INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS DUE TO FIRE ACCIDENTS, MECHANICAL

AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS,CHEMICALS AND

PHARMACEUTICALS

PRESNTED BY : AMITKUMAR. U. ROHIT (M.PHARM; PHARMACEUTICS) DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS SET’S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, DHARWAD

CONTENTS:

1. Industrial hazards due to fire accidents.2. Industrial hazards due to mechanical equipments.3. Industrial hazards due to electrical equipments.4. Industrial hazards due to chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

1. INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS DUE TO FIRE ACCIDENTS

The effect of fire on people take the form of skin burns due to explosion to thermal radiation.

The severity of burn depends on the intensity of the fire and explosion time.

Fire occurs in the industry is more frequent than explosion and toxic release.

Fire can takes several different forms including jet fires, pool fires and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion .

CONTROL OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION

Fire protection is an important part of good house keeping, since a single fire or explosion can spread to adjoining units So, fire protection provisions are applicable to bulk drug industries.

Following are the criteria to be evaluated for control of fire and explosion.

Identification of fire risks during operation in receipt, storage, transfer and handling of -

material. Identification and control of ignition sources

in areas where flammable chemicals are stored / handled / transferred.

Review of fire detection measures adopted in the plant and to suggest suitable improvement measures.

Review of active fire protection requirement for chemical storage and handling areas and to suggest improvement as necessary.

Use of fire alarm, fire extinguisher, sprinkler system in the industries.

Review of constructor safety awareness and recommend suitable improvement measures like chemical spill, fire fishting, emergency communication, knowledge about plant safety.

Review of safety awareness and safety training requirements of plant employees with respect to hazards present in the plant.

Exit doors.2. INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS DUE TO

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENTS Accidents usually takes place by the combined

of unsafe condition and carelessness. Mechanical hazards are most common in metal

industries and construction site. Factors responsible for most of the accidents

are.

1. Physical :- The physical capability of the worker may not meet the job requirement.

2. Physiological factor :- Age : Younger people are involved more in

accidents then older age group. Sex : Men are more prone to accidents

then women according to ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF HYGINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH, The ratio was 24:5 in 1946 in west bengal.

Time : less accident in the beginning of the day and more in the late hour of the day due to fatigue of the worker

Experience : More experienced the employee lesser the accidents

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

1 . Building planning : - Flours must be non slippery type and they

can easily cleaned. - Even employee must have enough space to move and operate. - Easy access of workers to the safety

switches2 . Safe material handling : - All material handling equipment should be -

repaired and maintained properly.3 . Personnel protective devices - Protection of heads by using hard hats

and helmets. - Protection of ears by using ear muffs and plugs. - Protection of face by using face masks

3 . INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS DUE TO ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS

Following are the hazards caused due to

electricity. Shock by A. C. and burns by D .C. due

to poor indication facilities. Wiring faults and improperly wired

equipments Sparking at the loose connection.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Proper maintenance of wiring and equipments.

High voltage equipment should be properly enclosed.

Indication of danger sign at very high voltage terminal.

Good house keeping. As far as possible the wiring should be

out side the production area.

Worker should avoid working in electrical circuits or equipments in wet clothes and shoes.

Water supply should be far away from electrical supply or circuits.

4 . INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS DUE TO CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICALS

The chemical hazards caused more than any other hazards because they are used by almost every industry.

They act in three ways1 . Local action : Causing dermatitis, eczema,

ulcers and even cancer by primary irritant action. ex. Aniline is absorbed by skin and cause

systemic effect.2. Inhalation : Gas such as CO2, HCN,

NH3, H2S, HCL cause gas poisoning. ex, Bhopal gas tragedy.3. Ingestion : Chemicals such as lead,

mercury, arsenic, zinc, phosphate etc may

cause severe problems.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Tolerance level for toxic chemicals set by the federal regulation have to be followed.

By maintaining protective measures of good house keeping principles.

suitable label to the chemicals for proper handling purpose.

Use of goggles and masks where dust evolves.

IMAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING BETTER INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

In all places ofemployment:passageways,storerooms, andservice roomsshall be kept cleanand orderly in asanitary condition.

Goodhousekeepingincludes cleaningup grindings,shavings, andgeneral debrisfrom shop work ona daily basis.

The floor of everyworkroom shall bemaintained in a clean,dry condition. Wherewet processes areused, dry standingplaces shouldprovided wherepracticable.

Every structure isrequired to have load bearing whenusing for storage.

Floor hole into whichpersons canaccidentally walkshall be protected bya cover that leavesno opening more than1 inch wide. Thecover shall besecurely held inplace.

Treads on all stairsshall be reasonablyslip resistant. Thispicture illustratesadequate slipresistance in place.

Ladders with brokenor missing steps,rungs or cleats,broken side rails, orother faultyequipment shall notbe used. Improvisedrepairs shall not bemade.

The bottoms of the 4legs are to be suppliedwith insulating non-slipmaterial for the safety of theuser.

Metal ladders shall bepainted or treated toresist corrosion andrusting.Including laddersformed by individualmetal rungs embeddedin concrete.Rungs shall have aminimum diameter of 1inch.

Employees must be ableto open an exit routedoor from the inside atall times without keys,tools, or specialknowledge even in thedark.

The door that connectsany room to an exit routemust swing out in thedirection of exit travel ifthe room is designed tobe occupied by morethan 50 people or if theroom is a high hazardarea. This picture is anexample of a proper exitdoor.

The outdoor exitroute must haveguardrails toprotect unenclosedsides if a fallhazard exists

Exit routes must befree andunobstructed. Nomaterials orequipment may beplaced, eitherpermanently ortemporarily, within theexit route.

Exit sign notvisible along thehallway:

Each doorway or passagealong an exit route accessthat could be mistaken foran exit must be marked“Not an Exit” or similardesignation, or bedesignated by a signindicating its actual use(e.g., closet). This pictureis an example of anadequate marking.

REFERENCES

Text book of pharmaceutical engineering, c.v.s. subrahmanyam. Page no, 480-483

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