Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Starter questionsStarter questions

1)1) What was the Industrial Revolution?What was the Industrial Revolution?

2)2) What changed?What changed?

3)3) Where did the change occur?Where did the change occur?

4)4) Where did the Industrial Revolution Where did the Industrial Revolution start?start?

5)5) How did life in the United States How did life in the United States change?change?

What is the Industrial Revolution?What is the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial The Industrial Revolution is the Revolution is the change from change from making things by making things by hand to making hand to making things by things by machine.machine.

A shift from A shift from home production home production to factory to factory productionproduction

Where did it start?Where did it start?

The revolution The revolution began in Englandbegan in England

It spread to the It spread to the United States United States taking hold in taking hold in New EnglandNew England

What industry did it start in?What industry did it start in?

It began in the It began in the textile industry, textile industry, clothcloth

We saw the We saw the innovation of innovation of power looms, power looms, water frames, and water frames, and flying shuttlesflying shuttles

What were some of the new What were some of the new machines?machines?

Robert Fulton developed the steamboatRobert Fulton developed the steamboat Peter Cooper developed the steam Peter Cooper developed the steam

powered locomotivepowered locomotive John Deere developed new plows, John Deere developed new plows,

threshing machines, and reaping machinesthreshing machines, and reaping machines Samuel F. B. Morse developed the Samuel F. B. Morse developed the

telegraph allowing information to move telegraph allowing information to move across countryacross country

Interchangeable parts allowed production Interchangeable parts allowed production to be sped up, repairs to be made easily, to be sped up, repairs to be made easily, and can use less skilled workersand can use less skilled workers

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

Connected the East to the WestConnected the East to the West Union Pacific started in Omaha, Union Pacific started in Omaha,

Nebraska and built westNebraska and built west Central Pacific started in Central Pacific started in

Sacramento, California and built Sacramento, California and built easteast

The two lines of the railroad met The two lines of the railroad met in Promontory, Utahin Promontory, Utah

Who worked on the railroad?Who worked on the railroad?

Most were immigrantsMost were immigrants Central Pacific hired ChineseCentral Pacific hired Chinese Union Pacific hired many Irish Union Pacific hired many Irish

immigrantsimmigrants They also hired Native Americans They also hired Native Americans

and African Americansand African Americans The work was very dangerous and The work was very dangerous and

difficultdifficult

How did the railroad effect the How did the railroad effect the United States?United States?

Changed how we tell timeChanged how we tell time

-Solar time – based on sun’s -Solar time – based on sun’s movement in the skymovement in the sky

--Standard time – divided US in Standard time – divided US in to four different time zonesto four different time zones

Encouraged migration westEncouraged migration west Spurred the economy with Spurred the economy with

movement of goodsmovement of goods

What were the causes of Industrial What were the causes of Industrial growth?growth?

Growing population – more Growing population – more immigrants for workersimmigrants for workers

Natural resources – able to produce a Natural resources – able to produce a variety of goodsvariety of goods

New inventionsNew inventions 1. Bessemer process – cheap steel1. Bessemer process – cheap steel 2. Electric – Thomas Edison2. Electric – Thomas Edison 3. Telephone – Alexander Graham 3. Telephone – Alexander Graham BellBell Improved transportation – Improved transportation –

steamboats, railroads, and canalssteamboats, railroads, and canals

How did business change?How did business change?

In the 1800s, most businesses were owned In the 1800s, most businesses were owned directly by one persondirectly by one person

To raise money businesses turned in To raise money businesses turned in to corporations to corporations

-businesses to make money sell-businesses to make money sell

parts of their companiesparts of their companies

-business owned by shareholders-business owned by shareholders

-investors buy shares of stock-investors buy shares of stock

-this led to a few dominant companies-this led to a few dominant companies

Oil IndustryOil Industry

John D. John D. RockefellerRockefeller

Best way to make Best way to make money is to get rid money is to get rid of competitionof competition

Formed a Formed a monopoly – get monopoly – get rid of rid of competitioncompetition

Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration

Rockefeller developed trustsRockefeller developed trusts

--hold stock in many companieshold stock in many companies

-other companies joined Standard -other companies joined Standard

Oil – Rockefeller controlled 95%Oil – Rockefeller controlled 95%

of oil industryof oil industry

-forced consumers to buy from him-forced consumers to buy from him Many thought Rockefeller was a Many thought Rockefeller was a

robberbaron – business leader that robberbaron – business leader that gets rich by using dishonest meansgets rich by using dishonest means

Steel IndustrySteel Industry

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Wanted to make a Wanted to make a

better and cheaper better and cheaper good- steelgood- steel

A philanthropist A philanthropist – someone who – someone who gives money to gives money to charitiescharities

Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

This is when you buy companies This is when you buy companies that provide a good or service that provide a good or service needed to make your productneeded to make your product

Carnegie bought a mine to get the Carnegie bought a mine to get the ore he needed to make steelore he needed to make steel

He bought a railroad to transport the He bought a railroad to transport the ore and the finished productore and the finished product

By doing this he does not have to By doing this he does not have to pay otherspay others

Henry FordHenry Ford

Built the Ford carBuilt the Ford car Made the car affordable for everyoneMade the car affordable for everyone Developed the assembly lineDeveloped the assembly line -car moved along a path-car moved along a path -each worker had one specific job-each worker had one specific job -worker did that job and only that -worker did that job and only that jobjob -car moved on to the next worker-car moved on to the next worker

Positives and Negatives of FordPositives and Negatives of Ford

Positive influencePositive influence

-paid his workers $5.oo a day-paid his workers $5.oo a day

-hired African Americans-hired African Americans Negative influenceNegative influence

-anti-Semitic-anti-Semitic

-anti-union-anti-union

Business CyclesBusiness Cycles

Pattern of good and bad times in the Pattern of good and bad times in the economyeconomy

Good time = Good time = Boom = consumers Boom = consumers spend money, businesses growspend money, businesses grow

Bad time = Bad time = Bust = spending Bust = spending decreases, businesses close or decreases, businesses close or lay off workerslay off workers

Standard of LivingStandard of Living

Due to low cost of production, Due to low cost of production, people could buy more goodspeople could buy more goods

Standard of living improvedStandard of living improved Gilded Age = means to coat an Gilded Age = means to coat an

object with goldobject with gold Many had great wealth and that Many had great wealth and that

hid the fact that the majority hid the fact that the majority lived in povertylived in poverty

How did life change from the How did life change from the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution?

Before = people lived in rural areasBefore = people lived in rural areas After = lived in citiesAfter = lived in cities Urbanization = growth of citiesUrbanization = growth of cities Skyscrapers = cheap steel and invention of Skyscrapers = cheap steel and invention of

the elevator lead to taller buildingsthe elevator lead to taller buildings Skyscrapers help cities absorb populationSkyscrapers help cities absorb population Streetcars = help people live farther from Streetcars = help people live farther from

workwork Lead to growth of suburbs and city Lead to growth of suburbs and city

expansionexpansion

ImmigrationImmigration

1896 – change in immigration from 1896 – change in immigration from Northern and Western Europe to Northern and Western Europe to Southern and Eastern EuropeSouthern and Eastern Europe

First stop upon arrival is Ellis IslandFirst stop upon arrival is Ellis Island

-Pass physical exam-Pass physical exam

-if you had a serious illness you-if you had a serious illness you

were deportedwere deported

-Asked simple questions like name, -Asked simple questions like name,

occupation, and financial situationoccupation, and financial situation

Other ports of entryOther ports of entry

Angel Island = Angel Island = located in San located in San Francisco – port Francisco – port of entry for of entry for ChineseChinese

Texas = port of Texas = port of entry for entry for MexicansMexicans

Ethnic ClustersEthnic Clusters

Neighborhoods Neighborhoods with people from with people from the same countrythe same country

For example:For example:

-Chinatown-Chinatown

-Little Italy-Little Italy

US becomes known as the Melting US becomes known as the Melting PotPot

Place where cultures blendPlace where cultures blend New immigrants had to assimilateNew immigrants had to assimilate

-studied English and how to be -studied English and how to be citizenscitizens

Many immigrants faced prejudice Many immigrants faced prejudice from native bornfrom native born

-push for restrictions on -push for restrictions on immigrationimmigration

-fear competition for jobs-fear competition for jobs

Congress passes legislationCongress passes legislation

Taxes on new immigrantsTaxes on new immigrants Banned specific groupsBanned specific groups Asian faced some of the worst prejudicesAsian faced some of the worst prejudices

--Chinese Exclusion Act – banned Chinese Exclusion Act – banned Chinese immigration for 10 yearsChinese immigration for 10 years

-paid less and faced violence-paid less and faced violence Mexican and African Americans faced Mexican and African Americans faced

peonage = forced to work until all peonage = forced to work until all debt paid offdebt paid off

Overcrowded CitiesOvercrowded Cities

Rise of Rise of tenements = run tenements = run down, down, overcrowded overcrowded apartmentsapartments

Sweatshops = Sweatshops = hot, crowded, hot, crowded, and dangerous and dangerous factoriesfactories

Political MachinesPolitical Machines

Illegal gangs that influences enough Illegal gangs that influences enough votes to control a local governmentvotes to control a local government

Traded favors for votesTraded favors for votes Gave cash, jobs, or food to supportersGave cash, jobs, or food to supporters In exchange supporters voted for the In exchange supporters voted for the

members of the political machinemembers of the political machine Tammany Hall in NYC was run by Boss Tammany Hall in NYC was run by Boss

TweedTweed -built parks, sewers, schools, roads, -built parks, sewers, schools, roads,

and orphanagesand orphanages

African AmericansAfrican Americans

Jim Crow laws = enforce segregation Jim Crow laws = enforce segregation in public placesin public places

KKK – used terror to keep blacks from KKK – used terror to keep blacks from challenging segregationchallenging segregation

Plessy vs. Ferguson – Homer Plessy Plessy vs. Ferguson – Homer Plessy sued a railroad company saying sued a railroad company saying segregated seating violated his 14segregated seating violated his 14thth amendment rightsamendment rights

Supreme Court ruled segregation is Supreme Court ruled segregation is legal as long as the facilities are legal as long as the facilities are equalequal

Two African American leaders that Two African American leaders that fought backfought back

Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashington

-founded the -founded the Tuskegee InstituteTuskegee Institute

W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois

-fought against -fought against segregationsegregation

-pushed for higher -pushed for higher educationeducation

-founded NAACP-founded NAACP

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Poor working conditionsPoor working conditions

-10-12 hour a day-10-12 hour a day

-no sick time-no sick time

-low pay – avg. pay was less than -low pay – avg. pay was less than

$10.00 a week$10.00 a week

-dull, repetitive job-dull, repetitive job

-unsafe working conditions-unsafe working conditions

-unhealthy conditions-unhealthy conditions

Who worked?Who worked?

During the During the Industrial Industrial Revolution Revolution everybody in the everybody in the family workedfamily worked

Needed all the Needed all the wages to survivewages to survive

Rise in child Rise in child laborlabor

What do unhappy workers do?What do unhappy workers do?

They form unionsThey form unions Knights of Labor – allowed men, Knights of Labor – allowed men,

women, and African Americanswomen, and African Americans Labor unions used strikes to Labor unions used strikes to

force changeforce change Business owners would hire Business owners would hire

strikebreakers to combat strikesstrikebreakers to combat strikes Strikes could turn violentStrikes could turn violent

American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor

Formed by Samuel GompersFormed by Samuel Gompers He used negotiations, strikes, and He used negotiations, strikes, and

boycotts to achieve goalsboycotts to achieve goals Pullman StrikePullman Strike -workers went on strike-workers went on strike -Company would not negotiate-Company would not negotiate -Railroad workers boycotted and all -Railroad workers boycotted and all

rail traffic stoppedrail traffic stopped President Cleveland had to end President Cleveland had to end

strikestrike

How did society change?How did society change?

Urbanization and industrialization helped Urbanization and industrialization helped create cheaper goods and more leisure create cheaper goods and more leisure timetime

Public education expanded – literacy Public education expanded – literacy increasedincreased

Publishing industry grew – more Publishing industry grew – more newspapers, magazines, and booksnewspapers, magazines, and books

Entertainment expands – baseball, Entertainment expands – baseball, Vaudeville, Rag time, and amusement Vaudeville, Rag time, and amusement parksparks