Becoming a World PowerBecoming a World Power1898-19171898-1917

U.S. Looks OutwardU.S. Looks Outward

Protestant MissionariesProtestant Missionaries BusinessmenBusinessmen ImperialistsImperialists

Protestant MissionariesProtestant Missionaries

Focused mainly on ChinaFocused mainly on China Christian dutyChristian duty ““Civilizing”Civilizing”

BusinessmenBusinessmen

Exports of American manufactured Exports of American manufactured goods rise after 1880goods rise after 1880• American tobacco sold 1 billion American tobacco sold 1 billion

cigarettes to Chinacigarettes to China James J. HillJames J. Hill Frederick Jackson TurnerFrederick Jackson Turner

• ““The Significance of the Frontier in The Significance of the Frontier in American History"American History"

Senator Albert BeveridgeSenator Albert Beveridge

ImperialistsImperialists U.S. should be imperial nation like Britain, France, U.S. should be imperial nation like Britain, France,

Germany, and RussiaGermany, and Russia Alfred Thayer MahanAlfred Thayer Mahan

• The Influence of Sea Power Upon HistoryThe Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) (1890) ““Big navy” policyBig navy” policy Samoa and Pearl Harbor, HawaiiSamoa and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii HawaiiHawaii

• Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani ““Jingoism“Jingoism“ War and imperialism attempt to revive frontierWar and imperialism attempt to revive frontier

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

Cuban Revolution (1895)Cuban Revolution (1895)• Valeriano WeylerValeriano Weyler

““Yellow journalism"Yellow journalism"• William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst• Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

de Lôme letterde Lôme letter Maine Maine Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment

““A Splendid Little War”A Splendid Little War” Main reason for U.S. victory was naval superiorityMain reason for U.S. victory was naval superiority American soldiers were racist towards Cubans American soldiers were racist towards Cubans

and refused to work with themand refused to work with them George DeweyGeorge Dewey

• ManilaManila Theodore Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders"Theodore Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders"

• Kettle Hill and Negro InfantryKettle Hill and Negro Infantry• San Juan HillSan Juan Hill

Spanish Atlantic fleet destroyed, Spain surrendersSpanish Atlantic fleet destroyed, Spain surrenders Treaty of Paris, 1898Treaty of Paris, 1898

• U.S. gets Puerto Rico, Guam, PhilippinesU.S. gets Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines• U.S. pays $20 millionU.S. pays $20 million

The United States Becomes a The United States Becomes a World PowerWorld Power

McKinley casts his lot with McKinley casts his lot with imperialistsimperialists

Hawaiian annexation (1898)Hawaiian annexation (1898) Lands gained from Spain colonies not Lands gained from Spain colonies not

territoriesterritories PhilippinesPhilippines

• Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

The Debate over the Treaty of The Debate over the Treaty of ParisParis

Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League William Jennings Bryan and southern and William Jennings Bryan and southern and

western democratswestern democrats• Against proposed acquisition of PhilippinesAgainst proposed acquisition of Philippines

An assault on Filipinos’ rightsAn assault on Filipinos’ rights Businessmen and laborers feared competition from Businessmen and laborers feared competition from

Philippines Philippines Maintaining outposts more expensive than economic Maintaining outposts more expensive than economic

benefitbenefit Racist motives not to contaminate AmericaRacist motives not to contaminate America

Filipinos revolt, Anti-Imperialists loseFilipinos revolt, Anti-Imperialists lose

The American-Filipino WarThe American-Filipino War

4 years of fighting between U.S. 4 years of fighting between U.S. soldiers and Filipino rebelssoldiers and Filipino rebels

Were American actions in Philippines Were American actions in Philippines any different than those of Spain in any different than those of Spain in Cuba?Cuba?

Controlling Cuba and Puerto RicoControlling Cuba and Puerto Rico

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment Foraker Act (1900)Foraker Act (1900)

• Unincorporated territoryUnincorporated territory• Insular cases: "Does the Constitution Insular cases: "Does the Constitution

follow the flag?"follow the flag?" Caribbean becoming an “American Caribbean becoming an “American

Mediterranean”Mediterranean”

China and the “Open Door”China and the “Open Door”

Other countries controlled China’s Other countries controlled China’s trade through spheres of influencetrade through spheres of influence

John HayJohn Hay• ““Open Door" policyOpen Door" policy

Boxer Rebellion (1900)Boxer Rebellion (1900) 22ndnd Open Door notes Open Door notes

Theodore Roosevelt, GeopoliticianTheodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician

Driving force in U.S. foreign policyDriving force in U.S. foreign policy Roosevelt believed the nation, like an Roosevelt believed the nation, like an

individual, must strive for greatnessindividual, must strive for greatness• Americans were racially superior and destined Americans were racially superior and destined

for supremacy in economic and political affairsfor supremacy in economic and political affairs• Shrewd analyst of international affairsShrewd analyst of international affairs• No patience for small countries’ claims to No patience for small countries’ claims to

sovereignty or human rights of weak peoplessovereignty or human rights of weak peoples Latin America, Africa, Asia (except Japan) were Latin America, Africa, Asia (except Japan) were

inferiorinferior

The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

VenezuelaVenezuela Dominican RepublicDominican Republic Roosevelt’s interventions concerned Roosevelt’s interventions concerned

with stability not democratic with stability not democratic institutions or social justiceinstitutions or social justice

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901): gave U.S. right to Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901): gave U.S. right to

build and fortify a canalbuild and fortify a canal Philippe Bunau-Varilla: engineerPhilippe Bunau-Varilla: engineer Panamanian revolt and the U.S.S. Panamanian revolt and the U.S.S. NashvilleNashville Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

• ““The treaty which no Panamanian signed”The treaty which no Panamanian signed” Building canal impressive test of American Building canal impressive test of American

ingenuity and willpoweringenuity and willpower Strategic importance of canal increased U.S. Strategic importance of canal increased U.S.

determination to preserve order in Central determination to preserve order in Central AmericaAmerica

Keeping the Peace in East AsiaKeeping the Peace in East Asia

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)• Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire

(1905)(1905) Root-Takahira Agreement (1908); Root-Takahira Agreement (1908);

Japan and U.S. would respect each Japan and U.S. would respect each other’s holdings and the Open Door other’s holdings and the Open Door PolicyPolicy

““Gentlemen's Agreement" (1907)Gentlemen's Agreement" (1907) ““Great White FleetGreat White Fleet

William Howard Taft, Dollar William Howard Taft, Dollar DiplomatDiplomat

““Dollar diplomacy”Dollar diplomacy”• Substitute “dollars for bullets”Substitute “dollars for bullets”

NicaraguaNicaragua

U.S. Global Investments and Investments in Latin America, 1914

Woodrow Wilson, Struggling Woodrow Wilson, Struggling IdealistIdealist

Wilson intervened in Caribbean more Wilson intervened in Caribbean more than any President beforethan any President before

Wilson more concerned with morality Wilson more concerned with morality and justice than Taft or Rooseveltand justice than Taft or Roosevelt

Mexican Revolution: Wilson hopes for Mexican Revolution: Wilson hopes for democracydemocracy• Victoriano HuertaVictoriano Huerta• Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Venustiano Carranza and Francisco

"Pancho" Villa"Pancho" Villa• John PershingJohn Pershing

ConclusionConclusion

Dramatic turns in U.S. foreign policyDramatic turns in U.S. foreign policy• Control of Western HemisphereControl of Western Hemisphere• Moved military and economic power into Moved military and economic power into

AsiaAsia• Peoples of Philippines, Puerto Rico, Peoples of Philippines, Puerto Rico,

Guam, and Cuba were regarded as Guam, and Cuba were regarded as inferior and denied right to govern inferior and denied right to govern themselvesthemselves