individual differences-210910 120702

8/2/2019 Individual Differences-210910 120702

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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES:PERCEPTION

Salbiah Abd Rahman


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The IndividualInterpersonalInfluence and

Group BehaviorOrganizational

Processes

Skills & Abilities

Perception

PersonalityAttitudes

Values

Group behavior

and work teams

Intergroup

conflict and

negotiations

Organizational

power and

politics

Communication

Leadership

Communications

Decision makingReward System

Job Design

THE ORGANIZATIONS ENVIRONMENT

INDIVIDUAL

BEHAVIOR IN THE

ORGANIZATION


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Individual Behavior First law of human behavior:

People are different. What one person

considers a golden opportunity anotherconsiders a threat.

Definition:A process by which individuals organizeand interpret sensory impressions in order to give

meaning to their environment


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Perception Perception is the process by which individuals

make sense of their world.

Individuals organize and interpret information

from their environments using perceptualfilters personality, psychology, experience, preferences,

beliefs-based differences

Objective vs. perceived realities


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Perception People perceive the world uniquely

Differences in perceptions can cause

problems Communication

Conflict

Motivation Judgment

Decision Making


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Object Perception

Proximity things close together are seen as belongingtogether.


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Object PerceptionFigure-Ground:

The figure and thebackground switch


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Social Perception

How we gather information about thesocial world--about peoples behavior,

moods, motives, and traits

Similar to object perception, but

People are more dynamic than objects Were trying to figure out intentions,

motives, and causes of behavior


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Attribution

Why did they do that?

internal causes traits

skills

abilities external causes

situational constraints


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Internal

Stable Unstable

External

4 attributions for the causeof performance


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How do we determine cause?(Kelley) Consensus - how do others behave

Consistency - this person on otheroccasions

Distinctiveness - this person in othersituations


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Errors/Biases

in Social Perception Selective perception

notice stimuli which are salient due to ourinterests, background, experiences

Closure

tendency to fill in the gaps when

information is missing

Assume what we dont know is consistentwith what we do know


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Errors/Biases

in Social Perception Halo Effects

Impression on one dimension affects impressionof unrelated dimension

Contrast Stereotyping

A person has beliefs about a class of stimulusobjects and generalizes those beliefs to

encounters with members of that class of objects. Primacy/Recency effects

Disproportionately high weight is given to thefirst/last information obtained about a stimulus


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First Impressions Influences what subsequent information we notice

and how it is interpreted

Fill-in information consistent with first impression

Anchoring Failure to adjust for subsequent information

Confirmation Bias Seek out information & perceive stimuli in ways that confirm

expectations Discount contradictory information

Self fulfilling prophecy (2-way)

Recencyavailability bias


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Errors/Biases

in Social PerceptionActor-observer difference (aka the

fundamental attribution error)

Actors attribute their behavior to externalcauses

Observer attribute actors behavior to

internal cause


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Errors/Biasesin Social Perception

Self-serving bias attribute successes to ourselves - internal

attribute failures to the environment external


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Performance appraisal anderrors in social perception

Supervisor:

Subordinate:


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Perception Implications


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Guard against specific biases

Stereotypes Be aware that stereotyping can occur with very

little information, remain open to new information

Recognize that stereotypes rarely apply to aspecific individual

Fundamental attribution error?

Primacy/recency? Halo?

Confirmation?


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Perception Implications

individual differences-210910 120702

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