Industrial/ Organizational Psychology

Muhammad Abdullah

WHAT IS INDUSTRY?

It is a division in which processing of raw materials and manufacturing & trade of goods take place.

WHAT IS ORGANIZATION?Organization is a

group of people who work interdependently towards some purpose

THE PSYCHOLOGY: Industrial organizational psychology is the scientific study of

the work place.

Methods of psychology are applied to issues of critical relevance to business, including,

i. Talent management,

ii. coaching,

iii. assessment,

iv. selection,

v. training,

vi. Organizational development,

vii. performance,

viii. work-life balance.

WHAT IS I/O PSYCHOLOGY?

Usage of psychological principles and theories to the workplace.

ORStudy of how people get

along at work and are able to perform effectively”

SUBDIVISIONS WITHIN I/O:

Industrial and Personnel psychology:

i. HR stuff: recruitment, job analysis, selection, training, performance appraisal, compensation, employment law

ii. KSAs Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and other aspects related to job performance

Organizational psychology:i. Micro: motivation, leadership, teams, worker attitudes, safety & well-being,

work-family.

ii. Macro: organizational theory, culture, organizational development & change

Human factors & ergonomics:i. Modifying equipment ii. Environmental Changes iii. To fit workers needs

INFLUENCES ON I/O PSYCHOLOGY

Experimental Psychology

Social Psychology

Sociology

Management

Industrial Engineering

History of I/O Psychology:(1900-1916) W. L. Bryan

Stressed importance of studying “concrete activities and functions as they appear in daily life.”

But not really considered father of I/O Psych because he was a originator, before the field was established

THE NAMELESS WAS NAMED

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Interested in improving productivity and efficiency of industrial engineers.

Argued for the use of psychology in the work lives of industrial engineers.

Led to the merger of psychology with applied interests.

The nameless was crowned industrial psychology in 1910.

Lillian Gilbreth is called the mother of management

The 3 Founding Fathers

Walter Dill Scott (American Psychologist)

Hugo Munsterberg (German)

Frederick Taylor (American Engineer)

WALTER DILL SCOTT First to apply the principles of psychology to motivation and

productivity in the workplace.

Would later become instrumental in the application of personnel procedures within the army during World War I.

He boosted industrial psychology

Hugo Munsterberg

Father of industrial psychology1. Applied psychological method to practical

industrial problems.

2. Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913)

View of I/O psychology:

1. People need to fit the organization -- training!

2. Applied behavioral sciences should help organizations to shape people to serve as replacement parts for organizational machines. Mechanistic.

Frederick Taylor

Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Management and workers should cooperatively share responsibility

for the design and conduct of work.

E.g.: Showed that workers who handle heavy iron ingots were more productive when allowed work rests.

Training when to work and when to rest raised productivity from 12.5 to 47.0 tons moved per day.

Company increase efficiency. Costs dropped from 9.2 to 3.9 cents per ton.

World War I - I/O field catalyst

Robert Yerkes and Walter Dill Scott:

◦ Screening recruits for mental deficiency—Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests developed.

Classification of selected recruits into jobs Performance evaluations of officers Job Analysis soldier motivation and morale Discipline

First journal of applied psychology began in 1917

Between the Wars (1916-1940) The Hawthorne Studies

Began in 1920 for more than 10 years at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company.

Initially designed to study the effect of working conditions on performance such as lighting, and room temperature.

Later studied the impact of supervisory styles, arrangement of work groups, length of work breaks, and the length of work day.

Established the “Hawthorne Effect”: An effect on behavior that is due to getting any treatment and not necessarily to the nature of the treatment per se.

INFLUENCES ON HUMAN RELATIONS MOVEMENT

Hawthorne Studies

Threat of Unionization

Philosophy of Humanism

Human Relations

Movement

Hawthorne Studies

Threat of Unionization

Philosophy of Industrial Humanism

Ethics in I/O FieldIt is essential for the psychologists in the profession to follow the Ethical Code developed by American Psychological Association (APA), in order prevent any harm to the client.

The code includes both ethical principles and statements of appropriate professional conduct.

Six Ethical Principles of APA Code

1. Competence: A psychologist only does work that he/she is competent to perform.

2. Integrity: Psychologists are fair and honest in their professional dealing with others.

3. Professional and Scientific Responsibility: Psychologists maintain high standards of professional behavior.

4. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity: Psychologists respect the rights of confidentiality and privacy of others.

5. Concern for Other’s Welfare: Psychologists attempt to help others through their professional work.

6. Social Responsibility: Psychologists have a responsibility to use their skills to benefit society.