india introduction
DESCRIPTION
An Over all Beginning Of IndiaTRANSCRIPT
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MUSIC OF INDIA
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BASIC FACTS:South Asia2nd most populous country in worldBirthplace of 4 major religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism)Official languages: Hindi, English and 21 other languagesWas British colony until independence in 1947Over 5,000 years of recorded historyLargest film industry in the world; great source of popular music
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Indian MusicCarnatic vs. Hindustani classical traditions(music and dance)
Raga and Tala
Improvisation and Composition
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Indian InstrumentsSITARSARODTAMBURA
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Indian InstrumentsMRIDANGAMTABLA
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Sound SampleCD 2/20 Engal Kalyanam (Our wedding)1969, from Tamil filmCD 2/21 Devi Niye TunaiClassical song (kriti) by 20th cent. Composer (singer, mridangam, in Tamil)Medium and fast gats (sitar, tabla)Ghazal, by Zasar (vocal, tabla) (poetic form, light classical music
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Indian Classical Ensemble
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RAGASeries of pitchesRules for ornamentationRules for ascendingRules for descendingAssociated with mood, time of day andNorth India 200 ragasSouth India 72 main, several secondary
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Raga Basant
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TALAFixed metrical cycle consisting of shorter units, often of unequal lengthBasis for improvisation for soloist and drummerAudience participates by counting time with hands
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Ata TalaAta tala 5 + 5 + 2 + 2 = 14 beats
2 3 4 5 /6 7 8 9 10/11 12 /13 14//Clap * * * * Clap * * * * Clap Wave Clap Wave
Tintal: 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16Clap 234/ clap 234 /wave234 /clap234
Sound example: Medium and fast gats in raga Yaman and tintal EXC CD 1/1
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The KritiMost well known form of Carnatic musicOriginally vocal with religious textsModern kriti repertoire composed in 18th-19th cents.Saint Tyagaraja (1757-1847)
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Kriti StructureAlapana (improvised opening, introduces the raga)3 sections (no breaks):Pallavi: opening section and refrainAnupallavi: introduces secondary theme, moves towards climaxCaranam: final section (may be relaxed or may be virtuosic restatement of previous material)
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Banturiti by TyagarajaVoice, violin, mridingamRaga: Hamsanadam (c e f# g b)Adi Tala (4 + 2 + 2) Clap 2 3 4 / clap wave /clap wave
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Devi Niye Tunai by Papanasam Sivan (20th cent.)Voice, mridangamRaga: KeervaniTala: Adi Tala (4 + 2 + 2)To the goddess Devi (with the fish-shaped/always open eyes)
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SarasiruhaPallavi: O Mother who loves the lotus seat,Anupallavi: Save me who have taken refuge in you!Charanam: Complete Being, who holds a book in her hand which bestows all dominion.
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Sarasiruha by Pulaiyar Doraismy (19th cent.)Instrumental but based on song with wordsVina, mridangamRaga Natai: ancient raga associated with god Shiva in form of Lord of the DanceAdi TalaAlapana/Tanam//Pallavi/Anupallavi/ Caranam