1. IDUSTRIAL HAZARDS DUE TO FIRE ACCIDDENTS, MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS PREPARED BY : KOSARAJU SAI VIVEK, I M.PHARMACY, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, Jss college of pharmacy

2. Industrial hazards: It can be defined as any condition produced by or in industries that may cause injury or death to personal or loss of product or property. 3. Hazards may be due to Heat & Cold Radiation Fire & Explosion Physical Chemical Biological Mechanical Electrical Pollution 4. FIRE ACCIDDENTS Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel. Combustion Slow combustion eg: cotton waste burning Rapid combustion eg: petroleum product Spontaneous combustion eg: paint, scrap 5. NFPA classification system The NFPA diamond is an easy way to determine the safety risks associated with hazardous materials. According to the red section of the diamond, The following numbering system is used to indicate flammability 0 - will not burn 1 - must be preheated to burn 2 -ignites when moderately heated 3 -ignites at normal temperature 4 -extremely flammable 6. CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES 1. Class A fires:- fires that occur in ordinary material such as wood, paper rages, rubber and rubbish. 2. Class B fires:- with flammable material like oil, paint, gasoline etc. 3. Class C fires:- with gases and vapours . 4. Class D fires:- with combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, lithium, sodium etc. 5. Class E fires:- involved electricity in any form.. 7. SOURCES OF FIRE HAZARDS Hot surfaces Combustible and flammable liquids Heat utilization equipment's (over heating) Chemical process equipment's Lightening Gas cylinders Ovens and furnaces Reactor Welding and cutting Spark from metal to metal contact Carelessness 8. CAUSES OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS : 1. Improper storage of flammable oils, greases and fluids, combustible wastes etc. 2. Smoking by employees. 3. Poor house keeping. 4. Defective heating equipment, electrical equipment and wiring. 5. Explosive gas leakage. 6. Ignition of gases, vapours or combustible dusts. 7. Inadequate of electric motors. 8. Sparking in electric wires and equipment. 9. PROTECTION AND PREVENTION Fire protection is better than fire combating. Following are the safety measures against fire and explosion hazards 1) Prohibition of smoking in manufacturing area 2) Oxygen present in a flammable atmosphere may be reduced by dilution with gases as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, steam or combination of these inerts in exhaust gases from fuels, automobile engines and jet engines. 3) Operating outside the range of flammability. 4) Eliminating the ignition sources: i. Flames such as burner flames, matches& cigarette lighters & heaters. ii. Hot surface such as heated wires, rods or fragments 10. Installation of combustible gas indicators. Adequate ventilation facility. Fire alarms & fire fighting equipment or fire extinguishers to be installed in factory at suitable location. Provide automatic sprinkles with adequate & reliable water supply. Proper storage of combustible materials & removal of waste materials. 11. MECHANICAL HAZARDS Mechanical hazards are those associated with power driven machine weather automated or manually operated machines driven by hydraulic or electrical power MECHANICAL INJURIES The types of injuries results are cutting , tearing , shearing , crushing , breaking , straining or puncturing . 12. PREVENTION OF MACHANICAL HAZARDS IT can be reduced by the application of appropriate safeguards Safeguarding is to minimize the risk of accidents of machine- operator contact TYPES OF SAFEGUARDING 1. Point of operation guards 2. Feeding/ ejection method 13. Point of operation guards Point of operation guards are three types 1. fixed guards 2. Interlocked guards 3. adjustable Fixed Guards it provide a permanent barrier between workers and point of operation 14. INTERLOCKED GUARDS They shut down the machine when the guard is not securely in place ADVANTAGES Allow safe access for removing jams or for maintenance ADJUSTABLE GUARDS They provide a barrier against a variety of different hazards 15. FEEDING AND EJECTION SYSTEMS Automatic feed systems feed the stocks to the machine from rolls. It eliminate the need of operators to enter the danger zone Advantages of this is the operators do not reach in to the danger zone to retrieve work pieces 16. LOCKOUT/ TAGOUT SYSTEMS It is a method that was especially designed to protect against unexpected startup of a machine In the lockout system a padlock is placed through a gate covering The lock usually has the label that gives the name ,department and telephone extension of a person. The lock is removed only by the person 17. In tagout system the tags should be used Locked out by ABC Elec.maintenance Ext .912 DANGER This tag may be removed by xyz Maintenance dpt Ext .591 18. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS All the operator should be trained in the safe operation and maintenance of their machine. All machine operators should be trained in the emergency procedures to take when accident occur. All employee should know how to activate emergency shut down controls. Inspection, maintenance, adjustment, repair and calibration of safe guards should be carried out regularly. 19. Supervisors should ensure the safe guards and properly in place when machine are in use. Short-cuts that violate safety principle and practice should be avoided. 20. PROBLEMS ACTIONS Machine operating without the safety guard. Maintenance worker cleaning a machine that is operating. A robot is operating without a protection barrier. Stop machine immediately & activate the safety guard. Stop machine immediately & lock or tag it out. Stop the robot & correct the barrier. Visitor is wearing a necktie & observes a lathe machine. An operator is observed disabling a guard. Immediately pull the visitor back & have him remove the tie. Stop the operator, secure the guard & take disciplinary action. 21. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS A shock is caused by electrical current passing through human body. The quantity and path of this current determines the level of damage. The electrical hazards occurs when a person makes contact with a conductor carrying a current and simultaneously contacts the ground. 22. SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS The major causes of electrical shock are: Contact with a base wire carrying current. Working with electrical equipment that lacks the label for safety inspection. Electrical equipment that has not been property grounded. Working with electrical equipment on damp floors. 23. Using metal ladders to work on electrical equipment. Lighting strikes. Working on electrical equipment without ensuring that the power has been shut off. 24. IMPROPER WIRING One common mistake is to jump the ground wire to the neutral wire. If the neutral circuit becomes corroded or loose, the voltage on the ground wire increases to a dangerous level. 25. INSULATION FAILURE The degradation of insulation can cause a base wire and resulting shock to anyone coming in contact It is caused by environments toxic .these are Direct sunlight Sparks Repeated exposure to elevated temperature 26. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR ELECTRICAL HAZARDS Ensure that power has been disconnected from the system before working with it. Capacitors can store current after power has been shut off. Allow only fully authorized and trained people to work. Do not wear conductive materials such as metal jewelry. 27. Periodically inspect insulation. If working on a hot circuit, use the buddy system and wear protective clothing. Do not use a fuse with a greater capacity than was prescribed. Verify circuit voltage before performing work. 28. Do not use water to put on electrical fire. Discharge capacitors before working on the equipment. Use fuses and circuit breakers for protection against excessive current.