers 141 161 20 $18.61 Moderate-term on-the-job training



43-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Office & Admin Support 119 138 19 $20.11 Work experience in a related occupation

47-5099 Extraction Workers, All Other 163 181 18 $18.16 Moderate-term on-the-job training


49-9096 Riggers 87 105 18 $19.57 Short-term on-the-job training

47-5021 Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas 116 133 17 $17.06 Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 105 122 17 $30.50 Long-term on-the-job training

53-5021 Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels 95 112 17 $22.08 Bachelor's degree

51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers 136 152 16 $29.51 Work experience in a related occupation

49-9043 Maintenance Workers, Machinery 97 113 16 $20.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9198 Helpers Production Workers 96 112 16 $11.60 Short-term on-the-job training

11-9041 Architectural & Engineering Managers 93 109 16 $53.17 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience


51-4041 Machinists 91 106 15 $22.46 Long-term on-the-job training


53-7051 Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators 103 116 13 $12.93 Short-term on-the-job training


47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 93 104 11 $18.39 Long-term on-the-job training

53-1021 First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, & Material Movers 55 66 11 $22.44 Work experience in a related occupation

53-6099 Transportation Workers, All Other 95 105 10 $16.16 Short-term on-the-job training


43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 63 73 10 $10.01 Short-term on-the-job training

15-1142 Network & Computer Systems Administrators 36 46 10 $25.01 Bachelor's degree


Construction Cluster

SOC Occupation 2013 2018 Change Hr. Wage Education Level

47-2061 Construction Laborers 3,175 3,548 373 $11.66 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2073 Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment Operators 952 1,129 177 $15.68 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades & Extraction Workers 1,425 1,589 164 $24.43 Work experience in a related occupation

47-2031 Carpenters 979 1,084 105 $15.32 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 1,055 1,148 93 $18.39 Long-term on-the-job training

11-9021 Construction Managers 663 748 85 $30.81 Bachelor's degree

47-2111 Electricians 1,228 1,306 78 $19.84 Long-term on-the-job training





47-2051 Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers 350 394 44 $14.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1051 Cost Estimators 256 299 43 $27.63 Bachelor's degree

47-3015 Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 255 286 31 $11.84 Short-term on-the-job training


47-2151 Pipelayers 124 154 30 $13.14 Short-term on-the-job training

47-3012 Helpers Carpenters 166 192 26 $12.75 Short-term on-the-job training



43-6014 Secretaries & Administrative Assistant 452 474 22 $13.12 Short-term on-the-job training

49-9052 Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers 145 163 18 $24.90 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2171 Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers 124 141 17 $16.39 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2221 Structural Iron & Steel Workers 667 683 16 $18.04 Long-term on-the-job training

17-2051 Civil Engineers 109 125 16 $37.77 Bachelor's degree



47-2071 Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators 72 87 15 $14.69 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-4061 Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators 77 91 14 $18.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2121 Glaziers 70 84 14 $15.81 Long-term on-the-job training

49-9051 Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers 60 74 14 $26.23 Long-term on-the-job training



47-2081 Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers 116 128 12 $14.20 Moderate-term on-the-job training


47-3013 Helpers Electricians 189 200 11 $12.60 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2132 Insulation Workers, Mechanical 116 126 10 $15.34 Moderate-term on-the-job training





47-4031 Fence Erectors 56 66 10 $10.27 Moderate-term on-the-job training


Industrial Manufacturing Cluster SOC Occupation 2013 2018 Change Hr. Wage Education Level

51-4041 Machinists 425 539 114 $22.46 Long-term on-the-job training

51-8093 Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, & Gaugers 642 755 113 $26.14 Long-term on-the-job training


51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers 487 578 91 $29.51 Work experience in a related occupation

49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 222 290 68 $22.54 Long-term on-the-job training

51-2092 Team Assemblers 113 163 50 $12.06 Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4021 Extruding & Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 158 199 41 $17.74 Moderate-term on-the-job training


51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers 166 203 37 $18.61 Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4011 Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal & Plastic 94 128 34 $19.14 Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9198 Helpers Production Workers 152 184 32 $11.60 Short-term on-the-job training



51-9011 Chemical Equipment Operators & Tenders 214 239 25 $30.99 Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9023 Mixing & Blending Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 186 211 25 $19.87 Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4031 Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine Setters, & Tenders 52 76 24 $12.03 Moderate-term on-the-job training



11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 90 113 23 $41.87 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

51-4192 Layout Workers, Metal & Plastic 85 107 22 $21.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training


53-7051 Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators 109 130 21 $12.93 Short-term on-the-job training

51-8091 Chemical Plant & System Operators 134 153 19 $37.61 Long-term on-the-job training


47-2111 Electricians 116 134 18 $19.84 Long-term on-the-job training

51-4081 Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, & Tenders, Metal & Plastic 47 64 17 $17.31 Moderate-term on-the-job training


51-4051 Metal-Refining Furnace Operators & Tenders 33 49 16 $23.78 Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks 93 108 15 $12.45 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 98 113 15 $18.39 Long-term on-the-job training

17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 46 59 13 $42.03 Bachelor's degree

17-2112 Industrial Engineers 51 64 13 $36.70 Bachelor's degree

51-9121 Coating, Painting, & Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 59 72 13 $12.03 Moderate-term on-the-job training


17-2041 Chemical Engineers 81 93 12 $57.04 Bachelor's degree


13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, & Farm Products 52 64 12 $23.88 Long-term on-the-job training

17-2171 Petroleum Engineers 58 69 11 $50.47 Bachelor's degree

19-4041 Geological & Petroleum Technicians 40 51 11 $26.74 Associate's degree

51-2031 Engine & Other Machine Assemblers 30 41 11 $15.19 Short-term on-the-job training


51-4023 Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders, Metal & Plastic 46 57 11 $20.30 Moderate-term on-the-job training



51-2041 Structural Metal Fabricators & Fitters 100 110 10 $15.75 Moderate-term on-the-job training


51-9199 Production Workers, All Other 20 30 10 $18.88 Moderate-term on-the-job training


Healthcare Cluster SOC Occupation 2013 2018 Change Hr. Wage Education Level 39-9021 Personal Care Aides 8,706 10,298 1,592 $8.82 Short-term on-the-job training

31-1011 Home Health Aides 1,426 2,116 690 $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training

29-1141 Registered Nurses 3,874 4,558 684 $29.56 Associate's degree

31-1014 Nursing Assistants 2,167 2,514 347 $10.39 Postsecondary non-degree award

29-2061 Licensed Practical & Licensed Vocational Nurses 1,914 2,197 283 $19.27 Postsecondary non-degree award

43-6013 Medical Secretaries 1,467 1,682 215 $12.26 Moderate-term on-the-job training

31-9092 Medical Assistants 1,105 1,243 138 $10.66 Moderate-term on-the-job training



11-9111 Medical & Health Services Managers 332 395 63 $38.40 Bachelor's degree

29-1123 Physical Therapists 255 311 56 $41.64 First professional degree

29-2034 Radiologic Technologists 384 435 51 $25.15 Associate's degree

21-1022 Healthcare Social Workers 196 245 49 $23.24 Master's degree


43-3021 Billing & Posting Clerks 457 502 45 $13.74 Short-term on-the-job training

29-2071 Medical Records & Health Information Technicians 375 419 44 $12.18 Postsecondary non-degree award

37-2012 Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners 500 541 41 $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training

29-1069 Physicians & Surgeons, All Other 164 204 40 $112.32 First professional degree

31-9091 Dental Assistants 502 539 37 $12.81 Postsecondary non-degree award

29-2032 Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 192 227 35 $28.40 Associate's degree

29-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians & Paramedics 298 331 33 $12.69 Postsecondary non-degree award

29-1171 Nurse Practitioners 156 186 30 $42.83 Associate's degree

29-1126 Respiratory Therapists 210 239 29 $24.98 Associate's degree


35-3041 Food Servers, Nonrestaurant 160 189 29 $8.89 Short-term on-the-job training


29-1122 Occupational Therapists 99 125 26 $38.70 Master's degree


31-9097 Phlebotomists 208 231 23 $11.53 Short-term on-the-job training


29-2021 Dental Hygienists 174 195 21 $28.47 Associate's degree

29-1062 Family & General Practitioners 122 143 21 $74.23 First professional degree

31-2021 Physical Therapist Assistants 111 132 21 $31.41 Associate's degree

37-2011 Janitors & Cleaners, Except Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners 178 198 20 $9.12 Short-term on-the-job training

35-2012 Cooks, Institution & Cafeteria 170 190 20 $8.94 Short-term on-the-job training

29-2031 Cardiovascular Technologists & Technicians 156 176 20 $25.95 Associate's degree

29-2055 Surgical Technologists 216 234 18 $19.48 Postsecondary non-degree award


29-2012 Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technicians 151 169 18 $17.05 Associate's degree

39-9032 Recreation Workers 97 115 18 $9.16 Bachelor's degree

29-2011 Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technologists 269 286 17 $25.46 Bachelor's degree


31-1015 Orderlies 198 213 15 $10.91 Postsecondary non-degree award

29-1071 Physician Assistants 72 87 15 $47.52 Master's degree

31-1013 Psychiatric Aides 192 206 14 $8.41 Short-term on-the-job training

43-4111 Interviewers, Except Eligibility & Loan 90 104 14 $13.89 Short-term on-the-job training


29-2052 Pharmacy Technicians 146 159 13 $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-1051 Pharmacists 129 142 13 $61.67 First professional degree

29-1067 Surgeons 127 140 13 $82.99 First professional degree

43-3011 Bill & Account Collectors 80 93 13 $12.67 Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-1127 Speech-Language Pathologists 73 86 13 $24.61 Master's degree

29-2099 Health Technologists & Technicians, All Other 83 95 12 $18.19 Postsecondary non-degree award

31-2022 Physical Therapist Aides 211 222 11 $9.24 Moderate-term on-the-job training

21-1014 Mental Health Counselors 137 148 11 $16.68 Master's degree

11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 82 93 11 $34.55 Work experience in a related occupation

21-1093 Social & Human Service Assistants 76 87 11 $14.47 Short-term on-the-job training

53-3041 Taxi Drivers & Chauffeurs 79 89 10 $11.08 Short-term on-the-job training

51-6011 Laundry & Dry-Cleaning Workers 72 82 10 $10.32 Short-term on-the-job training

29-1063 Internists, General 65 75 10 $85.78 First professional degree

31-9099 Healthcare Support Workers, All Other 61 71 10 $11.81 Short-term on-the-job training

13-1071 Human Resources Specialists 51 61 10 $18.85 Bachelor's degree

21-2011 Clergy 27 37 10 $18.55 Master's degree


Hospitality Cluster SOC Occupation 2013 2018 Change Hr. Wage Education Level

35-3021 Combined Food Preparation & Serving Workers, Including Fast Food 7,515 8,434 919 $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training

35-3031 Waiters & Waitresses 3,728 4,213 485 $8.56 Short-term on-the-job training

35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant 1,660 1,909 249 $9.92 Moderate-term on-the-job training

35-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation & Serving Workers 1,761 1,941 180 $12.34 Work experience in a related occupation

35-2021 Food Preparation Workers 1,111 1,270 159 $8.86 Short-term on-the-job training

35-3011 Bartenders 1,376 1,502 126 $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training

49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 719 814 95 $27.26 Postsecondary non-degree award

35-9021 Dishwashers 911 1,005 94 $8.62 Short-term on-the-job training

37-2012 Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners 1,106 1,196 90 $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training

35-2011 Cooks, Fast Food 1,250 1,319 69 $8.75 Short-term on-the-job training

41-2011 Cashiers 702 771 69 $8.82 Short-term on-the-job training

35-9031 Hosts & Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, & Coffee Shop 752 820 68 $8.71 Short-term on-the-job training

43-4081 Hotel, Motel, & Resort Desk Clerks 894 957 63 $9.01 Short-term on-the-job training

35-3022 Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, & Coffee Shop 519 579 60 $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training

53-3022 Bus Drivers, School or Special Client 155 213 58 $11.82 Moderate-term on-the-job training

35-9011 Dining Room & Cafeteria Attendants & Bartender Helpers 467 521 54 $8.54 Short-term on-the-job training

53-3031 Driver/Sales Workers 617 655 38 $9.57 Short-term on-the-job training


35-2015 Cooks, Short Order 319 350 31 $9.14 Short-term on-the-job training





53-3021 Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity 109 129 20 $18.96 Moderate-term on-the-job training

33-9032 Security Guards 242 259 17 $12.71 Short-term on-the-job training

39-3091 Amusement & Recreation Attendants 206 223 17 $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training








35-1011 Chefs & Head Cooks 67 77 10 $18.96 Work experience in a related occupation


Clusters Total SOC Occupation 2013 2018 Change Hr. Wage Education Level

39-9021 Personal Care Aides 8,716 10,308 1,592 $8.82 Short-term on-the-job training

35-3021 Combined Food Preparation & Serving Workers, Including Fast Food 7,573 8,499 926 $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training

31-1011 Home Health Aides 1,426 2,116 690 $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training

29-1141 Registered Nurses 3,889 4,574 684 $29.56 Associate's degree

53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 3,476 4,058 558

Short-term on-the-job training

35-3031 Waiters & Waitresses 3,738 4,225 487 $8.56 Short-term on-the-job training

47-5013 Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, & Mining 2,092 2,515 422

Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2061 Construction Laborers 3,511 3,932 416


47-5071 Roustabouts, Oil & Gas 2,262 2,666 404


31-1014 Nursing Assistants 2,167 2,514 347 $10.39 Postsecondary non-degree award

29-2061 Licensed Practical & Licensed Vocational Nurses 1,914 2,197 283 $19.27 Postsecondary non-degree award

47-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades & Extraction Workers 2,237 2,521 279

Work experience in a related occupation

35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant 1,665 1,914 249 $9.92 Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-9061 Office Clerks, General 1,977 2,218 223 $11.48 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2073 Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment Operators 1,235 1,459 221


43-6013 Medical Secretaries 1,467 1,682 215 $12.26 Moderate-term on-the-job training

35-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation & Serving Workers 1,814 2,000 186 $12.34 Work experience in a related occupation

49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 1,417 1,603 186 $27.26 Postsecondary non-degree award

47-5012 Rotary Drill Operators, Oil & Gas 979 1,148 168


35-2021 Food Preparation Workers 1,223 1,385 162 $8.86 Short-term on-the-job training

47-5011 Derrick Operators, Oil & Gas 734 893 159


31-9092 Medical Assistants 1,105 1,243 138 $10.66 Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers 1,147 1,358 134

Postsecondary non-degree award

37-2012 Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners 1,616 1,747 131 $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training


47-5081 Helpers Extraction Workers 1,060 1,188 128


35-3011 Bartenders 1,376 1,502 126 $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training


43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 949 1,069 110 $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2031 Carpenters 1,011 1,121 108

Long-term on-the-job training

49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 549 692 108


47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 1,256 1,375 105


11-1021 General & Operations Managers 1,652 1,777 104 $38.03 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General 1,072 1,205 104 $12.40 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2111 Electricians 1,501 1,619 102


35-9021 Dishwashers 946 1,044 98 $8.62 Short-term on-the-job training

11-9021 Construction Managers 710 801 90

Bachelor's degree

43-6014 Secretaries & Administrative Assistants 1,432 1,532 90 $13.12 Short-term on-the-job training


41-2011 Cashiers 732 803 70 $8.82 Short-term on-the-job training

35-2011 Cooks, Fast Food 1,250 1,319 69 $8.75 Short-term on-the-job training

17-2171 Petroleum Engineers 337 413 68

Bachelor's degree

35-9031 Hosts & Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, & Coffee Shop 757 830 68 $8.71 Short-term on-the-job training


11-9111 Medical & Health Services Managers 332 395 63 $38.40 Bachelor's degree

43-4081 Hotel, Motel, & Resort Desk Clerks 894 957 63 $9.01 Short-term on-the-job training

51-4041 Machinists 526 655 63


35-3022 Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, & Coffee Shop 524 584 60 $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training

53-3022 Bus Drivers, School or Special Client 160 218 58 $11.82 Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-1123 Physical Therapists 255 311 56 $41.64 First professional degree

43-3021 Billing & Posting Clerks 541 599 56 $13.74 Short-term on-the-job training

35-9011 Dining Room & Cafeteria Attendants & Bartender Helpers 479 534 55 $8.54 Short-term on-the-job training



29-2034 Radiologic Technologists 384 435 51 $25.15 Associate's degree


21-1022 Healthcare Social Workers 196 245 49 $23.24 Master's degree





19-4041 Geological & Petroleum Technicians 278 332 48

Associate's degree


13-1051 Cost Estimators 285 334 47

Bachelor's degree




29-2071 Medical Records & Health Information Technicians 375 419 44 $12.18 Postsecondary non-degree award

47-2051 Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers 360 405 44


51-8093 Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, & Gaugers 879 1,014 43


51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers 665 777 42


53-3031 Driver/Sales Workers 658 701 42 $9.57 Short-term on-the-job training

53-3033 Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 340 385 42 $12.66 Short-term on-the-job training


29-1069 Physicians & Surgeons, All Other 164 204 40 $112.32 First professional degree

43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance 307 349 40 $15.05 Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-3042 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 211 258 39


31-9091 Dental Assistants 502 539 37 $12.81 Postsecondary non-degree award

53-7021 Crane & Tower Operators 288 330 37


53-1031 First-Line Supervisors of Transportation & Material-Moving Machine & Vehicle Operators

264 303 36 $24.35 Work experience in a related occupation

29-2032 Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 192 227 35 $28.40 Associate's degree

41-4012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing, Except Technical & Scientific Products

401 459 35



33-9032 Security Guards 398 434 34 $12.71 Short-term on-the-job training

51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers 331 390 34


53-7072 Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers 188 225 34


29-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians & Paramedics 303 336 33 $12.69 Postsecondary non-degree award


53-7073 Wellhead Pumpers 118 151 33


35-2015 Cooks, Short Order 324 355 31 $9.14 Short-term on-the-job training

47-3015 Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 265 297 31


29-1171 Nurse Practitioners 156 186 30 $42.83 Associate's degree

47-2151 Pipelayers 129 159 30


51-2092 Team Assemblers 123 178 30


29-1126 Respiratory Therapists 210 239 29 $24.98 Associate's degree

51-9198 Helpers Production Workers 270 321 29


29-1122 Occupational Therapists 99 125 26 $38.70 Master's degree


47-3012 Helpers Carpenters 166 192 26


53-7032 Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators 168 196 26


47-5021 Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas 152 177 25


43-3051 Payroll & Timekeeping Clerks 202 228 24 $15.90 Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-7051 Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators 255 295 24


31-9097 Phlebotomists 208 231 23 $11.53 Short-term on-the-job training

39-9032 Recreation Workers 178 201 23 $9.16 Bachelor's degree


17-2051 Civil Engineers 141 164 22

Bachelor's degree

19-2042 Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists & Geographers 92 115 22

Bachelor's degree

29-1062 Family & General Practitioners 122 143 21 $74.23 First professional degree

29-2021 Dental Hygienists 174 195 21 $28.47 Associate's degree

31-2021 Physical Therapist Assistants 111 132 21 $31.41 Associate's degree


53-5011 Sailors & Marine Oilers 118 140 21


11-9041 Architectural & Engineering Managers 143 167 20

Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

13-1071 Human Resources Specialists 130 152 20 $18.85 Bachelor's degree

29-2031 Cardiovascular Technologists & Technicians 156 176 20 $25.95 Associate's degree



53-3021 Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity 119 139 20 $18.96 Moderate-term on-the-job training


11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 180 205 19 $34.55 Work experience in a related occupation

15-1142 Network & Computer Systems Administrators 85 113 19 $25.01 Bachelor's degree

49-9096 Riggers 147 167 19


29-2012 Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technicians 151 169 18 $17.05 Associate's degree

29-2055 Surgical Technologists 216 234 18 $19.48 Postsecondary non-degree award

47-5099 Extraction Workers, All Other 168 186 18


49-9052 Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers 145 163 18


51-4011 Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal & Plastic 109 143 18


11-3031 Financial Managers 112 131 17 $36.20 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 134 170 17

Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

29-2011 Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technologists 269 286 17 $25.46 Bachelor's degree

39-3091 Amusement & Recreation Attendants 216 233 17 $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2171 Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers 129 147 17


51-4021 Extruding & Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 168 209 17


53-5021 Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels 110 128 17

Bachelor's degree

13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, & Farm Products 146 170 16 $23.88 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2071 Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators 88 106 16


47-2221 Structural Iron & Steel Workers 677 694 16


13-1151 Training & Development Specialists 82 99 15 $22.71 Bachelor's degree

29-1071 Physician Assistants 72 87 15 $47.52 Master's degree

31-1015 Orderlies 198 213 15 $10.91 Postsecondary non-degree award

51-4031 Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 57 81 15


51-6011 Laundry & Dry-Cleaning Workers 123 138 15 $10.32 Short-term on-the-job training

51-9199 Production Workers, All Other 71 90 15


31-1013 Psychiatric Aides 192 206 14 $8.41 Short-term on-the-job training

39-6011 Baggage Porters & Bellhops 35 49 14 $8.55 Short-term on-the-job training

43-4111 Interviewers, Except Eligibility & Loan 90 104 14 $13.89 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2121 Glaziers 75 90 14


47-2132 Insulation Workers, Mechanical 144 159 14


47-4061 Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators 82 96 14


49-9051 Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers 65 79 14


53-7061 Cleaners of Vehicles & Equipment 138 153 14 $9.25 Short-term on-the-job training

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts 99 117 13 $31.79 Bachelor's degree

17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 86 106 13

Bachelor's degree

29-1051 Pharmacists 129 142 13 $61.67 First professional degree

29-1067 Surgeons 127 140 13 $82.99 First professional degree

29-1127 Speech-Language Pathologists 73 86 13 $24.61 Master's degree

29-2052 Pharmacy Technicians 146 159 13 $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-9011 Occupational Health & Safety Specialists 129 147 13

Bachelor's degree

43-3011 Bill & Account Collectors 95 108 13 $12.67 Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-1021 First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, & Material Movers 84 99 13


11-1011 Chief Executives 123 137 12 $55.65 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

29-2099 Health Technologists & Technicians, All Other 83 95 12 $18.19 Postsecondary non-degree award

43-4181 Reservation & Transportation Ticket Agents & Travel Clerks 78 90 12 $14.10 Short-term on-the-job training

43-5081 Stock Clerks & Order Fillers 163 180 12 $9.99 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2081 Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers 116 128 12


11-2022 Sales Managers 79 92 11 $40.95 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

13-1081 Logisticians 63 83 11

Bachelor's degree

15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists 73 86 11 $19.74 Associate's degree

21-1014 Mental Health Counselors 137 148 11 $16.68 Master's degree

21-1093 Social & Human Service Assistants 76 87 11 $14.47 Short-term on-the-job training

31-2022 Physical Therapist Aides 216 227 11 $9.24 Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks 164 188 11 $12.45 Short-term on-the-job training

47-3013 Helpers Electricians 194 206 11


17-2112 Industrial Engineers 91 109 10

Bachelor's degree

17-3023 Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technicians 86 99 10 Associate's degree



21-2011 Clergy 27 37 10 $18.55 Master's degree

29-1063 Internists, General 65 75 10 $85.78 First professional degree

31-9099 Healthcare Support Workers, All Other 61 71 10 $11.81 Short-term on-the-job training

35-1011 Chefs & Head Cooks 77 87 10 $18.96 Work experience in a related occupation

47-4031 Fence Erectors 61 72 10 Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians & Mechanics 82 93 10 $17.03 Postsecondary non-degree award

51-4051 Metal-Refining Furnace Operators & Tenders 33 49 10 Moderate-term on-the-job training


APPENDIX C

Employment Composition by Industry


Aransas County

Employment Composition by Industry, 2013. Employment Growth by Industry, 2008-13.

Bee County



Brooks County


Duval County



Jim Wells County Employment Composition by Industry, 2013. Employment Growth by Industry, 2008-13.

Kenedy County



Kleberg County Employment Composition by Industry, 2013. Employment Growth by Industry, 2008-13.

Live Oak County



McMullen County Employment Composition by Industry, 2013. Employment Growth by Industry, 2008-13.

Nueces County



Refugio County Employment Composition by Industry, 2013. Employment Growth by Industry, 2008-13.

San Patricio County



Coastal Bend WDA Employment Composition by Industry, 2013. Employment Growth by Industry, 2008-13.

Corpus Christi MSA



APPENDIX D

Industrial Construction Impacts

and Job Openings


Industrial Construction Impact on Job Openings

SOC Occupation Construction Industry Coastal Bend WDA

Employed

in 2013

Change 2013- 2017

Jobs in

2013

Jobs in

2017 Completions

2017 Openings

Openings due to Construction

Education Level

47-2061 Construction Laborers 3,175 597 3,761 4,375 0 346 224 Short-term on-the-job training

47-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades 1,425 264 2,390 2,754 56 220 100 Work experience in a related occupation

47-2111 Electricians 1,228 161 1,700 1,877 0 155 83 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 1,055 166 1,430 1,602 0 140 73 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2073 Operating Engineers & Construction Equipment Operators 952 248 1,437 1,725 0 157 71 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2031 Carpenters 979 174 1,064 1,224 30 116 69 Long-term on-the-job training

11-9021 Construction Managers 663 132 747 874 443 71 47 Bachelor's degree

47-2221 Structural Iron & Steel Workers 667 59 692 748 0 64 43 Long-term on-the-job training

43-9061 Office Clerks, General 579 91 5,743 6,209 6 246 40 Short-term on-the-job training

11-1021 General & Operations Managers 497 55 3,798 4,004 477 143 33 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

43-6014 Secretaries & Administrative Assistants 452 52 4,500 4,703 39 129 30 Short-term on-the-job training

53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 414 84 4,494 5,131 0 264 30 Short-term on-the-job training

51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers 400 98 1,504 1,673 214 105 30 Postsecondary non-degree award

49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration Mechanics 389 94 665 762 168 59 29 Postsecondary non-degree award

47-2211 Sheet Metal Workers 432 36 693 722 0 42 28 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2051 Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers 350 69 361 424 0 40 25 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2141 Painters, Construction & Maintenance 441 -32 627 606 0 43 24 Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 308 51 2,691 2,924 82 101 21 Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1051 Cost Estimators 256 62 321 386 492 37 19 Bachelor's degree

47-3015 Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 255 49 272 318 0 32 18 Short-term on-the-job training

47-3013 Helpers Electricians 189 24 198 220 0 21 13 Short-term on-the-job training

47-3012 Helpers Carpenters 166 38 170 203 30 22 12 Short-term on-the-job training

49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General 157 26 2,777 2,967 26 106 11 Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9052 Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers 145 28 342 362 8 20 10 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2151 Pipelayers 124 40 148 188 0 22 10 Short-term on-the-job training

41-4012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing 133 22 2,311 2,526 0 114 9 Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-3042 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 123 32 579 682 0 47 9 Long-term on-the-job training

47-2171 Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers 124 26 127 149 0 15 9 Long-term on-the-job training

49-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers 115 21 1,182 1,273 0 60 8 Work experience in a related occupation

47-2081 Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers 116 20 117 133 0 14 8 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2132 Insulation Workers, Mechanical 116 18 153 174 0 17 8 Moderate-term on-the-job training

17-2051 Civil Engineers 109 24 395 451 35 28 8 Bachelor's degree

43-6011 Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants 114 18 1,356 1,448 47 46 8 Work experience in a related occupation

53-7021 Crane & Tower Operators 109 18 316 361 0 26 8 Long-term on-the-job training

49-9098 Helpers Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers 107 17 585 633 0 44 7 Moderate-term on-the-job training



13-2011 Accountants & Auditors 94 17 1,283 1,407 144 63 7 Bachelor's degree

53-7032 Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators 87 21 192 223 0 18 6 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-3019 Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other 95 13 123 138 0 12 6 Short-term on-the-job training

53-7062 Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand 89 18 2,664 2,924 0 156 6 Short-term on-the-job training

43-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Office & Admin. Support Workers 86 14 2,074 2,235 0 101 6 Work experience in a related occupation

49-9044 Millwrights 95 4 121 127 0 9 6 Long-term on-the-job training

47-4061 Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators 77 20 93 113 0 12 6 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-3014 Helpers Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers 107 -12 115 104 0 10 6 Short-term on-the-job training

43-5061 Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks 81 12 663 698 0 31 6 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2071 Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators 72 21 104 125 0 12 6 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2121 Glaziers 70 19 98 116 0 12 5 Long-term on-the-job training

41-3099 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 73 14 873 945 0 48 5 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2181 Roofers 84 1 86 87 0 7 5 Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9051 Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers 60 19 180 212 0 19 5 Long-term on-the-job training

43-3051 Payroll & Timekeeping Clerks 63 10 407 445 82 21 4 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-4031 Fence Erectors 56 14 60 74 0 8 4 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2011 Boilermakers 59 10 80 90 0 9 4 Long-term on-the-job training

49-3031 Bus & Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists 55 11 773 842 17 37 4 Postsecondary non-degree award

43-4171 Receptionists & Information Clerks 55 10 1,467 1,596 6 81 4 Short-term on-the-job training

53-3033 Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 55 9 1,312 1,408 0 53 4 Short-term on-the-job training

49-2022 Telecommunications Equipment Installers & Repairers 51 12 282 292 8 13 4 Postsecondary non-degree award

37-3011 Landscaping & Groundskeeping Workers 48 12 1,565 1,892 0 110 4 Short-term on-the-job training

47-3016 Helpers Roofers 60 -6 60 56 0 4 3 Short-term on-the-job training

37-2011 Janitors & Cleaners, Except Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners

44 7 3,101 3,244 0 96 3 Short-term on-the-job training

43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance 42 7 530 582 0 25 3 Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9096 Riggers 44 5 167 190 0 11 3 Short-term on-the-job training

47-2021 Brickmasons & Blockmasons 47 2 50 51 0 5 3 Long-term on-the-job training

47-5081 Helpers Extraction Workers 39 9 1,065 1,192 0 53 3 Short-term on-the-job training

53-7051 Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators 38 9 669 716 0 33 3 Short-term on-the-job training

47-5021 Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas 36 11 156 184 0 12 3 Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-2098 Security & Fire Alarm Systems Installers 40 6 123 142 0 10 3 Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 36 7 1,369 1,499 0 61 3 Long-term on-the-job training

11-1011 Chief Executives 38 5 285 308 477 15 3 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

49-2094 Electrical & Electronics Repairers 39 4 311 329 0 14 3 Postsecondary non-degree award

13-1023 Purchasing Agents 34 7 385 420 0 20 2 Long-term on-the-job training

51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers 32 7 1,144 1,202 0 31 2 Work experience in a related occupation

47-4099 Construction & Related Workers, All Other 33 5 57 64 0 5 2 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2131 Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, & Wall 32 6 33 38 0 4 2 Short-term on-the-job training

47-5071 Roustabouts, Oil & Gas 29 8 2,277 2,657 0 138 2 Moderate-term on-the-job training



43-3021 Billing & Posting Clerks 31 5 916 997 82 38 2 Short-term on-the-job training

51-2041 Structural Metal Fabricators & Fitters 30 5 149 151 0 6 2 Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-3031 Financial Managers 29 5 389 425 47 17 2 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

17-2111 Health & Safety Engineers 29 5 59 68 22 5 2 Bachelor's degree

11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 29 4 523 563 460 24 2 Work experience in a related occupation

17-3011 Architectural & Civil Drafters 29 3 162 167 26 6 2 Associate's degree

29-9011 Occupational Health & Safety Specialists 26 5 236 259 48 16 2 Bachelor's degree

53-1031 First-Line Supervisors of Transportation & Material-Moving Machine & Vehicle Operators

22 6 468 520 0 23 2 Work experience in a related occupation

47-3011 Helpers Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons 37 -9 37 29 0 3 2 Short-term on-the-job training

47-4011 Construction & Building Inspectors 23 4 212 236 0 14 2 Work experience in a related occupation

43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 21 5 2,786 2,814 0 109 2 Short-term on-the-job training

49-9012 Control & Valve Installers & Repairers 21 3 188 200 0 7 1 Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-7031 Dredge Operators 18 6 22 27 0 3 1 Short-term on-the-job training

47-4021 Elevator Installers & Repairers 22 2 24 26 0 2 1 Long-term on-the-job training

49-9011 Mechanical Door Repairers 23 1 42 45 16 2 1 Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-9041 Architectural & Engineering Managers 20 3 235 266 263 13 1 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

17-3022 Civil Engineering Technicians 20 3 294 309 0 10 1 Associate's degree

47-2044 Tile & Marble Setters 23 0 26 26 0 2 1 Long-term on-the-job training

43-5081 Stock Clerks & Order Fillers 20 2 2,368 2,461 0 82 1 Short-term on-the-job training

17-1022 Surveyors 19 3 112 127 12 7 1 Bachelor's degree

49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 17 4 1,069 1,272 0 71 1 Long-term on-the-job training

13-1071 Human Resources Specialists 18 3 440 488 0 20 1 Bachelor's degree

51-9198 Helpers Production Workers 17 4 531 575 0 20 1 Short-term on-the-job training

49-9092 Commercial Divers 15 6 16 22 0 3 1 Postsecondary non-degree award

47-2161 Plasterers & Stucco Masons 19 2 21 22 0 2 1 Long-term on-the-job training

49-9099 Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers, All Other 14 6 98 114 16 6 1 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2022 Stonemasons 25 -6 29 24 0 2 1 Long-term on-the-job training

51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers 14 3 763 828 0 33 1 Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-4041 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers 15 2 99 118 0 8 1 Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1161 Market Research Analysts & Marketing Specialists 13 3 175 216 75 16 1 Bachelor's degree

49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians & Mechanics 11 4 1,031 1,058 127 37 1 Postsecondary non-degree award

41-9022 Real Estate Sales Agents 12 3 151 159 0 6 1 Postsecondary non-degree award

49-2097 Electronic Home Entertainment Equip. Installers & Repairers 14 1 41 43 8 2 1 Postsecondary non-degree award

41-2031 Retail Salespersons 12 2 6,849 7,227 0 300 1 Short-term on-the-job training

11-2022 Sales Managers 12 2 321 347 518 17 1 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

33-9032 Security Guards 11 2 1,746 1,835 0 51 1 Short-term on-the-job training

17-1011 Architects, Except Landscape & Naval 11 2 115 129 0 7 1 Bachelor's degree

17-3031 Surveying & Mapping Technicians 10 3 149 162 12 7 1 Moderate-term on-the-job training

15-1142 Network & Computer Systems Administrators 5.00 7 274 316 126 16 1 Bachelor's degree



49-9043 Maintenance Workers, Machinery 5.00 7 256 288 0 13 1 Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-2021 Marketing Managers 10 2 114 126 75 7 1 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

49-2092 Electric Motor, Power Tool, & Related Repairers 5.00 7 131 136 16 3 1 Postsecondary non-degree award

47-2072 Pile-Driver Operators 5.00 7 5 11 0 1 1 Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1081 Logisticians 5 6 230 265 0 14 1 Bachelor's degree

43-4071 File Clerks 11 0 380 375 6 12 1 Short-term on-the-job training


Job Openings by Occupation, 2018

SOC Occupation Clusters Total Coastal Bend WDA

Jobs

in 2013

Jobs in

2018

Jobs in

2013

Jobs in

2018 Completions

Openings in

2018

Openings as % of

2018 Jobs Education Level

39-9021 Personal Care Aides 8716 10308 10,574 12,450 0 487 4% Short-term on-the-job training

35-3021 Combined Food Preparation & Serving Workers 7573 8499 8,566 9,577 0 460 5% Short-term on-the-job training

41-2011 Cashiers 732 803 6,693 7,094 0 396 6% Short-term on-the-job training

35-3031 Waiters & Waitresses 3738 4225 3,817 4,309 2 306 7% Short-term on-the-job training

41-2031 Retail Salespersons 94 104 6,849 7,298 0 300 4% Short-term on-the-job training

53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 3476 4058 4,494 5,195 0 258 5% Short-term on-the-job training

29-1141 Registered Nurses 3889 4574 4,541 5,290 462 243 5% Associate's degree

43-9061 Office Clerks, General 1977 2218 5,743 6,255 6 224 4% Short-term on-the-job training

31-1011 Home Health Aides 1426 2116 1,498 2,220 30 175 8% Short-term on-the-job training

53-7062 Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand 811 958 2,664 2,972 0 167 6% Short-term on-the-job training

51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers 1147 1358 1,504 1,739 214 152 9% Postsecondary non-degree award

47-5013 Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, & Mining 2092 2515 2,104 2,531 0 137 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-5071 Roustabouts, Oil & Gas 2262 2666 2,277 2,684 0 136 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-1021 General & Operations Managers 1652 1777 3,798 4,003 477 131 3% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

51-8093 Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators 879 1014 892 1,029 8 131 13% Long-term on-the-job training

25-2021 Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education 0 0 2,563 2,908 29 130 4% Bachelor's degree

29-2061 Licensed Practical & Licensed Vocational Nurses 1914 2197 2,226 2,534 185 129 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

41-4012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing 401 459 2,311 2,567 0 128 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2061 Construction Laborers 3511 3932 3,761 4,215 0 127 3% Short-term on-the-job training

47-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades 2237 2521 2,390 2,694 56 125 5% Work experience in a related occupation

49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General 1072 1205 2,777 3,014 26 124 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 399 461 2,786 2,837 0 114 4% Short-term on-the-job training

31-1014 Nursing Assistants 2167 2514 2,384 2,752 132 109 4% Postsecondary non-degree award

43-6014 Secretaries & Administrative Assistants 1432 1532 4,500 4,696 39 109 2% Short-term on-the-job training

37-3011 Landscaping & Groundskeeping Workers 257 291 1,565 1,934 0 107 6% Short-term on-the-job training

49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 549 692 1,069 1,335 0 105 8% Long-term on-the-job training

35-2021 Food Preparation Workers 1223 1385 1,690 1,868 0 101 5% Short-term on-the-job training

43-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Office & Admin. Support Workers 668 759 2,074 2,261 0 101 4% Work experience in a related occupation

51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers 665 777 1,144 1,279 0 99 8% Work experience in a related occupation

51-4041 Machinists 526 655 803 956 14 99 10% Long-term on-the-job training

25-9041 Teacher Assistants 10 10 2,066 2,302 0 97 4% Short-term on-the-job training

37-2011 Janitors & Cleaners 521 577 3,101 3,265 0 96 3% Short-term on-the-job training

25-2031 Secondary School Teachers 5 5 2,064 2,231 66 93 4% Bachelor's degree

35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant 1665 1914 1,699 1,950 29 90 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training



43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 949 1069 2,691 2,945 82 90 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2073 Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equip.Operators 1235 1459 1,437 1,684 0 89 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2111 Electricians 1501 1619 1,700 1,835 0 88 5% Long-term on-the-job training

25-1099 Postsecondary Teachers 28 29 2,642 2,857 573 88 3% Doctoral degree

35-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation 1814 2000 2,074 2,279 7 88 4% Work experience in a related occupation

41-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers 51 55 2,304 2,453 0 87 4% Work experience in a related occupation

43-5081 Stock Clerks & Order Fillers 163 180 2,368 2,476 0 86 3% Short-term on-the-job training

47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 1256 1375 1,430 1,561 0 81 5% Long-term on-the-job training

43-4171 Receptionists & Information Clerks 851 977 1,467 1,618 6 79 5% Short-term on-the-job training

35-3011 Bartenders 1376 1502 1,457 1,583 0 79 5% Short-term on-the-job training

35-9031 Hosts & Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, & Coffee Shop 757 830 765 840 2 77 9% Short-term on-the-job training

25-2022 Middle School Teachers 0 0 1,507 1,693 30 73 4% Bachelor's degree

35-3022 Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, & Coffee Shop 524 584 723 801 2 72 9% Short-term on-the-job training

49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 1417 1603 1,260 1,411 32 72 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

35-9021 Dishwashers 946 1044 984 1,087 0 69 6% Short-term on-the-job training

43-6013 Medical Secretaries 1467 1682 1,522 1,746 73 67 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

33-3051 Police & Sheriff's Patrol Officers 5 5 1,287 1,415 102 66 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 262 303 1,369 1,524 0 65 4% Long-term on-the-job training

39-9011 Childcare Workers 84 90 1,172 1,301 45 65 5% Short-term on-the-job training

49-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers 408 466 1,182 1,289 0 64 5% Work experience in a related occupation

13-2011 Accountants & Auditors 386 444 1,283 1,426 144 64 4% Bachelor's degree

37-2012 Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners 1616 1747 2,089 2,220 0 63 3% Short-term on-the-job training

43-3071 Tellers 5 5 1,129 1,179 0 58 5% Short-term on-the-job training

47-5012 Rotary Drill Operators, Oil & Gas 979 1148 975 1,146 0 58 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers 331 390 763 860 0 57 7% Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-4081 Hotel, Motel, & Resort Desk Clerks 894 957 909 973 0 52 5% Short-term on-the-job training

53-3033 Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 340 385 1,312 1,423 0 52 4% Short-term on-the-job training

33-9032 Security Guards 398 434 1,746 1,852 0 52 3% Short-term on-the-job training

47-5011 Derrick Operators, Oil & Gas 734 893 735 894 0 50 6% Short-term on-the-job training

47-5081 Helpers Extraction Workers 1060 1188 1,065 1,194 0 50 4% Short-term on-the-job training

47-2031 Carpenters 1011 1121 1,064 1,181 30 49 4% Long-term on-the-job training

31-9092 Medical Assistants 1105 1243 1,166 1,310 541 48 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

33-3012 Correctional Officers & Jailers 5 5 1,329 1,439 1 47 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-7051 Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators 255 295 669 736 0 46 6% Short-term on-the-job training

49-3042 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 211 258 579 693 0 46 7% Long-term on-the-job training

35-2011 Cooks, Fast Food 1250 1319 1,291 1,364 0 44 3% Short-term on-the-job training

41-3099 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 305 353 873 953 0 44 5% Short-term on-the-job training

43-6011 Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants 453 507 1,356 1,456 47 43 3% Work experience in a related occupation

43-5061 Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks 314 357 663 715 0 42 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9198 Helpers Production Workers 270 321 531 602 0 41 7% Short-term on-the-job training



43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks 164 188 782 832 6 41 5% Short-term on-the-job training

51-2092 Team Assemblers 123 178 238 318 0 41 13% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9098 Helpers Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers 234 259 585 633 0 39 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-3021 Billing & Posting Clerks 541 599 916 1,011 82 38 4% Short-term on-the-job training

25-3098 Substitute Teachers 0 0 1,032 1,133 35 37 3% Bachelor's degree

41-2021 Counter & Rental Clerks 47 50 1,000 1,068 0 37 3% Short-term on-the-job training

45-2092 Farmworkers & Laborers, Crop, Nursery, & Greenhouse 15 15 907 915 0 37 4% Short-term on-the-job training

53-3031 Driver/Sales Workers 658 701 1,171 1,232 0 37 3% Short-term on-the-job training

49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians & Mechanics 82 93 1,031 1,066 127 37 3% Postsecondary non-degree award

49-3031 Bus & Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists 351 400 773 850 17 37 4% Postsecondary non-degree award

47-2211 Sheet Metal Workers 576 589 693 718 0 35 5% Long-term on-the-job training

51-9011 Chemical Equipment Operators & Tenders 219 244 224 249 65 35 14% Moderate-term on-the-job training

33-2011 Firefighters 15 16 695 758 21 34 4% Postsecondary non-degree award

53-7061 Cleaners of Vehicles & Equipment 138 153 868 899 0 34 4% Short-term on-the-job training

51-9023 Mixing & Blending Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 205 232 234 263 0 34 13% Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-2052 Pharmacy Technicians 146 159 729 827 92 33 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

35-9011 Dining Room & Cafeteria Attendants & Bartender Helpers 479 534 522 581 2 33 6% Short-term on-the-job training

17-2171 Petroleum Engineers 337 413 351 429 7 31 7% Bachelor's degree

51-4021 Tenders, Metal & Plastic 168 209 171 213 14 31 15% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration Mechanics 415 482 665 748 168 31 4% Postsecondary non-degree award

53-3022 Bus Drivers, School or Special Client 160 218 564 654 0 30 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

25-2011 Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education 10 10 513 586 50 29 5% Associate's degree

41-2022 Parts Salespersons 20 21 524 562 0 29 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 180 205 523 573 460 28 5% Work experience in a related occupation

19-4041 Geological & Petroleum Technicians 278 332 306 363 8 28 8% Associate's degree

35-2012 Cooks, Institution & Cafeteria 294 342 733 792 0 28 4% Short-term on-the-job training

11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 134 170 184 227 443 28 12% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents 5 5 604 659 0 27 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-1051 Pharmacists 129 142 484 546 30 26 5% First professional degree

13-1023 Purchasing Agents 146 170 385 430 0 26 6% Long-term on-the-job training

49-9043 Maintenance Workers, Machinery 172 207 256 305 0 26 9% Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-9111 Medical & Health Services Managers 332 395 405 475 14 25 5% Bachelor's degree

43-3011 Bill & Account Collectors 95 108 324 413 0 25 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-9021 Construction Managers 710 801 747 844 443 25 3% Bachelor's degree

51-8091 Chemical Plant & System Operators 139 158 135 154 65 25 16% Long-term on-the-job training

33-3021 Detectives & Criminal Investigators 0 0 545 602 102 24 4% Work experience in a related occupation

53-1031 First-Line Supervisors of Transportation 264 303 468 526 0 24 5% Work experience in a related occupation

43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance 307 349 530 587 0 24 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

15-1142 Network & Computer Systems Administrators 85 113 274 331 126 24 7% Bachelor's degree

39-3091 Amusement & Recreation Attendants 216 233 294 320 0 23 7% Short-term on-the-job training



53-7021 Crane & Tower Operators 288 330 316 362 0 23 6% Long-term on-the-job training

47-2141 Painters, Construction & Maintenance 495 446 627 585 0 23 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4011 Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators 109 143 124 159 0 23 14% Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1081 Logisticians 63 83 230 279 0 22 8% Bachelor's degree

11-9032 Education Administrators, Elementary & Secondary School 0 0 456 497 129 22 4% Master's degree

53-7064 Packers & Packagers, Hand 31 47 269 307 0 22 7% Short-term on-the-job training

47-2221 Structural Iron & Steel Workers 677 694 692 709 0 22 3% Long-term on-the-job training

13-1161 Market Research Analysts & Marketing Specialists 42 57 175 228 75 22 10% Bachelor's degree

13-1071 Human Resources Specialists 130 152 440 496 0 21 4% Bachelor's degree

29-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians & Paramedics 303 336 408 460 38 21 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

17-2051 Civil Engineers 141 164 395 451 35 21 5% Bachelor's degree

17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 86 106 194 231 49 20 9% Bachelor's degree

29-2071 Medical Records & Health Information Technicians 375 419 449 500 89 20 4% Postsecondary non-degree award

31-9091 Dental Assistants 502 539 540 580 141 20 3% Postsecondary non-degree award

13-1111 Management Analysts 41 50 334 380 443 20 5% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

13-1051 Cost Estimators 285 334 321 379 492 20 5% Bachelor's degree

15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists 73 86 415 449 0 20 4% Associate's degree

43-3051 Payroll & Timekeeping Clerks 202 228 407 448 82 19 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-2034 Radiologic Technologists 384 435 425 481 66 19 4% Associate's degree

39-9032 Recreation Workers 178 201 519 571 0 19 3% Bachelor's degree

29-9011 Occupational Health & Safety Specialists 129 147 236 264 48 19 7% Bachelor's degree

41-4011 Sales Representatives, Technical & Scientific Products 45 60 190 230 0 19 8% Bachelor's degree

11-2022 Sales Managers 79 92 321 352 518 18 5% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

21-1022 Healthcare Social Workers 196 245 241 296 0 18 6% Master's degree

25-2012 Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education 0 0 340 384 20 18 5% Bachelor's degree

35-3041 Food Servers, Nonrestaurant 293 334 312 354 2 18 5% Short-term on-the-job training

53-3041 Taxi Drivers & Chauffeurs 305 354 512 569 0 18 3% Short-term on-the-job training

41-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers 48 53 430 446 0 18 4% Work experience in a related occupation

51-2041 Structural Metal Fabricators & Fitters 135 148 149 163 0 17 10% Moderate-term on-the-job training

17-2041 Chemical Engineers 100 114 133 150 52 17 11% Bachelor's degree

11-3031 Financial Managers 112 131 389 430 47 17 4% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

49-2094 Electrical & Electronics Repairers 107 116 311 334 0 17 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

53-7072 Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers 188 225 190 229 0 17 7% Moderate-term on-the-job training

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts 99 117 264 303 126 17 6% Bachelor's degree

51-4192 Layout Workers, Metal & Plastic 85 107 94 116 14 17 15% Moderate-term on-the-job training

21-1012 Educational, Guidance, School, & Vocational Counselors 5 5 421 460 166 17 4% Master's degree

21-1021 Child, Family, & School Social Workers 23 26 431 465 24 17 4% Bachelor's degree

25-2052 Special Ed Teachers, Kindergarten & Elementary School 5 5 254 298 35 17 6% Bachelor's degree

43-5052 Postal Service Mail Carriers 0 0 376 395 6 17 4% Short-term on-the-job training

37-2021 Pest Control Workers 0 5 138 163 0 16 10% Moderate-term on-the-job training



53-7081 Refuse & Recyclable Material Collectors 5 5 211 255 0 16 6% Short-term on-the-job training

11-9041 Architectural & Engineering Managers 143 167 235 272 263 16 6% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

51-8031 Water & Wastewater Treatment Plant & System Operators 15 16 346 376 37 16 4% Long-term on-the-job training

47-2051 Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers 360 405 361 407 0 16 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-9199 Managers, All Other 61 72 278 311 460 15 5% Work experience in a related occupation

13-1151 Training & Development Specialists 82 99 251 293 0 15 5% Bachelor's degree

21-1093 Social & Human Service Assistants 76 87 325 361 28 15 4% Short-term on-the-job training

29-1123 Physical Therapists 255 311 276 335 30 15 4% First professional degree

35-2015 Cooks, Short Order 324 355 376 409 0 15 4% Short-term on-the-job training

43-4199 Information & Record Clerks, All Other 35 38 338 365 6 15 4% Short-term on-the-job training

17-2112 Industrial Engineers 91 109 147 172 11 15 9% Bachelor's degree

13-1041 Compliance Officers 49 59 332 381 0 15 4% Bachelor's degree

17-2111 Health & Safety Engineers 44 59 59 79 22 15 19% Bachelor's degree

47-3015 Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 265 297 272 305 0 15 5% Short-term on-the-job training

53-1021 First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers 84 99 233 269 0 14 5% Work experience in a related occupation

13-2072 Loan Officers 0 0 374 394 47 14 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

27-2022 Coaches & Scouts 38 40 214 255 19 14 5% Long-term on-the-job training

27-3091 Interpreters & Translators 10 17 77 106 42 14 13% Bachelor's degree

29-1069 Physicians & Surgeons, All Other 164 204 227 271 30 14 5% First professional degree

29-2056 Veterinary Technologists & Technicians 10 10 228 273 30 14 5% Associate's degree

49-3021 Automotive Body & Related Repairers 10 15 214 237 11 14 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9051 Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers 65 79 180 208 0 14 7% Long-term on-the-job training

11-3121 Human Resources Managers 37 49 86 107 0 14 13% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

53-7032 Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators 168 196 192 222 0 14 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-5011 Sailors & Marine Oilers 118 140 157 186 0 14 8% Short-term on-the-job training

23-1011 Lawyers 26 29 451 475 0 14 3% First professional degree

11-1011 Chief Executives 123 137 285 310 477 14 5% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

51-4031 Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine Setters, Operators 57 81 71 98 14 13 13% Moderate-term on-the-job training

37-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service 15 21 88 121 0 13 11% Work experience in a related occupation

41-9041 Telemarketers 20 20 663 392 0 13 3% Short-term on-the-job training

51-6011 Laundry & Dry-Cleaning Workers 123 138 434 457 3 13 3% Short-term on-the-job training

13-2041 Credit Analysts 5 16 35 51 191 13 25% Bachelor's degree

15-1199 Computer Occupations, All Other 20 26 217 237 214 13 5% Bachelor's degree

17-3024 Electro-Mechanical Technicians 15 26 16 33 0 13 39% Associate's degree

43-4161 Human Resources Assistants 59 68 230 254 6 13 5% Short-term on-the-job training

43-9021 Data Entry Keyers 62 72 292 299 0 13 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-9199 Office & Administrative Support Workers, All Other 25 32 91 116 6 13 11% Short-term on-the-job training

47-4041 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers 25 32 99 124 0 13 10% Moderate-term on-the-job training

25-9031 Instructional Coordinators 10 10 243 274 51 12 4% Master's degree

29-2011 Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technologists 269 286 316 338 36 12 4% Bachelor's degree



31-1013 Psychiatric Aides 192 206 514 539 126 12 2% Short-term on-the-job training

39-3031 Ushers, Lobby Attendants, & Ticket Takers 25 28 142 158 0 12 8% Short-term on-the-job training

47-2151 Pipelayers 129 159 148 182 0 12 7% Short-term on-the-job training

47-4011 Construction & Building Inspectors 48 54 212 236 0 12 5% Work experience in a related occupation

51-3021 Butchers & Meat Cutters 5 5 304 318 0 12 4% Long-term on-the-job training

53-2022 Airfield Operations Specialists 10 21 21 35 0 12 34% Long-term on-the-job training

53-6031 Automotive & Watercraft Service Attendants 15 15 228 245 0 12 5% Short-term on-the-job training

51-9111 Packaging & Filling Machine Operators & Tenders 57 66 135 154 0 12 8% Moderate-term on-the-job training

17-3023 Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technicians 86 99 233 259 6 12 5% Associate's degree

51-9121 Coating, Painting, & Spraying Machine Setters 74 87 80 95 0 12 13% Moderate-term on-the-job training

27-3031 Public Relations Specialists 52 58 227 249 111 12 5% Bachelor's degree

41-9099 Sales & Related Workers, All Other 25 26 270 290 0 12 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-5021 Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels 110 128 145 170 0 12 7% Bachelor's degree

43-4071 File Clerks 161 165 380 373 6 12 3% Short-term on-the-job training

51-9199 Production Workers, All Other 71 90 124 152 0 12 8% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-2099 Assemblers & Fabricators, All Other 63 73 198 222 0 11 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-2051 Financial Analysts 62 71 137 159 47 11 7% Bachelor's degree

11-9051 Food Service Managers 451 455 488 492 7 11 2% Work experience in a related occupation

25-2053 Special Education Teachers, Middle School 0 0 168 194 35 11 6% Bachelor's degree

29-1126 Respiratory Therapists 210 239 230 261 44 11 4% Associate's degree

29-2032 Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 192 227 196 232 44 11 5% Associate's degree

33-1021 First-Line Supervisors of Fire Fighting 5 5 167 180 0 11 6% Postsecondary non-degree award

43-4061 Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs 5 5 246 267 0 11 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-4051 Highway Maintenance Workers 5 5 236 260 0 11 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-3021 Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity 119 139 198 232 0 11 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-7073 Wellhead Pumpers 118 151 118 151 0 11 7% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4081 Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators 57 74 60 78 14 11 14% Moderate-term on-the-job training

15-1132 Software Developers, Applications 20 26 92 117 0 11 9% Bachelor's degree

19-4031 Chemical Technicians 63 72 122 138 65 10 7% Associate's degree

25-4021 Librarians 15 15 210 229 0 10 4% Master's degree

29-1171 Nurse Practitioners 156 186 166 197 82 10 5% Associate's degree

33-9092 Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, & Other Recreational Workers 44 45 115 125 0 10 8% Short-term on-the-job training

39-9031 Fitness Trainers & Aerobics Instructors 129 133 174 182 19 10 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

41-9022 Real Estate Sales Agents 17 24 151 165 0 10 6% Postsecondary non-degree award

43-4121 Library Assistants, Clerical 5 5 130 146 0 10 7% Short-term on-the-job training

43-9041 Insurance Claims & Policy Processing Clerks 11 12 229 244 6 10 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-3012 Helpers Carpenters 166 192 170 196 30 10 5% Short-term on-the-job training

49-3093 Tire Repairers & Changers 5 5 244 259 0 10 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9052 Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers 145 163 342 356 8 10 3% Long-term on-the-job training

53-2012 Commercial Pilots 50 62 72 87 0 10 11% Postsecondary non-degree award



47-2132 Insulation Workers, Mechanical 144 159 153 169 0 10 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

19-2042 Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists & Geographers 92 115 121 148 14 10 7% Bachelor's degree

43-3061 Procurement Clerks 33 35 143 157 6 10 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-6099 Transportation Workers, All Other 190 211 163 180 0 10 6% Short-term on-the-job training

17-3013 Mechanical Drafters 50 57 111 126 0 10 8% Associate's degree

17-3029 Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other 62 73 131 150 7 9 6% Associate's degree

11-3071 Transportation, Storage, & Distribution Managers 67 75 168 186 460 9 5% Work experience in a related occupation

49-9096 Riggers 147 167 167 190 0 9 5% Short-term on-the-job training

11-9033 Education Administrators, Postsecondary 0 5 81 94 129 9 10% Master's degree

17-3022 Civil Engineering Technicians 30 32 294 309 0 9 3% Associate's degree

21-1014 Mental Health Counselors 137 148 223 242 13 9 4% Master's degree

25-2032 Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School 0 0 233 244 0 9 4% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

25-2054 Special Education Teachers, Secondary School 5 5 179 197 35 9 5% Bachelor's degree

25-3021 Self-Enrichment Education Teachers 15 20 92 108 10 9 8% Work experience in a related occupation

25-4031 Library Technicians 10 10 131 145 0 9 6% Postsecondary non-degree award

29-1122 Occupational Therapists 99 125 126 156 30 9 6% Master's degree

29-1127 Speech-Language Pathologists 73 86 183 207 128 9 4% Master's degree

31-9097 Phlebotomists 208 231 214 238 0 9 4% Short-term on-the-job training

33-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers 0 0 172 186 1 9 5% Work experience in a related occupation

33-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Police & Detectives 0 0 179 194 118 9 5% Work experience in a related occupation

39-1021 First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers 72 80 219 236 327 9 4% Work experience in a related occupation

41-3031 Securities, Commodities, & Financial Services Sales Agents 5 5 219 233 0 9 4% Bachelor's degree

43-4111 Interviewers, Except Eligibility & Loan 90 104 159 188 0 9 5% Short-term on-the-job training

43-5031 Police, Fire, & Ambulance Dispatchers 22 24 250 272 0 9 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-5021 Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas 152 177 156 181 0 9 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-2022 Telecommunications Equipment Installers & Repairers 56 64 282 293 8 9 3% Postsecondary non-degree award

53-5022 Motorboat Operators 10 16 37 48 0 9 19% Short-term on-the-job training

51-4051 Metal-Refining Furnace Operators & Tenders 33 49 34 50 0 9 18% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9012 Separating, Filtering, Setters, Operators, & Tenders 48 54 81 93 0 9 10% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4023 Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 46 57 49 60 14 9 15% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-3013 Helpers Electricians 194 206 198 211 0 9 4% Short-term on-the-job training

33-9099 Protective Service Workers, All Other 15 16 79 91 0 9 10% Short-term on-the-job training

51-8013 Power Plant Operators 15 16 133 144 0 9 6% Long-term on-the-job training

17-2081 Environmental Engineers 15 21 64 78 22 9 12% Bachelor's degree

19-2041 Environmental Scientists & Specialists, Including Health 26 29 180 194 33 9 5% Bachelor's degree

47-5031 Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, & Blasters 15 23 11 25 0 9 36% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-2092 Electric Motor, Power Tool, & Related Repairers 20 27 131 142 16 9 6% Postsecondary non-degree award

17-2071 Electrical Engineers 30 36 147 166 79 9 5% Bachelor's degree

51-9122 Painters, Transportation Equipment 59 66 147 156 11 9 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4032 Drilling & Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators 15 23 19 31 14 9 29% Moderate-term on-the-job training



49-9012 Control & Valve Installers & Repairers 70 77 188 201 0 8 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

23-2011 Paralegals & Legal Assistants 15 15 282 299 15 8 3% Associate's degree

29-2012 Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technicians 151 169 177 197 39 8 4% Associate's degree

29-2021 Dental Hygienists 174 195 178 200 74 8 4% Associate's degree

29-2055 Surgical Technologists 216 234 221 241 43 8 3% Postsecondary non-degree award

39-2021 Nonfarm Animal Caretakers 29 30 183 202 0 8 4% Short-term on-the-job training

39-5012 Hairdressers, Hairstylists, & Cosmetologists 10 10 262 275 122 8 3% Postsecondary non-degree award

43-4031 Court, Municipal, & License Clerks 0 0 151 170 6 8 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

45-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing Workers 0 5 68 74 0 8 11% Work experience in a related occupation

47-5099 Extraction Workers, All Other 168 186 169 188 0 8 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-6061 Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants 26 36 54 65 0 8 12% Short-term on-the-job training

51-2031 Engine & Other Machine Assemblers 40 51 50 63 0 8 13% Short-term on-the-job training

15-1152 Computer Network Support Specialists 44 49 176 188 0 8 4% Associate's degree

43-4151 Order Clerks 25 26 109 126 6 8 6% Short-term on-the-job training

47-2121 Glaziers 75 90 98 115 0 8 7% Long-term on-the-job training

47-2071 Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators 88 106 104 124 0 8 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

21-1092 Probation Officers & Correctional Treatment Specialists 0 0 141 161 24 7 4% Bachelor's degree

25-3099 Teachers & Instructors, All Other 10 10 174 193 59 7 4% Bachelor's degree

29-1031 Dietitians & Nutritionists 75 84 114 127 34 7 6% Bachelor's degree

29-1062 Family & General Practitioners 122 143 129 151 0 7 5% First professional degree

29-2031 Cardiovascular Technologists & Technicians 156 176 158 180 30 7 4% Associate's degree

35-2019 Cooks, All Other 28 36 39 50 29 7 14% Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-9051 Mail Clerks & Mail Machine Operators 15 15 136 158 6 7 4% Short-term on-the-job training

45-2093 Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, & Aquacultural Animals 20 20 177 180 0 7 4% Short-term on-the-job training

49-2098 Security & Fire Alarm Systems Installers 40 43 123 142 0 7 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-2021 Air Traffic Controllers 10 10 114 127 0 7 6% Associate's degree

51-4072 Molding, Coremaking, & Casting Machine Setters 41 50 62 70 0 7 10% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2171 Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers 129 147 127 144 0 7 5% Long-term on-the-job training

45-2091 Agricultural Equipment Operators 10 11 147 152 0 7 5% Short-term on-the-job training

11-2021 Marketing Managers 37 41 114 127 75 7 6% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

13-2099 Financial Specialists, All Other 25 26 152 165 47 7 4% Bachelor's degree

15-1131 Computer Programmers 33 36 175 184 84 7 4% Bachelor's degree

43-5111 Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, & Samplers 25 26 109 116 6 7 6% Short-term on-the-job training

47-3019 Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other 105 113 123 134 0 7 5% Short-term on-the-job training

51-7011 Cabinetmakers & Bench Carpenters 20 26 49 52 0 7 13% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-7199 Material Moving Workers, All Other 34 41 43 52 0 7 13% Short-term on-the-job training

51-4122 Welding, Soldering, & Brazing Machine Setters 34 43 40 51 214 7 14% Postsecondary non-degree award

51-2091 Fiberglass Laminators & Fabricators 42 46 44 48 0 7 15% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2011 Boilermakers 70 78 80 89 0 7 8% Long-term on-the-job training

51-4035 Milling & Planing Machine Setters, Operators 5 11 5 17 14 6 35% Moderate-term on-the-job training



53-7121 Tank Car, Truck, & Ship Loaders 73 77 80 84 0 6 7% Short-term on-the-job training

11-9141 Property, Real Estate, & Community Association Managers 42 46 211 217 0 6 3% Work experience in a related occupation

13-1031 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, & Investigators 10 10 155 167 0 6 4% Long-term on-the-job training

17-1011 Architects, Except Landscape & Naval 11 12 115 130 0 6 5% Bachelor's degree

17-1022 Surveyors 41 47 112 127 12 6 5% Bachelor's degree

17-3031 Surveying & Mapping Technicians 26 30 149 162 12 6 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

19-3031 Clinical, Counseling, & School Psychologists 22 23 118 129 254 6 5% Doctoral degree

21-1019 Counselors, All Other 35 38 179 188 24 6 3% Master's degree

25-9011 Audio-Visual & Multimedia Collections Specialists 5 10 30 37 19 6 16% Bachelor's degree

27-1026 Merchandise Displayers & Window Trimmers 5 5 137 143 3 6 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-1128 Exercise Physiologists 5 10 11 17 203 6 35% Master's degree

31-1015 Orderlies 198 213 212 228 132 6 3% Postsecondary non-degree award

31-2021 Physical Therapist Assistants 111 132 115 136 50 6 4% Associate's degree

31-2022 Physical Therapist Aides 216 227 221 232 50 6 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

31-9095 Pharmacy Aides 16 17 160 175 92 6 3% Short-term on-the-job training

37-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping & Janitorial Workers 123 128 290 294 353 6 2% Work experience in a related occupation

43-4141 New Accounts Clerks 5 5 150 156 0 6 4% Short-term on-the-job training

43-9011 Computer Operators 15 20 47 53 88 6 11% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2072 Pile-Driver Operators 5 11 5 17 0 6 35% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2081 Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers 116 128 117 129 0 6 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-4061 Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators 82 96 93 109 0 6 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-2011 Computer, Automated Teller, & Office Machine Repairers 15 15 175 173 0 6 3% Postsecondary non-degree award

49-9094 Locksmiths & Safe Repairers 5 10 21 29 0 6 21% Long-term on-the-job training

51-3023 Slaughterers & Meat Packers 0 0 171 175 0 6 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4033 Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, & Buffing Machine Tool Setters 41 49 38 47 14 6 13% Moderate-term on-the-job training

19-4099 Life, Physical, & Social Science Technicians, All Other 15 16 86 94 0 6 6% Associate's degree

49-3041 Farm Equipment Mechanics & Service Technicians 10 11 112 121 0 6 5% Long-term on-the-job training

11-3021 Computer & Information Systems Managers 25 26 103 121 210 6 5% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

11-3111 Compensation & Benefits Managers 15 21 5 11 0 6 55% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

27-1024 Graphic Designers 20 21 107 116 0 6 5% Bachelor's degree

29-9012 Occupational Health & Safety Technicians 63 70 81 91 30 6 7% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9099 Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers, All Other 34 40 98 116 16 6 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-8092 Gas Plant Operators 69 77 77 87 73 6 7% Long-term on-the-job training

53-6051 Transportation Inspectors 21 24 93 105 0 6 6% Short-term on-the-job training

19-2031 Chemists 27 30 61 70 34 5 7% Bachelor's degree

51-4034 Lathe & Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators 19 27 21 29 14 5 17% Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-9013 Farmers, Ranchers, & Other Agricultural Managers 0 0 135 138 41 5 4% Work experience in a related occupation

11-9151 Social & Community Service Managers 27 30 111 122 460 5 4% Bachelor's degree

19-3099 Social Scientists & Related Workers, All Other 5 5 77 87 1 5 6% Master's degree

21-1091 Health Educators 42 49 79 92 0 5 5% Bachelor's degree



29-1067 Surgeons 127 140 132 145 0 5 3% First professional degree

29-1071 Physician Assistants 72 87 82 97 30 5 5% Master's degree

29-1131 Veterinarians 5 5 89 104 30 5 5% First professional degree

29-2099 Health Technologists & Technicians, All Other 83 95 95 108 30 5 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

31-9099 Healthcare Support Workers, All Other 61 71 130 144 30 5 3% Short-term on-the-job training

37-3013 Tree Trimmers & Pruners 5 5 71 91 0 5 5% Short-term on-the-job training

39-9041 Residential Advisors 37 40 85 94 0 5 5% Short-term on-the-job training

43-4131 Loan Interviewers & Clerks 0 0 249 238 0 5 2% Short-term on-the-job training

43-5041 Meter Readers, Utilities 10 10 107 112 0 5 4% Short-term on-the-job training

51-3011 Bakers 32 36 117 126 10 5 4% Long-term on-the-job training

51-3092 Food Batchmakers 12 13 110 116 0 5 4% Short-term on-the-job training

53-3099 Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other 30 33 117 128 0 5 4% Short-term on-the-job training

19-4021 Biological Technicians 10 11 68 76 11 5 7% Bachelor's degree

41-9031 Sales Engineers 15 16 88 93 0 5 5% Bachelor's degree

51-5112 Printing Press Operators 10 11 99 106 0 5 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-1022 Wholesale & Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products 20 21 77 87 0 5 6% Long-term on-the-job training

15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software 25 26 72 88 0 5 6% Bachelor's degree

15-1141 Database Administrators 25 26 91 105 126 5 5% Bachelor's degree

17-2199 Engineers, All Other 30 35 76 89 8 5 6% Bachelor's degree

17-3011 Architectural & Civil Drafters 34 36 162 165 26 5 3% Associate's degree

47-3014 Helpers Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers 117 100 115 98 0 5 5% Short-term on-the-job training

47-4031 Fence Erectors 61 72 60 73 0 5 7% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-2023 Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers 15 20 57 65 0 4 6% Short-term on-the-job training

51-8099 Plant & System Operators, All Other 26 29 32 37 0 4 11% Long-term on-the-job training

51-9051 Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, & Kettle Operators & Tenders 24 27 27 31 0 4 13% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9041 Extruding, Forming, Pressing, Operators, & Tenders 29 31 36 39 0 4 10% Moderate-term on-the-job training

17-3026 Industrial Engineering Technicians 23 27 35 41 41 4 10% Associate's degree

11-9031 Education Administrators, Preschool & Childcare 0 0 67 76 129 4 5% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

13-1121 Meeting, Convention, & Event Planners 38 44 63 77 0 4 5% Bachelor's degree

13-2052 Personal Financial Advisors 5 5 95 110 47 4 4% Bachelor's degree

19-1031 Conservation Scientists 5 5 105 116 37 4 3% Bachelor's degree

21-1015 Rehabilitation Counselors 13 15 84 97 0 4 4% Master's degree

27-4011 Audio & Video Equipment Technicians 15 15 53 67 5 4 6% Postsecondary non-degree award

29-1021 Dentists, General 96 100 100 104 30 4 4% First professional degree

29-2057 Ophthalmic Medical Technicians 89 98 90 99 0 4 4% Postsecondary non-degree award

31-9094 Medical Transcriptionists 51 54 63 76 30 4 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

33-9091 Crossing Guards 5 5 140 145 0 4 3% Short-term on-the-job training

35-1011 Chefs & Head Cooks 77 87 78 89 29 4 4% Work experience in a related occupation

41-3011 Advertising Sales Agents 5 5 112 109 3 4 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training



41-9011 Demonstrators & Product Promoters 10 10 74 82 0 4 5% Short-term on-the-job training

43-4181 Reservation & Transport Ticket Agents & Travel Clerks 78 90 73 84 0 4 5% Short-term on-the-job training

43-6012 Legal Secretaries 5 5 270 266 4 4 2% Postsecondary non-degree award

43-9071 Office Machine Operators, Except Computer 5 5 63 71 6 4 6% Short-term on-the-job training

47-4071 Septic Tank Servicers & Sewer Pipe Cleaners 5 5 51 61 0 4 7% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-2095 Electrical & Electronics Repairers, & Relay 10 10 70 78 0 4 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

51-4052 Pourers & Casters, Metal 18 24 18 24 0 4 17% Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-3061 Purchasing Managers 25 26 59 67 0 4 6% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

11-9121 Natural Sciences Managers 20 21 39 44 236 4 9% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

17-2072 Electronics Engineers, Except Computer 20 21 65 74 79 4 5% Bachelor's degree

27-3042 Technical Writers 20 21 78 84 0 4 5% Bachelor's degree

33-1099 First-Line Supervisors of Protective Service Workers 20 21 59 65 0 4 6% Work experience in a related occupation

47-4099 Construction & Related Workers, All Other 43 47 57 63 0 4 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9044 Millwrights 105 104 121 122 0 4 3% Long-term on-the-job training

51-4012 Computer Tool Programmers 17 22 20 27 88 4 15% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4199 Metal Workers & Plastic Workers, All Other 22 27 34 41 14 4 10% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9022 Grinding & Polishing Workers, Hand 24 27 25 28 0 4 14% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4193 Plating & Coating Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 16 19 20 22 14 3 14% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4111 Tool & Die Makers 23 28 23 28 0 3 11% Long-term on-the-job training

11-9081 Lodging Managers 52 57 53 59 0 3 5% Work experience in a related occupation

13-1131 Fundraisers 10 10 64 69 0 3 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

13-2021 Appraisers & Assessors of Real Estate 0 0 79 84 0 3 4% Associate's degree

13-2081 Tax Examiners & Collectors, & Revenue Agents 0 0 55 62 144 3 5% Bachelor's degree

17-2011 Aerospace Engineers 10 10 64 71 0 3 4% Bachelor's degree

19-1029 Biological Scientists, All Other 5 5 66 74 156 3 4% Doctoral degree

19-2099 Physical Scientists, All Other 0 0 55 62 0 3 5% Bachelor's degree

19-3039 Psychologists, All Other 5 5 45 52 254 3 6% Master's degree

19-4011 Agricultural & Food Science Technicians 0 0 67 70 21 3 4% Associate's degree

19-4093 Forest & Conservation Technicians 0 0 50 54 0 3 6% Associate's degree

21-1011 Substance Abuse & Behavioral Disorder Counselors 45 49 82 89 13 3 3% Bachelor's degree

21-2011 Clergy 27 37 35 46 0 3 7% Master's degree

25-3011 Adult Basic & Secondary Education & Literacy Teachers 5 5 72 79 37 3 4% Bachelor's degree

29-1063 Internists, General 65 75 66 76 0 3 4% First professional degree

29-1065 Pediatricians, General 61 69 63 71 0 3 4% First professional degree

29-1151 Nurse Anesthetists 40 49 44 52 0 3 6% Associate's degree

29-2035 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists 60 69 62 71 36 3 4% Associate's degree

29-2081 Opticians, Dispensing 42 48 65 72 30 3 4% Long-term on-the-job training

29-9099 Healthcare Practitioners & Technical Workers, All Other 24 28 38 44 30 3 7% Bachelor's degree

31-9011 Massage Therapists 31 37 79 88 30 3 3% Postsecondary non-degree award

31-9093 Medical Equipment Preparers 79 87 84 93 415 3 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training



31-9096 Veterinary Assistants & Laboratory Animal Caretakers 10 10 115 121 30 3 2% Short-term on-the-job training

39-7011 Tour Guides & Escorts 18 22 33 39 0 3 8% Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-2011 Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service 79 74 184 151 0 3 2% Short-term on-the-job training

43-4041 Credit Authorizers, Checkers, & Clerks 10 10 86 83 0 3 4% Short-term on-the-job training

43-5011 Cargo & Freight Agents 74 83 75 82 6 3 4% Short-term on-the-job training

43-5021 Couriers & Messengers 47 52 98 102 0 3 3% Short-term on-the-job training

45-2041 Graders & Sorters, Agricultural Products 5 5 108 112 0 3 3% Short-term on-the-job training

49-3052 Motorcycle Mechanics 0 0 62 69 0 3 4% Long-term on-the-job training

49-3053 Outdoor Power Equipment & Other Small Engine Mechanics 5 5 48 56 0 3 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9091 Coin, Vending Machine Servicers & Repairers 18 20 59 67 0 3 4% Short-term on-the-job training

51-3022 Meat, Poultry, & Fish Cutters & Trimmers 5 5 59 63 0 3 5% Short-term on-the-job training

51-3099 Food Processing Workers, All Other 5 5 69 72 0 3 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-5031 Ship Engineers 30 35 37 43 0 3 7% Bachelor's degree

53-7063 Machine Feeders & Offbearers 12 15 45 50 0 3 6% Short-term on-the-job training

17-3025 Environmental Engineering Technicians 15 16 29 35 0 3 9% Associate's degree

49-3051 Motorboat Mechanics & Service Technicians 15 16 49 56 0 3 5% Long-term on-the-job training

51-2022 Electrical & Electronic Equipment Assemblers 15 16 84 87 8 3 3% Short-term on-the-job training

51-6031 Sewing Machine Operators 5 6 68 74 3 3 4% Short-term on-the-job training

51-6093 Upholsterers 15 16 39 42 0 3 7% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-7011 Conveyor Operators & Tenders 10 11 40 44 0 3 7% Short-term on-the-job training

11-2031 Public Relations & Fundraising Managers 25 26 40 45 0 3 7% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

13-1141 Compensation, Benefits, & Job Analysis Specialists 25 26 57 63 0 3 5% Bachelor's degree

15-1143 Computer Network Architects 20 21 41 47 126 3 6% Bachelor's degree

15-2031 Operations Research Analysts 20 21 25 29 0 3 10% Bachelor's degree

49-2093 Electrical & Electronics Repairers, Transport Equipment 20 21 63 68 127 3 4% Postsecondary non-degree award

51-8021 Stationary Engineers & Boiler Operators 25 26 44 50 49 3 6% Long-term on-the-job training

51-4191 Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, & Tenders 16 19 13 17 14 3 18% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9195 Molders, Shapers, & Casters, Except Metal & Plastic 16 16 15 15 0 2 13% Long-term on-the-job training

11-1031 Legislators 0 0 42 48 17 2 4% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

13-2031 Budget Analysts 15 15 49 55 191 2 4% Bachelor's degree

13-2071 Credit Counselors 5 5 30 35 0 2 6% Bachelor's degree

13-2082 Tax Preparers 0 0 58 60 82 2 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

19-1013 Soil & Plant Scientists 5 5 24 27 53 2 7% Bachelor's degree

19-3051 Urban & Regional Planners 0 0 39 45 0 2 4% Master's degree

19-4061 Social Science Research Assistants 10 10 25 27 1 2 7% Associate's degree

19-4092 Forensic Science Technicians 5 5 22 25 1 2 8% Bachelor's degree

21-1023 Mental Health & Substance Abuse Social Workers 20 24 42 48 0 2 4% Master's degree

21-1029 Social Workers, All Other 5 5 35 40 24 2 5% Bachelor's degree

21-1094 Community Health Workers 20 23 51 57 0 2 4% Bachelor's degree



23-1023 Judges, Magistrate Judges, & Magistrates 0 0 59 64 0 2 3% First professional degree

23-2091 Court Reporters 0 0 32 39 5 2 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

25-2023 Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School 0 0 36 40 0 2 5% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

25-4012 Curators 16 21 24 29 0 2 7% Master's degree

25-9099 Education, Training, & Library Workers, All Other 5 5 27 34 0 2 6% Bachelor's degree

27-1023 Floral Designers 5 5 60 56 0 2 4% Short-term on-the-job training

27-2012 Producers & Directors 5 5 51 50 41 2 4% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

27-2041 Music Directors & Composers 5 5 41 44 5 2 5% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

27-3041 Editors 10 10 51 52 116 2 4% Bachelor's degree

27-4012 Broadcast Technicians 5 5 51 50 7 2 4% Associate's degree

27-4021 Photographers 10 10 42 44 41 2 5% Long-term on-the-job training

29-1041 Optometrists 33 37 37 42 30 2 5% First professional degree

29-1061 Anesthesiologists 45 52 46 53 0 2 4% First professional degree

29-1064 Obstetricians & Gynecologists 41 46 42 47 0 2 4% First professional degree

29-2053 Psychiatric Technicians 13 17 35 41 31 2 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

31-2011 Occupational Therapy Assistants 46 53 52 60 49 2 3% Associate's degree

33-9011 Animal Control Workers 0 0 49 53 0 2 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

33-9093 Transportation Security Screeners 10 10 60 68 0 2 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

35-9099 Food Preparation & Serving Related Workers, All Other 27 28 37 39 0 2 5% Short-term on-the-job training

39-3021 Motion Picture Projectionists 5 5 43 44 0 2 5% Short-term on-the-job training

39-4021 Funeral Attendants 0 0 34 32 0 2 6% Short-term on-the-job training

39-4031 Morticians, Undertakers, & Funeral Directors 0 0 46 47 0 2 4% Associate's degree

39-6011 Baggage Porters & Bellhops 35 49 28 36 0 2 6% Short-term on-the-job training

39-9099 Personal Care & Service Workers, All Other 20 20 42 48 0 2 4% Short-term on-the-job training

43-3099 Financial Clerks, All Other 5 5 67 67 0 2 3% Short-term on-the-job training

43-5051 Postal Service Clerks 0 0 86 74 6 2 3% Short-term on-the-job training

45-2011 Agricultural Inspectors 0 0 47 51 0 2 4% Bachelor's degree

45-2099 Agricultural Workers, All Other 0 0 40 42 0 2 5% Short-term on-the-job training

47-2021 Brickmasons & Blockmasons 47 46 50 49 0 2 4% Long-term on-the-job training

47-2131 Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, & Wall 32 36 33 37 0 2 5% Short-term on-the-job training

47-2181 Roofers 84 80 86 82 0 2 2% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-2091 Avionics Technicians 38 46 32 37 23 2 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

49-9031 Home Appliance Repairers 10 10 77 80 0 2 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9062 Medical Equipment Repairers 11 14 31 38 0 2 5% Associate's degree

49-9092 Commercial Divers 15 20 16 22 0 2 9% Postsecondary non-degree award

51-3093 Food Cooking Machine Operators & Tenders 12 13 63 66 0 2 3% Short-term on-the-job training

51-6021 Pressers, Textile, Garment, & Related Materials 5 5 186 190 3 2 1% Short-term on-the-job training

51-9081 Dental Laboratory Technicians 19 18 70 67 0 2 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9151 Photographic Process & Processing Machine Operators 10 10 67 65 0 2 3% Short-term on-the-job training

51-9196 Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 0 0 22 30 0 2 7% Moderate-term on-the-job training



53-3011 Ambulance Drivers & Attendants 36 38 38 42 8 2 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-6021 Parking Lot Attendants 15 15 39 43 0 2 5% Short-term on-the-job training

53-7031 Dredge Operators 18 23 22 26 0 2 8% Short-term on-the-job training

11-3131 Training & Development Managers 15 16 20 22 0 2 9% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

17-2131 Materials Engineers 10 11 13 16 0 2 13% Bachelor's degree

17-3012 Electrical & Electronics Drafters 10 11 33 36 0 2 6% Associate's degree

17-3019 Drafters, All Other 15 16 26 27 14 2 7% Associate's degree

19-1022 Microbiologists 10 11 19 22 0 2 9% Bachelor's degree

19-2032 Materials Scientists 5 6 20 21 0 2 10% Bachelor's degree

27-1021 Commercial & Industrial Designers 10 11 18 21 0 2 10% Bachelor's degree

33-2021 Fire Inspectors & Investigators 5 6 19 22 21 2 9% Work experience in a related occupation

49-9069 Precision Instrument & Equipment Repairers, All Other 10 11 20 24 0 2 8% Long-term on-the-job training

51-7041 Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders, Wood 5 6 18 20 0 2 10% Short-term on-the-job training

51-9021 Crushing, Grinding, & Polishing Machine Setters 15 16 28 31 0 2 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9032 Cutting & Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 10 11 30 34 0 2 6% Short-term on-the-job training

51-9123 Painting, Coating, & Decorating Workers 10 11 22 24 0 2 8% Moderate-term on-the-job training

15-1134 Web Developers 20 21 37 43 126 2 5% Bachelor's degree

17-3027 Mechanical Engineering Technicians 20 21 27 32 4 2 6% Associate's degree

47-2022 Stonemasons 30 24 29 23 0 2 9% Long-term on-the-job training

47-2044 Tile & Marble Setters 28 28 26 27 0 2 7% Long-term on-the-job training

47-4021 Elevator Installers & Repairers 27 29 24 26 0 2 8% Long-term on-the-job training

53-7071 Gas Compressor & Gas Pumping Station Operators 22 27 19 24 0 2 8% Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-2011 Advertising & Promotions Managers 15 15 22 23 78 1 4% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

11-9039 Education Administrators, All Other 10 10 17 19 129 1 5% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

11-9061 Funeral Service Managers 0 0 17 18 0 1 6% Associate's degree

11-9131 Postmasters & Mail Superintendents 0 0 46 45 17 1 2% Work experience in a related occupation

11-9161 Emergency Management Directors 5 5 15 16 0 1 6% Bachelor's degree

13-1075 Labor Relations Specialists 10 10 52 52 0 1 2% Bachelor's degree

13-2053 Insurance Underwriters 0 0 23 26 0 1 4% Bachelor's degree

13-2061 Financial Examiners 0 0 15 18 144 1 6% Bachelor's degree

15-1122 Information Security Analysts 15 15 28 31 126 1 3% Bachelor's degree

15-2041 Statisticians 5 5 10 11 28 1 9% Master's degree

17-2061 Computer Hardware Engineers 5 5 30 31 0 1 3% Bachelor's degree

19-1012 Food Scientists & Technologists 0 0 13 14 46 1 7% Bachelor's degree

19-1023 Zoologists & Wildlife Biologists 5 5 20 21 37 1 5% Bachelor's degree

19-2012 Physicists 10 10 24 27 4 1 4% Doctoral degree

19-2021 Atmospheric & Space Scientists 0 0 41 46 0 1 2% Bachelor's degree

19-2043 Hydrologists 0 0 13 14 14 1 7% Master's degree

19-3011 Economists 5 5 12 13 7 1 8% Master's degree

19-3022 Survey Researchers 0 0 17 20 7 1 5% Bachelor's degree



19-3091 Anthropologists & Archeologists 5 5 13 15 0 1 7% Master's degree

19-3094 Political Scientists 0 0 19 21 33 1 5% Master's degree

21-1013 Marriage & Family Therapists 5 5 12 14 24 1 7% Master's degree

23-1012 Judicial Law Clerks 0 0 21 23 0 1 4% First professional degree

23-1021 Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, & Hearing Officers 0 0 40 42 0 1 2% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

23-2093 Title Examiners, Abstractors, & Searchers 10 12 62 61 15 1 2% Short-term on-the-job training

23-2099 Legal Support Workers, All Other 5 5 53 57 15 1 2% Short-term on-the-job training

25-2051 Special Education Teachers, Preschool 5 5 12 15 35 1 7% Bachelor's degree

25-2059 Special Education Teachers, All Other 5 5 17 21 59 1 5% Bachelor's degree

25-4013 Museum Technicians & Conservators 5 5 16 18 0 1 6% Bachelor's degree

25-9021 Farm & Home Management Advisors 0 0 12 13 64 1 8% Master's degree

27-1025 Interior Designers 5 5 24 26 0 1 4% Bachelor's degree

27-2011 Actors 5 5 21 22 37 1 5% Long-term on-the-job training

27-2031 Dancers 10 10 11 11 0 1 9% Long-term on-the-job training

27-2042 Musicians & Singers 23 23 28 29 49 1 3% Long-term on-the-job training

27-3011 Radio & Television Announcers 5 5 28 21 115 1 5% Bachelor's degree

27-3022 Reporters & Correspondents 0 0 35 35 116 1 3% Bachelor's degree

27-3043 Writers & Authors 10 10 30 32 116 1 3% Bachelor's degree

29-1011 Chiropractors 29 31 29 31 30 1 3% First professional degree

29-1066 Psychiatrists 18 20 25 28 0 1 4% First professional degree

29-1124 Radiation Therapists 17 20 18 21 30 1 5% Associate's degree

29-1125 Recreational Therapists 5 5 11 13 30 1 8% Bachelor's degree

29-1129 Therapists, All Other 18 20 26 28 233 1 4% Master's degree

29-1181 Audiologists 12 14 17 19 98 1 5% First professional degree

29-1199 Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners, All Other 5 5 17 19 30 1 5% Master's degree

29-2033 Nuclear Medicine Technologists 27 30 28 31 36 1 3% Associate's degree

29-2051 Dietetic Technicians 24 27 23 27 34 1 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-2054 Respiratory Therapy Technicians 34 35 37 38 44 1 3% Associate's degree

29-9091 Athletic Trainers 19 20 27 30 38 1 3% Bachelor's degree

33-3011 Bailiffs 0 0 19 21 102 1 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

33-3031 Fish & Game Wardens 0 0 18 19 37 1 5% Associate's degree

33-9021 Private Detectives & Investigators 0 0 16 18 102 1 6% Work experience in a related occupation

37-2019 Building Cleaning Workers, All Other 10 10 26 26 0 1 4% Short-term on-the-job training

37-3012 Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, & Applicators, Vegetation 5 5 20 24 0 1 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

37-3019 Grounds Maintenance Workers, All Other 10 10 17 20 0 1 5% Short-term on-the-job training

39-2011 Animal Trainers 5 5 20 22 0 1 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

39-3011 Gaming Dealers 10 10 13 16 0 1 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

39-3019 Gaming Service Workers, All Other 5 5 11 13 0 1 8% Moderate-term on-the-job training

39-3099 Entertainment Attendants & Related Workers, All Other 5 5 14 15 0 1 7% Short-term on-the-job training

39-5094 Skincare Specialists 10 10 33 37 112 1 3% Postsecondary non-degree award



39-6012 Concierges 24 25 30 32 0 1 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

41-2012 Gaming Change Persons & Booth Cashiers 5 5 26 25 0 1 4% Short-term on-the-job training

41-3041 Travel Agents 10 10 32 23 0 1 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

41-9012 Models 0 0 20 21 0 1 5% Short-term on-the-job training

41-9021 Real Estate Brokers 5 5 56 54 0 1 2% Work experience in a related occupation

43-4011 Brokerage Clerks 0 0 35 35 82 1 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

43-5053 Postal Service Mail Sorters, & Machine Operators 0 0 131 113 6 1 1% Short-term on-the-job training

43-9022 Word Processors & Typists 5 5 57 60 6 1 2% Short-term on-the-job training

45-3011 Fishers & Related Fishing Workers 0 0 26 20 0 1 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

47-2161 Plasterers & Stucco Masons 24 25 21 22 0 1 5% Long-term on-the-job training

47-3011 Helpers Brickmasons, Stonemasons, Tile & Marble Setters 37 26 37 26 0 1 4% Short-term on-the-job training

47-3016 Helpers Roofers 60 51 60 51 0 1 2% Short-term on-the-job training

47-5042 Mine Cutting & Channeling Machine Operators 10 10 17 19 0 1 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-2021 Radio, Cellular, & Tower Equipment Installers & Repairs 5 5 25 23 8 1 4% Associate's degree

49-2096 Electronic Equipment Installers & Repairers, Motor Vehicles 0 0 20 20 127 1 5% Postsecondary non-degree award

49-2097 Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Repairers 14 14 41 43 8 1 2% Postsecondary non-degree award

49-3022 Automotive Glass Installers & Repairers 5 5 15 18 11 1 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-3043 Rail Car Repairers 5 5 13 15 0 1 7% Long-term on-the-job training

49-3092 Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians 5 5 32 35 0 1 3% Long-term on-the-job training

49-9011 Mechanical Door Repairers 23 23 42 44 16 1 2% Moderate-term on-the-job training

49-9063 Musical Instrument Repairers & Tuners 0 0 13 14 0 1 7% Postsecondary non-degree award

49-9081 Wind Turbine Service Technicians 5 5 21 22 0 1 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-2011 Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging & Systems Assemblers 28 34 16 19 32 1 5% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-3091 Food & Tobacco Roasting, Baking Tenders 5 5 22 23 0 1 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-5111 Prepress Technicians & Workers 0 0 30 29 0 1 3% Postsecondary non-degree award

51-5113 Print Binding & Finishing Workers 0 0 26 27 0 1 4% Short-term on-the-job training

51-6052 Tailors, Dressmakers, & Custom Sewers 5 5 73 75 3 1 1% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-8011 Nuclear Power Reactor Operators 0 0 20 22 0 1 5% Long-term on-the-job training

51-8012 Power Distributors & Dispatchers 5 5 24 26 0 1 4% Long-term on-the-job training

51-9071 Jewelers & Precious Stone & Metal Workers 0 0 29 27 0 1 4% Postsecondary non-degree award

51-9082 Medical Appliance Technicians 5 5 17 18 0 1 6% Long-term on-the-job training

51-9083 Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians 12 13 26 27 0 1 4% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9141 Semiconductor Processors 0 0 26 19 0 1 5% Associate's degree

53-1011 Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors 10 10 13 14 0 1 7% Work experience in a related occupation

53-2011 Airline Pilots, Copilots, & Flight Engineers 10 10 24 27 0 1 4% Bachelor's degree

53-2031 Flight Attendants 31 33 27 29 0 1 3% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-4031 Railroad Conductors & Yardmasters 0 0 15 17 0 1 6% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-4041 Subway & Streetcar Operators 0 0 12 14 0 1 7% Moderate-term on-the-job training

53-6041 Traffic Technicians 0 0 17 19 0 1 5% Short-term on-the-job training



17-2021 Agricultural Engineers 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Bachelor's degree

17-2121 Marine Engineers & Naval Architects 10 11 5 6 0 1 17% Bachelor's degree

17-2151 Mining & Geological Engineers 10 11 5 13 0 1 8% Bachelor's degree

19-1021 Biochemists & Biophysicists 10 11 5 6 0 1 17% Doctoral degree

51-2021 Coil Winders, Tapers, & Finishers 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Short-term on-the-job training

51-4022 Forging Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 15 16 5 6 14 1 17% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4061 Model Makers, Metal & Plastic 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Long-term on-the-job training

51-4062 Patternmakers, Metal & Plastic 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Long-term on-the-job training

51-4071 Foundry Mold & Coremakers 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-4194 Tool Grinders, Filers, & Sharpeners 5 6 5 12 0 1 8% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-6064 Textile Winding Drawing Out Machine Setters &Tenders 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-6091 Extruding & Forming Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders 5 6 5 6 3 1 17% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-7021 Furniture Finishers 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Short-term on-the-job training

51-7031 Model Makers, Wood 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-7042 Woodworking Operators, & Tenders, Except Sawing 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Short-term on-the-job training

51-9031 Cutters & Trimmers, Hand 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Short-term on-the-job training

51-9191 Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators & Tenders 10 11 5 12 0 1 8% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9192 Cleaning, Washing, & Metal Pickling Equip. Operators 5 6 11 12 0 1 8% Moderate-term on-the-job training

51-9194 Etchers & Engravers 5 6 5 6 0 1 17% Moderate-term on-the-job training

11-9071 Gaming Managers 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Work experience in a related occupation

13-1011 Agents & Business Managers of Artists 5 5 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

13-1021 Buyers & Purchasing Agents, Farm Products 5 5 5 5 0 0 0% Long-term on-the-job training

13-1032 Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Postsecondary non-degree award

13-1074 Farm Labor Contractors 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Short-term on-the-job training

15-1111 Computer & Information Research Scientists 0 0 11 12 126 0 0% Doctoral degree

15-2011 Actuaries 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

15-2021 Mathematicians 0 0 5 5 28 0 0% Doctoral degree

15-2091 Mathematical Technicians 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

15-2099 Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other 0 0 5 5 28 0 0% Bachelor's degree

17-1012 Landscape Architects 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

17-1021 Cartographers & Photogrammetrists 5 5 5 5 12 0 0% Bachelor's degree

17-2161 Nuclear Engineers 5 5 5 10 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

17-3021 Aerospace Engineering & Operations Technicians 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Associate's degree

19-1011 Animal Scientists 0 0 5 5 60 0 0% Doctoral degree

19-1032 Foresters 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

19-1041 Epidemiologists 5 5 5 10 0 0 0% Master's degree

19-1099 Life Scientists, All Other 5 5 10 11 155 0 0% Bachelor's degree

19-2011 Astronomers 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Doctoral degree



19-3032 Industrial-Organizational Psychologists 0 0 5 5 254 0 0% Master's degree

19-3041 Sociologists 0 0 5 5 156 0 0% Master's degree

19-3092 Geographers 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Master's degree

19-3093 Historians 5 5 5 5 58 0 0% Master's degree

19-4051 Nuclear Technicians 0 0 5 11 0 0 0% Associate's degree

19-4091 Environmental Science & Protection Technicians 24 21 90 92 33 0 0% Associate's degree

21-2021 Directors, Religious Activities & Education 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

21-2099 Religious Workers, All Other 5 5 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

23-1022 Arbitrators, Mediators, & Conciliators 0 0 15 16 0 0 0% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

25-4011 Archivists 5 5 5 11 0 0 0% Master's degree

27-1011 Art Directors 5 5 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience

27-1012 Craft Artists 5 5 5 5 41 0 0% Long-term on-the-job training

27-1013 Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, & Illustrators 5 5 5 5 63 0 0% Long-term on-the-job training

27-1014 Multimedia Artists & Animators 5 5 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

27-1019 Artists & Related Workers, All Other 5 5 5 5 22 0 0% Long-term on-the-job training

27-1022 Fashion Designers 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Associate's degree

27-1027 Set & Exhibit Designers 5 5 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

27-1029 Designers, All Other 0 0 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

27-2021 Athletes & Sports Competitors 5 5 5 5 19 0 0% Long-term on-the-job training

27-2023 Umpires, Referees, & Other Sports Officials 5 5 5 5 0 0 0% Long-term on-the-job training

27-2032 Choreographers 5 5 5 5 0 0 0% Work experience in a related occupation

27-2099 Entertainers & Performers, Sports & Related Workers 5 5 11 12 37 0 0% Long-term on-the-job training

27-3012 Public Address System & Other Announcers 11 11 12 12 0 0 0% Short-term on-the-job training

27-3021 Broadcast News Analysts 0 0 5 5 9 0 0% Bachelor's degree

27-3099 Media & Communication Workers, All Other 5 5 5 5 7 0 0% Short-term on-the-job training

27-4013 Radio Operators 0 0 5 5 8 0 0% Short-term on-the-job training

27-4014 Sound Engineering Technicians 5 5 5 5 12 0 0% Postsecondary non-degree award

27-4031 Camera Operators, Television, Video, & Motion Picture 5 5 14 14 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

27-4032 Film & Video Editors 5 5 5 5 11 0 0% Bachelor's degree

27-4099 Media & Communication Equipment Workers, All Other 0 0 16 17 0 0 0% Moderate-term on-the-job training

29-1022 Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons 5 5 5 5 30 0 0% First professional degree

29-1023 Orthodontists 5 5 5 5 30 0 0% First professional degree

29-1024 Prosthodontists 5 5 5 5 30 0 0% First professional degree

29-1029 Dentists, All Other Specialists 5 5 5 5 30 0 0% First professional degree

29-1081 Podiatrists 5 5 12 13 30 0 0% First professional degree

29-1161 Nurse Midwives 5 5 5 11 0 0 0% Associate's degree

29-2091 Orthotists & Prosthetists 5 5 5 11 30 0 0% Master's degree

29-2092 Hearing Aid Specialists 5 5 5 10 0 0 0% Postsecondary non-degree award

29-9092 Genetic Counselors 5 5 5 5 0 0 0% Bachelor's degree

Industry Cluster Analysis for the

Coastal Bend Workforce

Development Area

2014 Update Report

Study commissioned by

Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend

Report prepared by

Jim Lee

EDA University Center

College of Business

industry cluster analysis for the coastal bend …stedc.tamucc.edu/files/cluster_cb_2014.pdf ·...

Documents