INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Chapter 5 Review

WHY BRITAIN?

Labour supply• Farmers replaced by new technology• Large unemployment rate

Middle class (businessmen) influence over government

Puritans barred from positions of power (government, church,

military) as a result of the Test Act

British government encouraged new business

Raw materials

Colonies

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Enclosure and re-sale of commons land• Negatively affected poor farmers -> sell farms to

wealthy farmers

Subsistence farming -> farming for profit• New animal breeds; new technologies

Turnips -> Barley -> Grasses -> Wheat• Land did not need to be left fallow• 4 times larger crop yield

• Fewer farmers could feed larger populations• Turnips and clover = winter fodder

ECONOMIC REVOLUTION

English parliament• Tories – rich landowners• Whigs – middle class business people

Laissez-faire – economic policy implemented by the Whigs• Business/industry free from government regulation

Textiles (cloth/cloth products)• Enclosure made it possible to maintain enormous herds of sheep• Sheep -> wool -> thread -> cloth

• Grew more efficient with new inventions (Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny)

Steam – an engine to power factories

TRANSPORTATION

The need for roads• From horses to horse-drawn wagons

Canals

Railways

MECHANIZATIONTHE FACTORY SYSTEM

The Cottage Industry – a case of supply and demand• Rendered obsolete by new inventions during I.R.

The Factory Age• Created new cities – workers lived in large housing

developments• Difficult working conditions (labour costs $)

• Child labour – chimney sweepers

The Factory Acts• (1802) – 12 hour max for children• (1819) – cannot hire a child under 9

SOCIETY AND CULTURE

Upper class – “society”

Middle class – doctor, engineer, lawyer, university

degree

Lower middle class – white collar (stores, offices,

small shops), teachers

Women – worked same jobs/under same conditions

as men

Poor – diseased, treated poorly