indoor lighting guide

8/8/2019 Indoor Lighting Guide

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110Edition: 25/07/2006 | Updated version at www.erco.com

Types of lighting Luminaire groups Lighting applications

GuideIndoor lighting

E

Light determines the mood ofa room. Lighting applicationsand the corresponding lightingeffects of different luminaires arerehearsed using simulations andarchitectural examples.


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Types of lighting

E

The effect of rooms, areas andobjects greatly depends on thetype of lighting. This ranges fromuniform washlighting through tohighlighting and the projectionof gobo images.

General Washlighting Accentuation

Projection Orientation


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E GuideIndoor lighting | Types of lighting

General

direct, aimed direct, diffuse indirect

General lighting refers to an evenillumination, usually related to ahorizontal working plane. Quanti-tative aspects are often a primaryconsideration at the work place orin pedestrian traffic zones. Directlighting permits both diffuse anddirected light. Indirect lighting,on the other hand, produces avery even, soft light.

direct and indirect


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A direct and aimed general light-ing produces an even illuminationon the horizontal working plane.The architecture is visible and it ispossible to orientate oneself and

work in the room.

The directed light produces good

modelling and brilliance. Theuniformity on the working planeincreases as the room heightincreases or as the beam anglewidens. Directed light enablesgood appreciation of form andsurface texture. The visual com-fort increases as the cut-off angleincreases. A feature of direct illu-mination is its highly efficientuse of energy. At the work place,secondary glare must be takeninto consideration.

Observation

Conclusion

E GuideIndoor lighting | Types of lighting | General

direct, aimed

Applications

Projects:Dubai International AirportCentre Pompidou, ParisCongress Palace, ValenciaERCO, Ldenscheid


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A direct, diffuse general lightingdesignates an even illuminationwith respect to a horizontal work-ing plane. The architecture is vis-ible and it is possible to orientate

oneself and work in the room.

Observation


direct, diffuse

Light structures

Downlights, diffuse

Wall-mounted downlights,diffuse


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Direct diffuse light produces

a soft illumination with littleshadow and reflection. The lim-ited formation of shadow resultsin weak modelling capabilities.Shapes and surface textures areonly slightly emphasised. Onefeature of using fluorescentlamps for general lighting isan efficient use of energy.

Conclusion


direct, diffuse

Luminous ceiling

Applications

Projects:Congress Centre, ValenciaPrada, MilanGerman Architectural Museum,FrankfurtFondation Beyeler, Basel

Direct, diffuse general lighting for- working areas- multifunctional rooms- museums

- exhibitions- pedestrian traffic areas

Preferred luminaire groups:- light structures- downlights- wall-mounted downlights- luminous ceilings


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An indirect general lighting uses aceiling, wall or other surface as asecondary reflector. The brighten-ing of these surfaces that deline-ate the room or area gives an

open spatial impression.

Observation


indirect

Light structures

Uplights

The diffuse light produces limitedshadows and a weak modelling.Using indirect illumination alonegives a lower spatial differentia-tion. Compared to direct illumi-nation, a considerably higherluminous flux is necessary forachieving the same illuminanceon the working plane. The sec-ondary reflector should boasta high reflectance. Direct andsecondary glare are extensivelyavoided.

Conclusion


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indirect

Applications

Projects:

British Museum, LondonEzeiza Airport, Buenos AiresEremitage, St. PetersburgVilla, Salzburg

The prerequisite for an even dis-tribution of light is a sufficientlyhigh room. Indirect illuminationshould be mounted above eye-level. The distance from the ceil-

ing depends on the level of even-ness required and shouldbe at least 0.8m.

Indirect general lighting for:- working areas- multifunctional rooms- pedestrian traffic areas

Preferred luminaire groups- light structures- uplights


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Direct/indirect general lightingrefers to a combination of directand indirect illumination withrespect to the horizontal workingplane. The ceiling or walls serve

here as reflection surfaces. Thebrightening of these surfaces thatdelineate the room or area givesan open spatial impression.

Observation


direct and indirect

Light structures

Pendant downlights

The uniformity on the workingplane increases as the roomheight increases. Directed lightenables a good appreciation ofform and surface texture. Thesecondary reflector should boasta high reflectance. The uniformityon the ceiling increases the fur-ther away the luminaire is fromthe ceiling. A feature of generallighting with fluorescent lamps isits highly efficient use of energy.

Conclusion


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Applications

Projects:

Civic Cleaning Adult-EducationCentre, BerlinReichstag, BerlinPalacio de la Aljaferia, ZaragozaFibanc, Barcelona

Direct/indirect general lightingfor- working areas- multifunctional rooms- pedestrian traffic areas

Preferred luminaire groups:- light structures- pendant downlights


direct and indirect


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Washlighting

symmetrical asymmetrical

Washlighting illumination refersto an architecture-related andobject-orientated illumination.The primary purpose is to makevisible the room proportions androom limits. Symmetrical flood-lights are used for washlightingof horizontal surfaces or forgeneral lighting in the area ofpresentation. A feature of asym-metrical floodlights is the uni-

form light intensity distributionon surfaces.


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Symmetrical washlighting pro-duces an even illumination onobjects or surfaces. Washlightillumination is characterised byhigh uniformity and a soft gradi-

ent of light intensity distribution.The illuminated areas of the roomare emphasised by washlighting.

Observation

The directed light produces good

modelling abilities and enablesgood appreciation of form andsurface structure. Washlightingillumination can serve as a back-ground for accent lighting.

Conclusion

E GuideIndoor lighting | Types of lighting | Washlighting

symmetrical

Applications

Projects:Catedral de Santa Ana, Las PalmasPasseig de Grcia, BarcelonaRoyal Armouries Museum, LeedsMuseo Fournier del Naipe,Vitoria

Mounting floodlights on tracksallows a flexible positioning ofthe luminaires.

Washlighting illumination for:- exhibitions- museums- sales and presentation areas- multifunctional roomsPreferred luminaire groups- floodlights


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Asymmetrical washlighting illu-mination is used for illuminatingsurfaces evenly. Wallwashing isa highly valued tool in architec-tural lighting. Vertical illumina-

tion emphasises the walls orother room limits in terms oftheir physical makeup. Brighten-ing the wall surfaces makes theroom look bigger.

Observation


asymmetrical

Wallwasher spotlight

Washlights

Wallwasher


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Perimeter luminaire

Uplights

Floor washlights


asymmetrical


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asymmetrical

Point-form luminaires lend thewall surface a higher brilliance,whereas with linear luminairesa higher uniformity is achieved.With asymmetrical washlighting,

areas of a room can be definedand thus have attention attractedto them. It can also serve as abackground for accent lightingor form the ambient brightnessfor the work place. To obtain auniform light intensity distribu-tion the correct positioning of

Conclusion

Applications

Projects:British Museum, LondonReichstag, BerlinPalacio de la Aljaferia, Saragoza

Modern art museum, Frankfurt

Washlighting for- exhibitions- museums- sales and presentation areas- multifunctional rooms

Preferred luminaire groups- wallwasher spotlights

- washlightswallwashers- uplights- perimeter luminaires

the luminaires is of great impor-tance.


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Accentuation

Highlighting emphasises indi-vidual objects or architecturalelements. This makes it possibleto establish a hierarchy of hownoticeable each item is and to

attract attention.

Observation

Spotlights

Contour spotlights

Directional luminaires


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Accentuation

Task light

Accent lighting enables good

appreciation of form and sur-face structure. The focused lightproduces pronounced shadowsand good modelling ability, aswell as brilliance. A narrow beamand a high brightness contrast tothe surroundings give the objectparticular emphasis.

Conclusion

Applications

Projects:Neue Wache, BerlinIglesia del Sagrado Corazn,BilbaoIssey Miyake, ParisPinacoteca Vaticana, Rome

Accent lighting creates pointsof interest and improves thelocal visual performance, e.g. atthe work place. Structures and

textures of objects are clearlyemphasised by the directed light.

Accent lighting for:- exhibitions- museums- sales and presentation areas- restaurants, cafs, wine bars- working areas

Preferred luminaire groups:- spotlightscontour spotlights- directional downlightsdirectional recessed floorluminaires- task lights


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Projection

Projectors are used for project -ing signs, patterns and images.This enables an additional levelof information and awarenessto be built up.

Observation

Interesting effects can be created

using gobos and filters.

Conclusion

Applications

Projects:Aragon Pavillon, SevillaHannover MesseTeattri Ravintola, FinlandERCO, Ldenscheid

Projection Application- exhibitions- museums- sales and presentation areas

- restaurants, cafs, wine bars- hotels

Projections can be made with- spotlight projectors


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Orientation

Orientation lighting is definedfirst and foremost by the task ofproviding orientation. This can beachieved by luminaires that func-tion as sources of illumination or

as signals. Illuminating the roomis of secondary importance here;instead, a row of these luminairesis typically arranged to form anorientation line.

Observation

Floor washlights

Wall-mounted downlights

Recessed floor luminaires


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Low illumination levels are suf-

ficient for orientation purposes.Small luminaires with high lumi-nance clearly set themselvesapart form their surroundings.Orientation lighting improvesorientation in complex buildingsand makes it easier to find fireexits in emergencies.

Conclusion

Applications

Projects:Light and Building, FrankfurtPalazzo della Ragione, BergamoHilton Hotel DubaiHilton Hotel Dubai

Orientation lighting for theidentification of- architectural lines- steps and exclusion zones

- entrances- routes- emergency exit routes

Preferred luminaire group- floor washlight- wall-mounted downlights- recessed floor luminaires- orientation luminaires

Orientation luminaires


Orientation


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Luminaire groups

E

Luminaires are available in awide variety of types, eachintended to fulfil different light-ing requirements. The same lightdistributions can be achieved withdifferent luminaires. The choicedepends on whether the lumi-naires are to be a design featurein their own right, or whetheran integrative design approachis being followed. Compared to

luminaires that are permanentlymounted, track-mounted lumi-naires offer a higher degree offlexibility.

Track Spotlights Floodlights

Wallwasher Light structures Downlights

Task lights Wall-mountedluminaires

Perimeter luminaires

Recessed floorluminaires

Orientationluminaires

Directive luminaires


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Tracks form the basis for a vari-able and flexible lighting designthat can orientate itself aroundthe changing interior design andusage of a room. Mating adapters

on the luminaires perform boththe electrical and mechanicalconnection.

Tracks provide a flexible form

of voltage supply for spotlights,floodlights and wallwashers, foraccent lighting and washlightingof all professional lighting situ-ations. Using multiphase tracksmakes it possible to operate dif-ferent circuits simultaneously.Recessed tracks are inconspic-uous architectural details. Thetracks can also be suspendedvia pendant tubes or wire rope.They should correspond to thearchitecture in their arrangementand form.

Light

E GuideIndoor lighting | Luminaire groups

Track

Applications

Projects:Teattri Ravintola, HelsinkiChristie's Showroom, New YorkCaras Gourmet Coffee Kranzler-eck, BerlinKayser private home, Neuenrade


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Spotlights

The mounting location and theorientation are variable. Spot-lights are offered with differentbeam emission angles and lightdistributions.

Criteria for spotlights- choice of lamp determines lightcolour, brilliance, functional life,light intensity- emission angle determines thebeam of light and is defined bythe reflector- cut-off angle limits glare andincreases visual comfort- rotatable and tiltable- accessories:lenses, filters; glare control

Light

SpotlightsSpotlights have a narrow-beam(spot approx. 10) to wide-beam(flood approx. 30) light distribu-tion with a rotationally symmetri-cal beam.

The use of accessories is alsotypical for spotlights:- lenses:spread or sculpture lenses

- filters:- filters: colour filters, ultravioletor infrared filters- barn doors, dazzle cylinders,multigroove baffles or honey-comb anti-dazzle screens

Contour spotlightsContour spotlights with lensesfor projection for various beamemission angles.Some types of spotlight areequipped with convex lenses orFresnel lenses for a variable beamangle. In addition, spotlights withimage contouring or project-ing systems (contour spotlights)enable different beam contoursor projected images by project-ing through apertures or stencils(gobos).


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Applications

Projects:Christies Auctioneers, New YorkGmurzynska Gallery, CologneBunkamura Museum of Art, TokyoExpo Seville, Spain

For highlighting or projection in:- museums- exhibitions, art galleries- sales rooms- presentation and display areas

Since they enable variable mount-ing locations and orientation,spotlights can be adapted to suitchanging tasks. A narrow lightdistribution enables smaller areas

to be illuminated, even from alarger distance. Conversely, thewide light distribution of projec-tor floodlights enables a largerarea to be illuminated with a sin-gle luminaire. Gobos and struc-tured lenses are used to projectlighting effects. In addition, filterfoils can also be used.


Spotlights

On pictures on walls or objects ina room, the light should be inci-dent at an angle of less than 30.

Arrangement


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Floodlights

LightFlooldights feature a wide-beamcharacteristic. They are offeredwith a predominantly symmetri-cal light distribution.

Criteria for floodlights- choice of lamp determines lightcolour, brilliance, functional life,efficiency, light intensity- uniformity: optimised reflectorfor even illumination of areas- gradient: soft edge to the beamof light- light output ratio is increased byoptimised reflector technology

Applications

Projects:Catedral de Santa Ana, Las PalmasPasseig de Grcia, BarcelonaRoyal Armouries Museum, LeedsMuseo Fournier del Naipe,Vitoria

Floodlights provide even illumi-

nation of areas or objects for:- museums- exhibitions- trade-fair stands- sales areas- presentational areas

The luminaires should corre-spond to the architecture intheir arrangement and form.


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Wallwasher

Wallwashers have a wide-beamcharacteristic. They are offeredwith an asymmetric light distri-bution.

Criteria for wallwashers- choice of lamp determines lightcolour, brilliance, functional life,light intensity- uniformity: optimised reflectorfor even illumination of areas- gradient: soft edges to the beam- light output ratio is increased byoptimised reflector technology

Light

Wallwashers (spotlights)

Wallwashers have an asymmet-ric light distribution for evenlyilluminating wall faces. Track-mounted wallwashers allow theluminaire spacing to be flexiblyadjusted as required.

Wallwashers, tiltable(spotlight)Spotlights with wallwasher attach-ment feature a asymmetric light

distribution for evenly illuminat-ing wall surfaces. Track-mountedwallwashers allow the luminairespacing to be flexibly adjustedas required. Wallwashers withkick-reflector have an asymmetriclight distribution for evenly illu-minating wall faces.

WashlightsWallwashers have an asymmetriclight distribution for evenly illu-minating wall faces. In addition,they also feature a downlightcomponent for evenly illuminat-ing the floor.


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Double-focus wallwashersDouble-focus wallwashers havean asymmetric light distributionfor evenly illuminating wall faces.The shielding of the lamp provides

high visual comfort and preventsthe emission of spill light. Thehomogeneity of the wallwashingis particularly high.


Wallwasher

Lens wallwashersLens wallwashers have an asym-metric light distribution forevenly illuminating wall faces.The lens serves to spread outthe beam.

WallwashersWallwashers have an asymmetriclight distribution for illuminatingwall faces.

Perimeter luminairesPerimeter luminaires with reflec-tors have an asymmetric light dis-tribution for illuminating verticalsurfaces. As a linear light source,they produce an even illumina-tion of wall surfaces.


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Applications

Projects:British Museum, LondonCrescent House, WiltshireMediathek, SendaiWeimar College of Music

Wallwashing is an importantcomponent of architectural light-ing for adding emphasis to roomareas and for illuminating higher,vertical faces or wall areas for:- museums- exhibitions- trade-fair stands- auditoriums- halls in public buildings andshopping malls

- sales areas- presentational areas

Surface-mounted luminaires actas a feature in the room. Theyshould correspond to the archi-tecture in their arrangement andform.

The offset from the wall forwallwashers should not be lessthan one third of the wall height.This corresponds to an angle ofat least 20. The optimal ratio of

wall offset to luminaire spacingfor avoiding evenly illuminationis 1:1. Independent of the actualroom height and offset from thewall, tiltable luminaires must bealigned on the lower part of thewall.

Arrangement


Wallwasher


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Light structures are luminairesthat additionally allow the pos-sibility for attaching mobileluminaires, often using integratedtracks or singlets. Light structures

consist of a tubular or panel ele-ments and are usually suspendedfrom the ceiling. First and fore-most, light structures use ele-ments with integrated luminairesfor linear light sources that canbe used both for direct generallighting and for indirect lightingwith light reflected by the ceil-ing. Elements with integrateddownlights or directional lumi-naires provide accent lighting.

Light

Luminaires

DirectLight structures with direct lighthave an axially symmetric lightdistribution emitted downwardsfor illuminating the usable sur-faces.

LuminairesIndirectLight structures with indirectlight distribution have an axially

symmetric light distribution emit-ted upwards for illuminating theceiling.

LuminairesDirect/IndirectLight structures with direct/indi-rect light distribution have anaxially symmetric light distribu-tion emitted upwards and down-wards for illuminating the usablesurfaces and the ceiling.

LuminairesWallwashingLight structures for wallwashinghave an asymmetric light distri-bution for evenly illuminatingwall faces.


Light structures


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Applications

Projects:Reichstag, BerlinXaverian Brothers High School,Westwood MARegional Govt., BerlinShanghai Museum

General lighting in- offices, medical practices- pedestrian traffic areas- additional accent lightingand washlighting with the helpof spotlights, floodlights andwallwashers

The offset from the wall (a) isrecommended as being halfthe luminaire spacing (d). Theluminaire spacing (d) betweentwo neighbouring structures

should correspond to the height(h) above the floor or work sur-face. The distance to the ceilingdepends on the level of evennessrequired on the ceiling. The dis-tance to the ceiling should meas-ure at least 0.8 m for indirectlighting so that an even illumi-nation is ensured.

Arrangement


Light structures


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Downlights

Downlights emit a beam that isdirected downwards at either aperfectly vertical or an adjust-able angle. They are offeredwith narrow-beam, wide-beam,

symmetrical or asymmetric lightdistribution.

Criteria for downlights- choice of lamp determines lightcolour, functional life, efficiency,light intensity- emission angle determines thebeam of light and is defined bythe reflector- cut-off angle limits glare andincreases visual comfort- light output ratio is increased byoptimised reflector technology

Light

Double-focus downlights

Double-focus downlights have arotationally symmetric beam thatis directed vertically downwards.On double-focus downlights, aspecial reflector shape enablesa high luminous flux even forsmaller ceiling apertures.

DownlightsDownlights have a rotationallysymmetric beam that is directedvertically downwards.

WashlightsWashlights have an asymmetricbeam that is directed verticallydownwards and onto verticalsurfaces. They provide an evenillumination for wall and floorsurfaces. Special forms are doublewashlights for illuminating twoopposite wall sections and cornerwashlights for illuminating cor-ners of rooms.

The cut-off angle of narrow-beamdownlights makes them a highlyfree of glare. On downlights withDarklight reflector, the lamp'scut-off angle is identical to that

of the luminaire. This gives aluminaire with the widest beampossible while simultaneouslyhaving an optimised light outputratio. The use of a diffuser reduc-es the luminance in the luminaireand thereby improves the visualcomfort.


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Downlights

Lens wallwashers

Lens wallwashers have an asym-metric light distribution, whichis aimed at vertical surfaces.They are used for illuminatingwall surfaces evenly. On lenswallwashers special lens reflec-tion systems ensure even wallillumination. The light is spreadout by lenses and directed ontothe wall by wallwasher reflectors.The Darklight reflectors of thelens wallwashers are visible frombelow and are glare-free.

WallwashersWallwashers have an asymmetriclight distribution, which is aimedat vertical surfaces. They are usedfor illuminating wall surfacesevenly.

Directional downlightsDirectional downlights are usedfor highlighting individual areas orobjects with a medium to narrowlight distribution. They combinethe advantages of a downlightwith the flexibility of directionalspotlights. Above the rotationalsymmetric darklight reflectors, thereflector lamps emit their beam oflight perpendicularly downwards,yet they can be rotated by 360and tilted up to 20. Because theDarklight reflector ensures thata cone of light is formed fromdirectional luminaires, the cut-off

angle is consistent on all direc-tions.

Double-focus wallwashersDouble-focus washlights have anasymmetric light distribution thatis directed at vertical surfaces.They are used for illuminating

wall surfaces evenly. Double-focus wallwashers are fitted withspecial, internal wallwasher seg-ments. With this special kind ofreflector technology the lamp ishidden from the direct view ofthe observer at all times.


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Downlights

The offset from wall should

measure approximately half ofthe luminaire spacing in order toachieve sufficient brightness onthe wall and well proportionedscallops of light. To attain an evenillumination on a reference plane,the luminaire spacing should notexceed the mounting height hby more than 1.5:1. An optimalevenness is achieved when d = h.To obtain symmetrical scallops ina corner, one downlight must bepositioned on the 45 diagonal.

Arrangement

Downlights

The offset from the wall shouldmeasure at least one third of theroom height. Alternatively, theoffset from the wall is where a20 degree line projected upwardsfrom the base of the wall inter-sects the ceiling. An optimumevenness is obtained when theluminaire spacing is the same asthe offset from the wall, or atleast does not exceed it by morethan 1.5 times. Wallwashers onlydevelop their optimal evennessas of a minimum number of threeluminaires. The position of awallwasher in a corner of a roomshould lie on the 45 line.

ArrangementWallwashers

Directional luminairesDirectional downlights are usedfor highlighting individual areasor objects with a medium to nar-row light distribution.


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Applications

Projects:

Maritime Museum OsakaBritish Museum, LondonCentre Pompidou, ParisArmand Basi Shop, Barcelona

Downlights are a universal instru-ment for functional, architectonicand accentuating lighting.

Recessed downlights are incon-

spicuous architectural details,whereas surface-mounted down-lights and pendant downlightsact as features in the room. Theyshould correspond to the archi-tecture in their arrangement andform.


Downlights


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Task lights

Task lights emit their light down-wards onto a work surface. Theyare offered with narrow-beam orwide-beam light distribution.

Criteria for task lights- The choice of lamp determineslight colour, functional life, effi-ciency and light intensity- Gradient: soft edges to thebeam of light- glare-free light- rotatable and tiltable

Light

Applications

Projects:Architectural office, StockholmKhalil Al-Sayegh, DubaiSuccess advertising agencyNordwalde; Regional Govt., Berlin

Task lights are designed forindividual lighting for the work-station.


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Wall-mounted luminaires

Wall-mounted downlights aredefined first and foremost bytheir type of mounting and notby their light characteristics.Different light distributions are

possible such as narrow-beamed,wide-beamed, symmetrical orasymmetrical in various direc-tions.

Criteria for wall-mounteddownlights- choice of lamp determines lightcolour, functional life, efficiency,light intensity- emission angle determines thebeam of light and is defined bythe reflector- cut-off angle limits glare andincreases visual comfort- light output ratio is increased byoptimised reflector technology

Light

Ceiling washlightsCeiling washlights have an asym-metric light distribution and emitlight upwards onto horizontalsurfaces. The ceiling surface isilluminated evenly and over alarge area. On ceiling washlights,the section of the ceiling to beilluminated can be partly clippedalong the luminaire's main axiswith the help of infinitely adjust-

able cut-off shields. Uplightsdifferentiate themselves fromceiling washlights by their differ-ent reflector geometry, alteredlight distribution, and higher lightoutput ratio.

Floor washlightsFloor washlights have an asym-metric light distribution and emitlight downwards onto horizontalsurfaces.


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Wall-mounted luminaires

Applications

Projects:Citibank, ParisMuseo de Historia, BarcelonaHilton Hotel Dubai CreekLight and Building, Frankfurt

For illumination of ceilings orfloors in:- churches- theatres- museums- pedestrian traffic areas

Recessed wall-mounted down-lights are inconspicuous archi-tectural details, whereas surface-mounted downlights act as a

feature in the room They shouldcorrespond to the architecture intheir arrangement and form.

Ceiling washlights should bemounted above eye-level. Thedistance to the ceiling dependson the level of evenness requiredon the ceiling. The distance to the

ceiling should measure at least0.8 m for indirect lighting so thatan even illumination is ensured.

ArrangementCeiling washlights

The mounting height (h) of floorwashlights near to seats or seat-ing should be less than eye-level(1.2 m), normally 0.8 m above thefloor level.

ArrangementFloor washlights


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Perimeter luminaires

Perimeter luminaires are linearluminaires with a wide-beamedcharacteristic for evenly illumi-nating vertical surfaces. Perimeterlighting refers to a lighting con-

cept whereby fluorescent lampsare sunk directly into a joint tothe wall. These luminaires areavailable with or without reflec-tor. A higher, even quality oflighting is obtained however byluminaires with reflectors and seta distance from the wall. The low

Light

Perimeter luminairesPerimeter luminaires with reflec-tors have an asymmetric light dis-tribution for illuminating verticalsurfaces. As linear light sourcesthey provide an even illuminationof wall faces.

Linear grazing lightPerimeter luminaires for grazinglight are positioned directly onthe wall. The illuminance on thewall decreases greatly as the dis-tance from the lamp increases.

luminance and linear format offluorescent lamps result in a lowbriliance.

Criteria for perimeter luminaires

- uniformity: optimised reflectorfor even illumination of areas

Applications

Projects:Reichstag, BerlinThe Tricycle, LondonPacific Rim Restaurant, HongKongPolygon Bar and Grill, London

For illuminating vertical surfacesin:- museums- exhibitions- presentational areas

Perimeter lighting out ofhaunches emphasises archi-tectonic features. Due to therecessed ceiling mounting,perimeter luminaires are gener-ally inconspicuous architecturaldetails. Luminaires with a sur-face-mounted section and reflec-tor that protrude down from theceiling give a transitionless, uni-form wall illumination from theceiling to the floor.


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Recessed floor luminaires emittheir beam upwards. They areoffered with narrow-beamed,wide-beamed, symmetrical orasymmetrical light distribution.

Criteria for recessed floor lumi-naires:- choice of lamp determines lightcolour, service life, efficiency andlight intensity- uniformity: optimised reflectorfor even illumination of areas- range of tilt for directionalluminaires with high glare pro-tection- light output ratio is increased byoptimised reflector technology

Light

Uplights

Uplights feature an upwardsdirected beam with symmetricallight distribution. The narrow,rotationally symmetrical beamsare used for highlighting objects.

Directional luminairesDirectional luminaires are usedfor highlighting individual areasor objects with a medium to nar-

row light distribution. The beamcan be tilted.

Uplight, diffuseRecessed floor luminaires withdiffuse light intensity distributionare used for marking paths oremphasising architectural lines.


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Applications

Projects:

Deutsche Bank, TokyoBurj Al Arab, DubaiBurj Al Arab, DubaiMaritim Museum, Osaka

Accent lighting or floodlightingfor- theatres- presentational areas- sales areas

- reception and entrance areas- architectural features

Recessed floor luminaires areinconspicuous architecturaldetails. They should correspond tothe architecture in their arrange-ment and form.


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The defining feature of orienta-tion luminaires is that they aredesigned first and foremost toprovide orientation. Such lumi-naires may also function as sourc-

es of illumination or as signals.

Criteria for orientation luminaires- luminance: noticeability of theluminaires in their surroundings

Light

Orientation luminaires, localOrientation luminaires withpoint-form front lens act as alocal orientation light.

Floor washlightsFloor washlights form points oflight on the wall and serves asan orientation light on the floorsurface.

Applications

Projects:Sevens department store,DsseldorfHilton Hotel, DubaiInstituto Frances, BarcelonaHilton Hotel, Dubai

For identifying:- architectural lines- steps or restricted areas- entrances- routes- emergency exit routes


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Directive luminaires

Directive luminaires provideinformation or give directions byway of pictograms or texts. Emer-gency lighting refers to lumi-naires that indicate the escape

route to improve orientation inemergency situations.

Criteria for emergency lightingand directive luminaires- luminance: noticeability of theluminaire in its surroundings- form and colour: to comply withthe standards- luminaire position: to describecorrectly the escape route- emergency power supply- effectiveness: to continuelighting signs upon mains powerfailure

Light

Luminaires

Emergency lighting and directiveluminaires can be subdivided intothree groups:- directive lighting: pictograms ortexts providing information- emergency lighting: lighting forescape routes, anti-panic lightingand emergency lighting for workplaces with special hazards- backup lighting: takes over thefunction of providing artificiallighting for maintaining opera-tions over a limited period

Applications

Projects:Palazzo della Ragione, BergamoPotsdamer Platz, BerlinNorwegian Aviation Museum,BodoGIRA, Radevormwald

For identifying:- exits- emergency exits, fire exits- escape and rescue routes

Directive luminaires are oftensecondary lighting features andshould match with the archi-tecture. Luminaires that changecolour allow controllable dynamicroute markings. Safety and rescuesign luminaires must comply withthe regional guidelines.


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Lighting applications

E

Light plays a central and multi-faceted role in the design of avisual environment. In additionto the requirements and demandsmade by the user on lightingdesign, the architectonic conceptalso stipulates a framework forthe design of the illumination.Working plane Wall Ceiling

Floor Object Orientation lighting

Directive lighting


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E GuideIndoor lighting | Lighting applications

Working plane

Work station Area, small Area, large

Illuminating a horizontal surfaceis one of the most common light-ing tasks. Most of the lightingtasks governed by work placestandards and standards forpedestrian traffic routes comeunder this category, whetherthese be the illumination ofwork surfaces or the actual floor.


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Demanding visual tasks not onlyrequire general lighting butalso additional lighting for theworkstation.With task lights thelight can be directed to the task

in hand. Light structures withfluorescent lamps emit diffuselight.Directional luminaires emitan accentuating light onto theworkstation. Indirect light withuplights lends the room generalbackground lighting.

To provide an energy efficientlighting, the general lighting canbe lower than the illuminationof the working area. Combinedlighting with direct and indirectcomponents provides good visualcomfort both in the room and onthe work surface.

Observation

Conclusion

E GuideIndoor lighting | Lighting applications | Working plane

Work station

Task light

Light structure

Directional luminaire

Lighting criteria for task lighting- illuminance level dependent onactivity- illuminance distribution foravoiding direct- and secondaryglare- cut-off angle and position ofthe luminaire restrict glare andincrease visual comfort- the choice of lamp determinesthe light colour and colour ren-dition


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Applications

Projects:Shanghai MuseumSuccess advertising agencyPalacio de la Aljaferia, ZaragozaFibanc, Barcelona


Work station

High luminances reflected fromsurfaces or objects cause second-ary glare. The luminaires shouldnot be positioned in the criticalareas. Indirect illumination with

diffuse light reduces the second-ary glare. When aiming the beamof light, care should be takento avoid shadows on the worksurface.

Arrangement

The quantitative lighting criteria

are primary considerations fortask lighting. Energy can be savedby reducing the general lightingin favour of local task lightingand daylight dependent control.

Preferred luminaire group- task lights- light structures- directional luminaires


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Usable areas can be illuminateddirectly and indirectly: downlightsand pendant downlights emitdirect illumination into the room.Light structures have a diffuse

light distribution. Uplights illu-minate the room indirectly with adiffuse, uniform light.

Observation


Area, small

Light structures

Downlights

Pendant downlights

Uplights


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Area, small

Applications

Projects:Dansk Design Center, CopenhagenDZ Bank, BerlinFibanc, BarcelonaFondation Beyeler, Basel

The quantitative lighting criteria

are paramount considerations forlighting usable areas.

Applications- office workstations- conference rooms- workshops and shopfloors- reception and entrance areas

Preferred luminaire groups- light structures- downlights- uplights

Compared to indirect lightingwith diffuse light, the directaimed light results in bettermodelling capability. Combinedlighting with direct and indirect

components ensures good visualcomfort both in the room and onthe work surface.

Conclusion Lighting criteria for usable areas:- illuminance level dependent onactivity- luminance distribution to avoiddirect and secondary glare

- cut-off angle and position ofthe luminaire restrict glare andincrease visual comfort- the choice of lamp determinesthe light colour and colour ren-dition


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Under consideration of theenergy aspects, direct lightingwith permanently mounteddownlights are the most suitablefor large rooms.

Whereas downlights representfixed-location general lighting,spotlights can be used flexibly inthe area of exhibitions and pres-entations. Due to their narrow-beam light distribution, spotlightshave high glare control. Directedlight results in good modellingcapabilities.

Observation

Conclusion


Area, large

Downlights

Pendant downlights

Spotlights

Lighting criteria for usable areas:- illuminance level, depending onthe activity- luminance distribution to avoiddirect and secondary glare- cut-off angle and position ofthe luminaire restrict glare andincrease visual comfort- the choice of lamp determinesthe light colour and colour ren-dition


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Applications

Projects:

Reichstag, BerlinBank of China, BeijingERCO, LdenscheidStndehaus art gallery, Dsseldorf

The quantitative lighting criteriaare paramount considerationsfor lighting usable areas. Directillumination here is considerablymore economical than indirect

illumination.

General lighting for- workshops and shopfloors- museums- exhibitions- sales and representational areas

Preferred luminaire groups- downlights


Area, large


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Wall, 3m Wall, 5m Wall with texture

Wall lighting can fulfil a numberof tasks. Firstly, it can be aimedat fulfilling vertical visual taskson the walls, whether this beinformative material such asnotice boards, presentationalobjects such as paintings or mer-chandise, architectonic structuresor the surface of the wall itself.Wall lighting can, however, alsobe aimed solely at presenting the

wall in its capacity as the surfacedelineating the room; finally,wall illumination can be a meansof indirect general lighting for aroom.


Wall


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E GuideIndoor lighting | Lighting applications | Wall

Wall, 3m

Walls can be lit using point-formor linear luminaires. Wallwasherspotlights offer flexible adjust-ment for different wall heights.Wallwashers are characterised by

the even progression of bright-ness along the wall. Lens wall-washers have special lens reflec-tor systems. Washlights projectthe light evenly onto the wallsurface, while maintaining thedownlight effect on the room.Linear light sources for wall-

Observation

Point-form light sourcesWallwasher spotlights

washing with fluorescent lampsbrighten the wall with perfectuniformity. Using a Softec lensachieves an extremely even illu-mination of the whole wall even

in the higher area right up to theceiling. Perimeter illumination outof a haunch is positioned directlyon the wall. It produces a grazinglight effect emphasising the sur-face texture. The evenness of thewallwashing is only secondaryhere.

Point-form light sourcesWashlights

Point-form light sourcesLens wallwashers

Linear light sourcesWallwashers


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Wall, 3m

Linear light sourcesLight structure

Linear light sourcesPerimeter luminaire

Linear light sourcesPerimeter luminaire Softec lens

Linear light sourcesPerimeter luminaire Cove

Conclusion Vertical illumination emphasisesthe wall faces in terms of theirphysical make-up. The room ismade to look bigger by brighten-ing its walls and ceiling etc. Pointlight sources make the wall sur-face much more vivid, whereaswith linear luminaires a higheruniformity is achieved.

Lighting criteria for walls:- uniformity of the lighting- the choice of lamp determinesthe light colour and colour ren-dition


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Wall, 3m

Arrangement The offset from the wall shouldbe at least one third of theroom height. Alternatively, theoffset from the wall is where a20 degree line projected from

the base of the wall intersectsthe ceiling. An optimum evennessis obtained when the luminairespacing is the same as the offsetfrom the wall. Wallwashers onlydevelop their optimal evennessas of a minimum number ofthree luminaires. The position ofa wallwasher in a room cornershould lie on the 45 line.

Applications

Projects:British Museum, LondonCrescent House, WiltshireMediathek, SendaiWeimar College of Music

Washlighting illumination forvertical surfaces of:- museums- exhibitions

- trade-fair stands- sales and representational areas

Preferred luminaire groups- wallwashers- washlights- lens wallwashersdouble washlights- perimeter luminaires


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Wall, 5m

In high rooms the luminaires arebeyond the direct field of vision.As the room height increases thebrightness of the wall decreases,if the lighting remains constant.

Wallwashers are characterisedby the even progression ofbrightness along the wall. Lenswallwashers have special lensreflector systems. Linear lightsources for wallwashing withfluorescent lamps provides aperfectly uniform brightening of

Observation

Point-form light sourcesWallwasher spotlights

the room. Using a Softec lens, anextremely even illumination ofthe whole wall can be achievedeven in the higher area rightup to the ceiling. The perimeter

illumination out of a haunch ispositioned directly on the wall. Itproducesa grazing light effect and empha-sises the surface texture. Theevenness of the wallwashing issecondary.




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Linear light sourcesPerimeter luminaire Softec lens

Linear light sources

Perimeter luminaire Cove


Wall, 5m

Conclusion Vertical illumination emphasisesthe walls or other room limits in terms of their physical make-up. The room is made to look big-ger by brightening the wall faces.Point-form light sources makethe wall surface much more vividwhile with linear luminaires ahigher uniformity is achieved. Asthe room height increases the dis-tance of the luminaire to the wallmust be increased. The reductionof the mean illuminance in higherrooms can be compensated forby having a higher lamp powerand by increasing the number ofluminaires. Wallwashing only pro-duces an even brightness on mattsurfaces.

Lighting criteria for high walls- uniformity of the lighting- the choice of lamp determinesthe light colour and colour ren-dition


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Arrangement Whereas for normal room heightsthe luminaire spacing is the sameas the offset from the wall, inhigher rooms it must be reducedto compensate for the other-

wise sinking illuminance. Theoffset from the wall is where a20 degree line projected fromthe base of the wall intersectsthe ceiling. The position of awallwasher at the end of the wallshould lie on the 45 degree line.


Wall, 5m

Applications

Projects:Heart of Jesus Church, MunichBank of China, BeijingBMW factory, LeipzigMartin-Gropius building, Berlin

Washlighting illumination forvertical surfaces in:- museums- exhibitions

- trade-fair stands- sales and representational areas

Preferred luminaire groups- wallwasher- washlights- lens wallwashers- perimeter luminaires


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Wall with texture

Point-form wallwashers makesurface textures clearly visible.When using linear light sourcesthe wall face appears evenand the surface texture is only

emphasised to a limited extent.When using perimeter luminairesmounted directly on the wall,there is no evenness and greatvividness is created.

Observation

Point-form light sourcesDownlights



Linear light sourcesPerimeter luminaire Cove


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Conclusion Linear light sources at a shortoffset from the wall most vividlyenhance the surface texture.Conversely, point-form lightsources at a short offset from

the wall produce their own lightpattern that, admittedly, doesaccentuate the texture, but doesnot permit an even wallwashing.Grazing light on walls can accen-tuate any surface irregularities.


Wall with texture

Applications

Projects:Burj Al Arab, DubaiConrad International Hotel,Singapore

ABN AMRO, SydneyHeart of Jesus Church, Munich

The smaller the offset from thewall, the clearer the surfacetexture is enhanced. When usinggrazing light, the evenness ofthe wall illumination is greatlyreduced.

Preferred luminaire groups

- wallwashers- washlights- lens wallwashers- perimeter luminaires


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Ceiling, plan Structural elements

With ceiling illumination, eitherlight is shone to illuminate theceiling in its own right or the ceil-ing is merely used as a reflectorfor general lighting. The ceiling isprimarily emphasised, when it hasan intrinsic communicative value,e.g. due to architectonic struc-tures. Illuminating the ceiling toprovide indirect general lightingrequires it has a high reflectance.

It should be noted the ceiling willthen be the brightest surface inthe room and will therefore beemphasised.


Ceiling


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E GuideIndoor lighting | Lighting applications | Ceiling

Ceiling, plan

Applications

Projects:

Weimar College of MusicShanghai MuseumEzeiza Airport, Buenos Aires

Washlighting ceiling illumina-tion for- offices- historical buildings- churches

- theatres- passages

Preferred luminaire groups- ceiling washlights- uplights- light structures


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Structural elements

Luminaires for lighting supportstructures can be mounted onthe structure itself, on the wallsor in the floor. A washlightingillumination adds emphasis to

the whole ceiling surface. Nar-row-beamed luminaires accen-tuate the support structure inparticular.

Observation

Light structures

Light structures with ceilingwashlights

Ceiling washlights

Spotlights


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Applications

Project:Palacio de la Aljaferia, Zaragoza

Indirect ceiling lighting for- historical buildings- churches- theatres- passages

Preferred luminaire groups- spotlights

- light structures- ceiling washlights


Structural elements

The selection of the type ofluminaire is dependent on thescale and the proportion of thesupport structure. Spotlightscan also be attached directly

to components of the supportstructure. The arrangement ofthe luminaires should be orientedaround the design of the supportstructure. Ceiling washlights, dueto their asymmetric light distribu-tion, require a larger offset fromthe ceiling.

Conclusion


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Floor

For floor lighting, either wash-lighting is applied to the floorsurface alone or the room asa whole is illuminated withdownlights with direct light from

above. Floor washlights particu-larly highlight the floor surfaceand its physical make-up.

Observation

Downlights

Floor washlights

Due to their asymmetric light dis-tribution, floor washlights providegrazing light illumination of thefloor. They ensure a high degreeof visual comfort thanks to theirlow mounting height. The elimina-tion of glare from downlights isdetermined by the cut-off angle.The evenness of the downlightlighting is higher.

Conclusion


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Floor

Applications

Projects:

Lamy Innovation Workshop,HeidelbergKonrad Adenauer Fund, Berlin

Floor washlighting for- walkways and foyers in hotels,theatres, cinemas and concerthalls- hallways

- steps and stairs

Preferred luminaire groups:- downlights- floodlights


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Object in the space Object on the wall

Objects can be accentuated withgreat effect to turn them into realeye-catchers. Visual impressionscan be given an unusual appear-ance by selecting a crisp edgedillumination. The opposite of suchdramatic lighting is a uniform,large area lighting solution.


Object


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E GuideIndoor lighting | Lighting applications | Object

Object in the space

Objects in the room or area canbe illuminated flexibly usingtrack-mounted spotlights orfloodlights. When illuminating anobject with one spotlight in the

direction of vision, the modellingeffect is weak. Two spotlights,with sculpture accessories, shin-ing from different directions cre-ate a balanced, three-dimensionaleffect. The brightness contrastsare milder compared to whenusing just one spotlight. Illumi-

Observation

Spotlight, front elevation

nating from below producesinteresting effects since the lightis coming from an angle which isunusual for the observer.

Spotlight, side elevation

Spotlight, isometric

Spotlight, underside


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Floodlights

Narrow beam spotlights accentu-ate the object while floodlightsshow the object in the contextof its surroundings. This reducesthe modelling effect. Lightingfrom below can have the effect ofmaking things look very strange.The possibility of dazzle must be

prevented here in particular.

Conclusion


Object in the space

Arrangement Objects in the room can be illumi-nated with an angle of incidenceof 30 to 45 to the vertical. Thesteeper the incident light, thestronger the shadows. When theangle of incidence is 30, strongreflection or undesirable shad-ows on people and objects areavoided.

Applications

Projects:Passeig de Grcia, BarcelonaMuseum of Contemporary Art,HelsinkiGuggenheim Museum, BilbaoHermitage, Saint Petersburg

Accent lighting for- museums- exhibitions- trade-fair stands- sales and representational areas

Preferred luminaire groups- spotlights- floodlights


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Object on the wall

Objects on the wall can be flexiblyilluminated with track-mountedspotlights or floodlights. Spot-lights highlight the wall-mountedpicture and create a decorative

effect. Individual wallwashersaccentuate the picture morediscretely than spotlights. Sev-eral wallwashers illuminate thewall evenly. The object is notemphasised. Floodlights providea homogenous illumination ofthe entire wall surface. A contour

Observation

Spotlights

spotlight ensures very strong,effective emphasis of the wall-mounted picture.

Wallwasher spotlights

Floodlights

Contour spotlights


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Object on the wall

Narrow beam spotlights accentu-ate the object while floodlightsshow the object in the context ofits surroundings. Contour spot-lights can illuminate the object

with a crisp focused beam andthus highlight particularly well.This can result in an effect thatmakes the object look strangebecause the object itself seemsto emit light.

Conclusion

Arrangement Objects on the wall can be illumi-nated with an angle of incidenceof 30 to 45 to the vertical. Thesteeper the incident light, themore vivid the object appears. Onreflective surfaces, e.g. artworksbehind glass or oil paintings, caremust be taken that the angle of

incidence does not cause second-ary glare in the observers lineof vision. In addition, unwantedshadow, e.g. cast by the pictureframe onto the picture surface,should also be avoided.

Applications

Projects:Museum of Contemporary Art,BarcelonaMuseo Deu, El VendrellPalacio Real de MadridReichstag, Berlin

Accent lighting for- museums- exhibitions- trade-fair stands- sales and representational areas

Preferred luminaire groups- spotlights- wallwashers- floodlights


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Orientation lighting

Floor washlights

Wall-mounted downlights



Orientation lighting is definedfirst and foremost by the task ofproviding orientation. This canbe done using luminaires thatprovide visibility or ones that act

as a sign. Floor washlights andwall-mounted downlights provideorientation by illuminating eitherthe floor surface or the room. Ori-entation luminaires and recessedfloor luminaires typically provideorientation by being arrangedinto lines or by marking out areas.

Observation


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Orientation lighting

Low illumination levels are suf-ficient for orientation purposes.Small luminaires with high lumi-nance clearly set themselvesapart form their surroundings.

Conclusion

Applications

Projects:Light and Building, FrankfurtPalazzo della Ragione, BergamoDeutsche Bank, Tokyo

Sevens, Dsseldorf

Orientation lighting for theidentification of- architectural lines- steps and exclusion zones- entrances- routes- emergency exit routes

Preferred luminaire groups- floor washlights- wall-mounted downlights- recessed floor luminaires- orientation luminaires


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Directive lighting

Applications

Projects:Palazzo della Ragione, BergamoBurj Al Arab, DubaiNorwegian Aviation Museum,BodoTaschenberg-Palais, Dresden

Application: for identification of:- exits- emergency exits, fire exits- escape and rescue routes

Directive luminaires are oftensecondary lighting features andshould match with the archi-tecture. Luminaires that changecolour allow controllable dynamicroute markings. Safety and rescue

sign luminaires must comply withthe regional guidelines.

Preferred luminaire groups- directive luminaires- safety sign luminaires- luminaires for pictograms

Observation Directive luminaires provide infor-mation or give directions by wayof pictograms and inscriptions.Safety and rescue sign luminairesinform on the direction of an

escape route or emergency exit.

indoor lighting guide

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