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Index 357

Index

Scientific names of animals and plants can be found in Appendix B.

A

Abalone, 47withering syndrome in, 52, 322

Abrins, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352Abscess

brain, in deer, 224–225in harvested wildlife, 217

Abstracting services, 289–294Acanthocephaliasis

in birds, 220–221fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320in sea otters, 60, 221

Acariosis, in bees, 351Acinetobacter, human disease from animal bites/

scratches, 197Acroporids, 42–43Adenovirus hemorrhagic disease

fauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313in mule deer, 76, 80

Adenovirus infectionfauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313in long-tailed ducks, 63

Adventure tourism, 195Aeromonas, human disease from animal bites/

scratches, 197Aeromonas caviae

fauna affected, 316geographic area affected, 316

Aeromonas hydrophila, in sea turtles, 51Aeromonas jandeaei


Aeromonas salmonicida, see FurunculosisAerosol transmission, 10, 31, 195, 199

of biowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 234Aflatoxicosis

in birds, 105game meat and, 228in snow geese, 76

African horse sicknessin biowarfare/bioterrorism, 242, 254–255, 257, 346in zebras, 150

African sleeping sickness, 12African swine fever, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 242,

251, 255, 257, 346African tick-bite fever, 13African trypanosomiasis, 12Agricola (database), 291, 293Agriculture, 99, 103, 105

world trade in agricultural products, 201Agris (database), 293Agroterrorism, 244, 247–249, 259, 262

characteristics of most dangerous pathogens, 249pathogens of concern, 251–257

AIDS, see HIV/AIDSAirborne disease, see Aerosol transmissionAir conditioning, 99Airline travel, 193, 201Alaskan Wildlife Diseases, 287Alaska SeaLife Center, 173Algae

coral bleaching, 46coralline lethal orange disease, 44–46

Algal blooms, 48–49, 105, 209Alligators

alligator meat, 154, 165game ranching, 153–154human disease from bites/scratches, 197

Alphavirus, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 247Alternative agriculture, see Game ranchingAmerican coots, trematodes in, 75American foulbrood, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 349American Journal of Epidemiology, 292American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,

292Amidostomum, see Gizzard wormsAmnesic shellfish poisoning, 49Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry, 286Amphibians

anchorworms in, 65Batrachochytrium in, 66chlamydiosis in, 65chytridiomycosis in, 21, 63–67common and scientific names of, 332Dermosporidium in, 65disease emergence in, 63–68fungal diseases in, 64

358 Disease Emergence and Resurgence: The Wildlife–Human Connection

Amphibians—Continued Ichthyophonus in, 64 leeches in, 65malformations in, 65, 67Perkinsus-like infection in, 65population declines, 63, 67ranavirus in, 63–67Ribeiroia in, 65saprolegniasis in, 64translocations of, 67, 148

Amplification host, 37Anaplasmosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 350Anatoxins, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352Anchorworms

in amphibians, 65fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320

Andromous fish, jurisdiction and regulatory authorities for stewardship of, 259

Angiomatosisbacillary, 96fauna affected, 321geographic area affected, 321

Animal bites, 10, 31, 96, 195, 197, 199by companion animals, 93by marine mammals, 58

Animal hides, 7, 15, 130, 148–149, 151–153, 156Animal migration, 99Animal parts, disposal of, 211Animal Plagues, 276–277Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service (APHIS),

133Animal processing, 195Animal scratches, 10, 93, 96, 195, 197Animal translocations, see Translocations of wildlifeAnisakiasis

foodborne, 86–87, 89routes for human exposure to, 15

Annotated Bibliography of Helminthes of Waterfowl, 290

Antelopeantelope meat, 165game ranching, 165hemorrhagic disease of, 226–227

Anthraxfrom animal hides, 7in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234, 236–237, 243–245,

248–249, 254, 256, 349in deer, 76letter attacks of 2001, 236research on, 244zoonoses-specific publications, 282

Antibiotics, 99resistance to, 25, 103

Antlers, 151Antler velvet, 151, 153Apes, 156Aphanomyces invadans, 48APHIS, 133Appendicitis, from lead shot ingestion, 211Aquaculture, 47, 50, 68, 71, 90, 99, 103–105, 140,

142, 244founder stocks for, 105

Aquarium fish, 94–95, 105, 166Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (database),

294Araeolaimus, 43Argentine hemorrhagic fever, in biowarfare/bioterror-

ism, 245, 346Arthropods

as amplification hosts, 37common and scientific names of, 332–333spread by wild birds, 37

Arthropod-vectored diseases, 7, 10, 12, 31, 98, 199Artiodactyls, 242Asclepiadae, 7Asian tapeworm, in freshwater fish, 69Asian tiger mosquito, 105Aspergillosis

in birds, 175, 227–228in Canada geese, 227human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197in waterfowl, 103

Aspergillus sydowii, see Sea fan diseaseAstrovirus, foodborne, 86Atlas of Travel Medicine and Health, 202Atrophic rhinitis of swine, in biowarfare/bioterrorism,

349Audubon Center for Birds of Prey, 173Aujeszky’s disease, see PseudorabiesAum Shinrikyo cult, 241–243Avian botulism, 228

toxin in fish, 21–24, 31, 212type C, 105

fauna affected, 321geographic area affected, 321in United States, 21, 26in waterbirds, 21, 27, 72–73, 75

type Efauna affected, 321geographic area affected, 321in waterbirds, 21–24

Avian cholera, 105, 222in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 242, 349fauna affected, 316in geese, 224geographic area affected, 316in marine birds, 55, 62

Index 359

in waterbirds, 73–74, 77in waterfowl, 242

Avian Cholera and Related Topics: An Annotated Bibliography, 290

Avian diseases, 13Avian Diseases (journal), 292Avian infectious bronchitis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism,

346Avian infectious laryngotracheitis, in biowarfare/bioter-

rorism, 346Avian influenza

avian influenza virus H5N1, 265, 301in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 252, 257–258, 346costs incurred by society from, 138

Avian malariafauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319in Hawaii, 98

Avian pox, 81in bald eagles, 226in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 346fauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313in Hawaii, 98in songbirds, 175

Avian tuberculosis, 225in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 349in ducks, 214fauna affected, 318geographic area affected, 318in whooping cranes, 217

Avian vacuolar myelinopathybird mortalities from, 78fauna affected, 321geographic area affected, 321pathology of, 78in waterbirds, 75, 78

B

Babesiosisbovine, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351crossing species barriers, 101

Baboons, 83–84human diseases in, 163

Bacillary angiomatosis, companion animals as sources of, 96

Bacillus anthracis, see AnthraxBacillus cereus

fauna affected, 316foodborne, 89geographic area affected, 316

Bacillus mycoidesfauna affected, 316

geographic area affected, 316Baconism, 278–279Bacterial and Viral Zoonoses, 281Bacterial diseases

biowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 349–350companion animals as sources of, 93crossing species barriers, 101fauna affected, 316foodborne, 84, 86game meat and, 222–225geographic area affected, 316human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197human disease from handling wildlife, 198pathogen characteristics, 16sources of human disease, 25

Bacterial kidney diseasefauna affected, 316in finfish, 71geographic area affected, 316

Bacterial wilt, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257, 349Bacteroides, human disease from animal bites/

scratches, 197Bag limits, 158Bald eagles

avian pox in, 226avian vacuolar myelinopathy in, 75deaths in Wisconsin, 78, 82, 322

Ballast water, 39, 71, 105Batrachochytrium, see ChytridiomycosisBats

fungal spores in guano, 15human diseases from bites/scratches, 197rabies in, 7, 13, 31, 195

Baylisascariasis, in raccoons, 6, 218Bear meat, 91Beavers

giardiasis in, 37translocations of, 141, 147tularemia in, 224–225

Bees, diseases of, 244, 349, 351Beggiatoa, 43Bibliographies, 288–291Bibliography of References to Avian Botulism: Update,

291A Bibliography of Cooperative Extension Service Lit-

erature on Wildlife, Fish, and Forest Resources, 210

A Bibliography of References to Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds, 290

Bibliography of Ticks and Tickborne Diseases: From Homer (about 800 B.C.) to 31 December 1984, 291

Bighorn sheep, translocations of, 140–141, 147Biodefense spending, 243


Biohazard, the Hot Zone and Beyond: Mankind’s Battle Against Deadly Disease, 285

Bioinvasion, 285Biological Abstracts (database), 291, 294Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC),

240, 244, 256–257Biological control, infectious diseases used for,

260–261The Biology of Animal Viruses, 277Biosafety facilities, 23

level-3 facilities, 135, 243level-4 facilities, 243

Bioterrorism, 1, see also Biowarfare/bioterrorismcosts of, 244defined, 234fear factor in, 239–240impact on conduct of scientific research, 244

Biotic diversity, 26Biotoxins, see ToxinsBiowarfare/bioterrorism, 1, 231–265, 302

agroterrorism, 244, 247–249, 251–257, 259, 262animal diseases and, 244–254attributes required for effective weapons, 241availability of biological agents, 239biodefense spending, 243biowarfare vs. bioterrorism, 236–242costs from, 243critical elements necessary for event to occur, 240history of, 234–237information sources, 238–239list A disease from OIE, 244, 255means of pathogen dissemination, 239pathogens of concern, 244–257, 346–352

bacteria, 349–350category A, 245category B, 246–247category C, 250“double agents,” 248–249fungi, 350–351parasites, 351–352prions, 348–349rickettsia, 350viruses, 346–348

potential perpetrators, 239present situation, 236–243preventative steps to reduce risks for, 264toxins, 352wildlife and, 258–264

early detection and response to illness, 259knowledge and networks, 263–264surveillance and monitoring of wildlife diseases, 263–264wildlife as disease delivery systems, 260–261

“BioWatch Initiative,” 243

Birdbaths, 172Bird feeders, 78, 172, 175–176

cleaning of, 176–177Birds

caged, see Caged birdscommon and scientific names of, 333–335human disease from bites/scratches, 197marine, see Marine birdssalmonellosis in, 78terrestrial, 75–78, 81Usutu virus in, 77, 81West Nile virus in, 75–76, 79

Bisonbison meat, 151, 165, 228bovine tuberculosis in, 151, 154–155, 225, 242bovine viral diarrhea in, 155brucellosis in, 105, 151, 225game ranching, 151–152, 154–155, 165infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in, 155Johne’s disease in, 155malignant catarrhal fever in, 154–155necrobacillosis in, 155pasteurellosis in, 155scours in, 155translocations of, 151

Bite, see Animal bitesBlack-band disease, in coral, 42Black bears, translocations of, 147Black Death, see PlagueBlackhead, in turkeys, 220Black spot/grub, in fish, 219Bleaching, coral, 46–47Blowhole sampling, 198Blue mold, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257, 350Bluetongue virus

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 252, 255, 257, 346in deer and antelope, 214, 226–227

Boats, contaminated surfaces of, 71Bohle iridovirus, 64Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, in biowarfare/bioterrorism,

245, 346Bonamiosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351Borrelia burgdorferi, see Lyme diseaseBot flies

in harvested wildlife, 216, 218in rabbits, 220

Bothriocephaliasisfauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320

Bottled drinking water, 88Botulism

avian, see Avian botulismin biowarfare/bioterrorism, 245, 352foodborne, 89, 215

Index 361

human disease, 25Botulism-intoxication, in waterbirds, 75Bovine genital campylobacteriosis, in biowarfare/bio-

terrorism, 349Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 226, 247

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 348costs incurred by society from, 138crossing species barriers, 101foodborne, 85human disease, 25

Bovine tuberculosis, see Tuberculosis, bovineBovine viral diarrhea, in bison, 155Brain abscess, in deer, 224–225Brevetoxicosis

fauna affected, 321geographic area affected, 321in manatees, 49

Brown tides, 48Brucellosis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 246, 256, 349in bison, 105, 151, 225in caribou, 225in elk, 105, 172, 175, 225fauna affected, 316–317in feral swine, 225foodborne, 84geographic area affected, 316–317information sources, 284in marine mammals, 55–56, 58zoonoses-specific publications, 282

Brush-tailed possum, 149Buffalo

bovine tuberculosis in, 242rinderpest in, 76

Bullet fragments, in game meat, 211Bungarotoxins, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352Burkholderia mallei, see GlandersBurkholderia pseudomallei, see MelioidosisBush meat, 130, 160–161B-virus, 100

C

CAB Abstracts (database), 294Caged birds, 94–95

ornithiosis in, 12translocations of, 150

Caimans, game ranching, 153Calicivirus, in marine mammals, 56–57California Raptor Center, 173Camping, 5, 8Campylobacteriosis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 349companion animals as sources of, 94

fauna affected, 317foodborne, 85–86, 92geographic area affected, 317migratory birds as reservoirs for, 87waterborne, 88

Canada geeseaspergillosis in, 227captive propagation of, 145, 158lead poisoning in, 214nonmigratory urban populations of, 102translocations of, 141

Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, 133, 262–263

Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Newslet-ter, 290

Cane rat, game ranching, 152Canids

canine distemper virus in, 81canine parvovirus in, 80human diseases from bites/scratches, 197wild

canine parvovirus in, 160heartworm from domestic animals, 160

Canine distemper virusadaptation and change, 106in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 242fauna affected, 313in felids, 83geographic area affected, 313in lions, 76, 80, 83, 242in marine mammals, 54, 242

Canine parvovirusfauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313in wild canids, 80, 160

Canning, of game meat, 215Capillariasis

in biological control of vertebrates, 261in mice, 261

Capnocytophaga canimorsus, from animal bites, 93–94

Caprine arthritis/encephalitis, in biowarfare/bioterror-ism, 346

Captive-propagated wildlife, 83, 139, see also Game ranching

birds and mammals for recreational hunting, 142, 145

movement of pathogens between facilities and sur-roundings, 140, 143

national wildlife health strategy, 178–179released animals, 106, 130

health certification of, 158–159, 177waterfowl, 158waterfowl health regulation, 158


Capture myopathy, 217Capybara

capybara meat, 165–166game ranching, 152

Carcassassessment of

external examination, 212–214internal examination, 213–217

diseased, contamination of water supply with, 245handling and processing of, 210–211

Cariboubrucellosis in, 225caribou meat, 215, 218myiasis in, 218

Carnivoresfeeding on carcasses or discarded viscera, 211human diseases from bites/scratches, 197tapeworm life cycle, 211, 213terrestrial, contact with seals, 54–55

Carp, spring viremia of, 68–71, 315, 348Carrier, 12Castor bean poisoning, 105Cat fleas, 195Cats

cat feces, 222domestic, 12, 30, see also Companion animalsfeline panleucopaenia in, 261feral, 261

Cat scratch disease, companion animals as sources of, 94–95, 195

Cattleagroterrorism targets, 248–249bovine tuberculosis in, 242rinderpest in, 242

caza, 160–161CDC, focusing on emerging diseases, 23Central European encephalitis, in biowarfare/bioterror-

ism, 250, 348Ceratomyxa shasta


Cervidschronic wasting disease in, 33game ranching, 151–152, 154

Cetaceans, 51–59Chemical weapons, 240–243Cheyletiella, companion animals as sources of, 95–96Chickens, commercial, 72Chimpanzees, human diseases in, 163Chinchilla, game ranching, 149Chipmunks, translocations of, 147Chlamydia psittaci, see OrnithosisChlamydiosis, 16

in amphibians, 65

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 349companion animals as sources of, 94fauna affected, 317geographic area affected, 317in migratory birds, 31pathogen characteristics, 16in waterbirds, 73in wildlife rehabilitation facilities, 13

Cholera, 97, 106avian, see Avian cholerain ballast water, 105in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234, 237, 247, 349epidemics and pandemics of, 40foodborne, 86, 89marine environment and, 40Snow’s investigation of, 9

Cholesterol content, of game meat, 151Chronic wasting disease (CWD), 177

costs incurred by society from, 138in deer, 32–33, 80, 83, 155, 172, 175, 226–227in elk, 33, 80, 83, 155, 172, 175, 226–227eradication and prevention activities, 33fauna affected, 316game ranching and, 154geographic area affected, 316social and economic impact of, 32–34

Chytridiomycosisin amphibians, 21, 63–67fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319

Ciguatera fish poisoning, 87in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352increase in occurrence of, 49

Citrobacter, human disease from animal bites/scratch-es, 197

Citrus canker, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257, 349Civet cats, as origin of SARS virus, 164Clams

disseminated neoplasia in, 53, 322domoic acid in, 49hard, 52marine, 47quahog parasitic unknown disease in, 52soft-shelled, 53

Clinostomum complanatum, see Yellow grubCLOD, see Coralline lethal orange diseaseClostridium, human disease from animal bites/

scratches, 197Clostridium botulinum, see BotulismClostridium perfringens toxin

enterotoxemia in wild birds, 105foodborne, 89

Coadaptation, between hosts and pathogens, 25Coastal regions, 39–41

Index 363

cholera in waters of, 40Coatimundi, rabies in, 164Coccidioidomycosis

fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319human disease, 13, 25in sea otters, 60–61travel-associated, 203

Cod worm, 31Coffee berry disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257,

350Collared peccaries

game ranching, 152peccary meat, 166translocations of, 147

The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance, 285

Commercial activities, 148–166international, 105–106

Common eider, 55Companion animals

acquisition of pathogens from wildlife, 93arthropod parasites of, 95–96bacillary angiomatosis and, 96bacterial diseases transmitted by, 93campylobacteriosis in, 94Capnocytophaga in, 94cat scratch disease in, 94–95Cheyletiella in, 95–96chlamydiosis in, 94commercial trade in, 99, 152–153, 156–157cryptococcosis in, 95cryptosporidiosis in, 95disease emergence and, 93–97

immunocompetency and, 96–97diseases in, economic and social costs of, 136disease transmission to humans, 10, 30–31disease transmission to wildlife, 11, 30, 160echinococcosis in, 95feeding game meat to, 209giardiasis in, 95–96health hazards associated with, 93–96hookworms in, 96human wellness and, 97larva migrans in, 95–96leptospirosis in, 94Lyme disease in, 94, 96lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in, 94melioidosis in, 94Mycobacterium marinum in, 94nursing home visits by, 96Pasteurella multocida in, 94–95percentage of households with pets, 93plague in, 94, 96

pocket pets, 195rabies in, 94rat-bite fever in, 94ringworm in, 95Rocky Mountain spotted fever in, 94, 96roundworms in, 96salmonellosis in, 94scabies in, 95–96sporotrichosis in, 95tetanus in, 94toxoplasmosis in, 95–96tularemia in, 94–96viral diseases transmitted by, 93wildlife as pets, 12, 161–166, 168–171yersiniosis in, 94

Conjunctivitis, house finch, 77–78, 81–82, 172, 175–176

Contagions, 233Contagious agalactia, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 349Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, in biowarfare/

bioterrorism, 255Contagious equine metritis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism,

349Containment, 103Containment facilities, 135Contaminated waters, 12, 37, 39, 199

cholera in marine environment, 40contact with, 10, 15, 31, 85, 195cryptosporidiosis, 86, 89, 92diseased carcasses as bioweapons, 245Escherichia coli, 87ingestion of, 10, 31, 195

Contracaecum corderoifauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320

Coping with Diseases at Bird Feeders, 172Coral

black-band disease of, 42common and scientific names of, 335–336dark-spot disease of, 44hard, 41–42rapid wasting disease of, 44red-band disease of, 43scleractinian, 42–44soft, 41–42white-band disease of, 41, 43white plague of, 44white pox disease of, 44yellow-band disease of, 43–44

Coral bleaching, 46–47Coral disease, 321Coral Health and Disease (book), 284Coralline algal disease, 44–45Coralline lethal orange disease (CLOD), 44–46


Coral reef communities, 41–47Cormorants

avian cholera in, 62domoic acid poisoning in, 49Newcastle disease virus in, 72–73

Corynebacterium, human disease from animal bites/scratches, 93, 197

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, see DiphtheriaCougar jerky, 31, 91, 215, 222Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism, 247Cowdriosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 254, 350Coxiella burnetti, see Q feverCoyotes

human diseases from bites/scratches, 197mange in, 260–261tapeworm life cycle, 211, 213tapeworms in, 36translocations of, 156

Crabsdomoic acid in, 49shell disease in, 53, 322

Cranes, inclusion body disease in, 105Crayfish plague


CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses, 280–281Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 226

new variant, 33, 85, 226Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, in biowarfare/bio-

terrorism, 250, 346Crocodiles

crocodile meat, 165game ranching, 153–154, 156, 165as pets, 167

Cropping patterns, 105Crows, West Nile fever in, 34, 37, 76, 81Cruise ships, 193, 201Crustaceans, marine, 47Cryptobia branchialis

fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319in tilapia, 71

Cryptococcosis, companion animals as sources of, 95Cryptosporidiosis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 247, 351companion animals as sources of, 95costs incurred by society from, 138fauna affected, 319foodborne, 86geographic area affected, 319waterborne, 88

in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 40, 106Current Contents (database), 294Cutaneous fibroma, in deer, 224, 226

Cutaneous larva migrans, companion animals as sources of, 95–96

CWD, see Chronic wasting diseaseCyanobacteria, 43Cyanobacterial blooms, 48Cyclospora cayetanensis, foodborne, 86, 89Cysticerci, 213Cysticercosis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351–352in moose, 218, 221, 223

D

Dam construction, 99, 104–105Damselfish neurofibromatosis, 50, 322Dark-spot disease, of coral, 44“Dark Winter,” 236Databases, on-line

fee-based, 291, 294free, 289–290, 293

Day care programs, 99Deboning, 227Deer

anthrax in, 76bluetongue virus in, 214bovine tuberculosis in, 80, 83, 154–155, 172, 175,

224–225brain abscesses in, 224–225captive propagation and release for hunting, 145chronic wasting disease in, 32–33, 80, 83, 155,

172, 175, 226–227cutaneous fibroma in, 224, 226deer meat, 33, 151, 165, 215, 218, 228

Escherichia coli O157:H7 in, 13, 31, 91, 215feeding by humans, 34, 172, 175game ranching, 33, 151–152, 154–155, 165hemorrhagic disease of, 226–227Johne’s disease in, 155leptospirosis in, 155liver flukes in, 218, 220–221, 223malignant catarrhal fever in, 154–155necrobacillosis in, 155pasteurellosis in, 155scours in, 155staphylococcal disease in, 31streptothricosis in, 198, 225translocations of, 141, 147yersiniosis in, 154–155

Deforestation, 99, 105Demodectic mange, 218Dengue fever, 29, 102Department of Homeland Security, 243, 258Departments of Natural Resources, 259Dermatophilosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 350

Index 365

Dermatophilus congolensis, see StreptothricosisDermatophytosis, see RingwormDermocystidium, in amphibians, 65Dermo disease

fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319in oysters, 53

Dermosporidiumin amphibians, 65fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319

Desulfovibrio, 42Developmental host, 36Diamondback terrapin, 157Diatoms, 104Diclofenac, 321Dinner, Pets, and Plagues by the Bucketful, 285Dinoflagellates, 48–49, 87Diphtheria, 106Diphyllobothrium latum, 222Direct contact, disease transmission by, 10, 31Dirofilaria immitis, see HeartwormDisarmament, 236Disease carriers, 148Disease control

infrastructure needs, 180national wildlife health strategy, 180regulatory needs, 174–180

Disease cycle, 14Disease diagnosis, 132, 134Disease ecology, 7–11, 14Disease emergence

companion animals and, 93–97concepts in, 21–26defining disease, 21evolutionary considerations, 24–25factors contributing to, 97–107foodborne diseases, 30–31, 84–92in free-ranging wildlife, 30, 38–84, 179in freshwater aquatic environments, 63–75human factors in, 26–30, 99, 102–106human-wildlife interfaces, 130–174increased attention to, 22–23in marine environment, 39–63new challenges and opportunities, 22–23pathogen factors in, 21–24, 98–101, see also

Pathogensperspectives on, 26–38, 83–84steps in process, 98in terrestrial environment, 75–84toxins and, 48–49wildlife and zoonoses, 30–38zoonoses and, 30–31

Disease establishment, 98–99

Disease expansion, 98Disease for Our Future, 285Disease Information (report), 283Disease prevention, 135

infrastructure needs, 180national wildlife health strategy, 179regulatory needs, 174–180

Diseases and Parasites of White-tailed Deer, 286Diseases of Amphibians and Reptiles, 286Diseases of Animals in Relation to Man, 280–281Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 290Diseases of Man Acquired from his Pets, 280Diseases of Marine Mammals, 286Diseases of the Reptilia, 286Diseases of Wildlife in Wyoming, 287Diseases of Wild Waterfowl, 286Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man, 280–281Disease surveillance, 30, 132, 135Disease transmission

from humans to wildlife, 5–7, 11from wildlife to humans, 5–7, 15

Disseminated neoplasia, in clams, 53, 322Dogs

canine distemper in, 54, 242domestic, 12, 30, see also Companion animalsferal, 54wild, 260

Dogs, Zoonoses, and Public Health, 93, 280Dog tapeworm, in rabbits, 218, 220, 223Dolphin morbillivirus, 54–55


Dolphins, 51–56, see also Marine mammalsimmunoblastic malignant lymphoma in, 322pulmonary carcinoma in, 322

Domestic animals, 301, see also Companion animalsagroterrorism, 247–249animal disease programs, 132–135animal wastes, 103–104diseases in, economic and social costs of, 136, 138diseases transmitted to humans by, 7disease transfer between wild and domestic spe-

cies, 242West Nile virus in, 79

Domoic acid, 25, 49, 103fauna affected, 321geographic area affected, 321

Dothistroma needle blight, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257, 350

Dourine, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351Doves, trichomoniasis in, 175, 218, 220, 222Drinking water, 31, 84, 88

bottled, 88water treatment, 84


Duck plaguein biowarfare/bioterrorism, 242in captive-bred waterfowl, 156fauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313in mallard ducks, 214in waterfowl, 71–72, 97, 158–159, 242

Ducksavian cholera in, 62domestic, 71game ranching, 153type E botulism in, 21

Duck virus enteritis, see Duck plagueDuck virus hepatitis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 346susceptibility to, 103

Dysentery, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234

E

Eared grebes, mass mortality among, 75, 322Eastern equine encephalitis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 247, 256, 346fauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313

Ebola virusin biowarfare/bioterrorism, 245, 346crossing species barriers, 100fauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313in nonhuman primates, 162zoonoses-specific publications, 282

Echinococcosis, 16, see also Hydatid diseasecompanion animals as sources of, 95

Echinoderms, common and scientific names of, 336Eco-challenge athletes, 195Ecological disturbances, 26–27, 99Economic development, 104–105Economics

of ecotourism, 161of wildlife diseases, 131, 138

Ecosystem alterations, 1, 40Ecosystem factors, 179Ecosystem health, 131Ecosystem stress, 83Ecotourism, 5, 12, 83–84, 90, 130–131, 148, 154,

156, 160, 193economic returns, 161game meat consumption and, 209loving primates to death, 162–163

Egrets, salmonellosis in, 78Egtved disease, see Viral hemorrhagic septicemiaEhrlichiosis, crossing species barriers, 101Elands, rinderpest in, 76

Elderly, companion animal contacts, 96–97Electronic publishing, 276, 278, 289Elephant herpesvirus, 150


Elephants, translocations of, 150Elephant shrew, monkeypox in, 168Elk

bovine tuberculosis in, 172, 175, 225brucellosis in, 105, 172, 175, 225chronic wasting disease in, 33, 80, 83, 155, 172,

175, 226–227elk meat, 151, 215feeding by humans, 172, 174–175game ranching, 33, 151–152, 154translocations of, 141, 147

Elkhorn coral, 41The Emergence of New Diseases, 285Emerging diseases, see also Disease emergence

defined, 21social and economic impacts of, 32–35

Emerging Infectious Diseases (journal), 23, 292Encyclopedias, 288Endangered species, jurisdiction and regulatory au-

thorities for stewardship of, 259Endemicity, 98Enterobacter, human disease from animal bites/

scratches, 197Enterotoxins

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 246, 352human disease, 25

Environmental change, 99Environmental quality, 131Enzootic abortion of ewes, 349Enzootic bovine leukosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism,

346Enzootic diseases, 5, 38Epidemics

cholera, 40historic publications on, 9“virgin soil epidemics,” 97

Epidemic typhus, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 247Epidemiological Bulletin, 292Epizootic hematopoietic necrosis, in finfish, 70Epizootic hemorrhagic disease

in deer and antelope, 226–227fauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313

Epizootic infectious anemia, in biowarfare/bioterror-ism, 346

Epizootic lymphangitis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 350Epizootics, historic publications on, 9Epizootic ulcerative syndrome

fauna affected, 319

Index 367

in finfish, 50geographic area affected, 319

Equine influenza, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 346Equine piroplasmosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351Equine rhinopneumonitis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism,

346Equine viral arteritis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 346Eradication, of smallpox, 26Ergot, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257, 351Erysipelas

fauna affected, 317geographic area affected, 317human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197human disease from handling wildlife, 198in marine mammals, 56, 58, 198

Erysipeloid, 6Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, see ErysipelasEscherichia, human disease from animal bites/

scratches, 197Escherichia coli

enterohemorrhagic, 352enterotoxigenic, 86, 89foodborne, 103

Escherichia coli O157:H7in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 246, 349chronic sequelae of infection, 92in deer meat, 13, 31, 91, 215foodborne, 85–87, 89, 92sources of human infections, 87

Escherichia vulnerisfauna affected, 317geographic area affected, 317

Estuarine regions, 47–50Etiologic agents, see PathogensEuropean brown hare syndrome


European cervid herpesvirus, 155European foulbrood, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 349Eustrongylides, 222, 224Eutrophication, 105Extreme athletes, 195

F

Factories of Death, 234Fascioloides magna, see Liver flukesFat content, of game meat, 151Feathers, 153Feedlots, 103–104Feed station circuit, 172Felids, canine distemper virus in, 83Feline immunodeficiency virus

fauna affected, 313

geographic area affected, 313Feline leukemia virus


Feline panleucopaeniain biological control of vertebrates, 261in cats, 261

Ferrets, 94–95Fetus, toxoplasmosis in, 96Fibroma

cutaneous, in deer, 224, 226in squirrels, 226

Fibropapillomatosis, in turtles, 51, 313fauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313

Field dressing, 211Field guides, 287–288Field Guide to Wildlife Diseases—General Field Pro-

cedures and Diseases of Migratory Birds, 288Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases—General Field

Procedures and Diseases of Birds, 288Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases in the Southeastern

United States, 288Filter feeders, 209Finfish, see also Aquaculture

Asian tapeworm in, 69bacterial kidney disease in, 71black spot/grub in, 219common and scientific names of, 336–338diseases notifiable to OIE, 70epizootic ulcerative syndrome in, 50as food, 39, 228food demands for, 140freshwater, 68–71

foodborne diseases, 86–88furunculosis in, 225gyrodactylosis in, 71herpesvirus in, 51heterosporis in, 219human disease from bites/scratches, 197ich in, 218infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in, 71introductions, unauthorized, 71iridovirus in, 47jurisdiction and regulatory authorities for steward-

ship of, 259lamprey scars, 213, 216marine, 39, 47–51mycobacteriosis in, 50nodavirus in, 47sportfishing, 142, 146Streptococcus iniae in, 50tumors of, 213, 216thorny-headed worms in, 218


Finfish—Continuedtype E botulinum toxin in, 21–24, 31, 212viral diseases of, 70white grub in, 219yellow grub in, 219

Fire blight, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257, 349Fish, see also Aquaculture; Finfish; Shellfish

aquarium, 94–95, 105, 166ornamental, 166

Fish and Fisheries Worldwide (database), 294Fish and Wildlife Service, 259Fish-cleaning stations, 211Fish culture, 47Fish Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, 286Fish Diseases and Disorders, 286Fish Diseases Commission (OIE), 71Fish-handler’s disease, 50Fish hatchery, 47, 71, 142, 144, 146

birds feeding at, 71specific-pathogen free, 142

Fish Health Policy (USFWS), 142Fish health programs, 142, 144, 146Fishing, 139

fee-based, 130, 154–156Flavobacterium, 51Fleas

of companion animals, 96, 195delivery system for biowarfare, 234

Flea-vectored diseases, 195Flies, protecting carcass from, 210Florida loon mortality, 322Flyways, 102Foodborne diseases, 199, 209–228, see also Game

meatanisakiasis, 86–87, 89astrovirus, 86Bacillus cereus, 89bacterial, 84, 86in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 246botulism, 89, 215bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 85brucellosis, 84campylobacteriosis, 85–86, 92cholera, 86, 89chronic sequelae or disability with, 91–92Clostridium perfringens, 89“conditions/things” encountered, 216–228cryptosporidiosis, 86, 89, 92Cyclospora, 86, 89emergence of, 30–31emerging diseases, 84–92Escherichia coli, 103Escherichia coli O157:H7, 85–87, 89, 92fruits and vegetables, 88–89

guidelines for meat consumption, 209–216hepatitis A, 87–89listeriosis, 85–86, 89, 92morbidity and mortality from, 84–85norovirus, 88–89Norwalk-like virus, 86–88parasitic, 84, 86–87perspectives on, 91prion diseases, 85–86risks of “going native,” 90–91rotavirus, 86salmonellosis, 85–86, 89, 92, 103seafood, 86–89, 104shigellosis, 89staphylococcal, 89streptococcal, 84toxoplasmosis, 85, 88, 92transitions and transgressions, 84–90trichinosis, 13, 84, 90–92, 215tuberculosis, 84tularemia, 88–89Vibrio, 86, 88viral, 84, 86yersiniosis, 85–86

Food practices, 99Food processing, 103Food wastes, ecotourism-related, 160Food web, 41Foot-and-mouth disease

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 251, 255, 257, 346costs incurred by society from, 138, 248

Fowl typhoid, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 349Foxes

captive propagation and release for hunting, 145fox chasing, 156fox farming, 149mange in, 220rabies in, 83translocations of, 156

Fox squirrels, translocations of, 147Francisella tularensis, see TularemiaFree-ranging wildlife, 5, see also Human-wildlife inter-

facesdisease emergence in, 38–84diseases in, economic and social costs of, 136–139disease surveillance in, 30disease transfer between wild and domestic spe-

cies, 242information sources, 286–287jurisdiction and regulatory authorities for steward-

ship of, 259national wildlife health strategy, 179public ownership of, 136–139

Index 369

Freshwater aquatic environmentamphibians, 63–68disease emergence in, 63–75fish, 68–71waterbirds, 71–75

Frogs, see also Amphibiansgame ranching, 153

Frog virus-3, 64Fruit bats, viruses carried by, 37Fruits, foodborne diseases, 88–89Fungal diseases

biowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 350–351companion animals as sources of, 95fauna affected, 319game meat and, 227–228geographic area affected, 319human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197human disease from handling wildlife, 198pathogen characteristics, 16sources of human disease, 25travel-associated, 203

Fur farming, 149Furunculosis

fauna affected, 317in fish, 225geographic area affected, 317

Fusarium semitectum, see Necrotizing scute diseaseFusobacterium, human disease from animal bites/

scratches, 197Fusobacterium necrophorum, see Necrobacillosis

G

Galapagos Islands giant tortoise mortality, 322Gambian rats, monkeypox in, 168–171, 177Gambierdiscus toxicus, 87Game farming, 148, 158–159Game meat, 8, 10, 15, 31, 90–92, 130, 148–149,

152–153, 160–161, 195, 209–228, see also Foodborne diseases

assessment of carcassexternal examination, 212–214internal examination, 213–217

carcass handling and processing, 210–212characteristics of consumers in USA, 211“conditions/things” encountered, 216–228countries providing, 165deciding what to eat, 228demands for, 228economic value of, 160, 164fat and cholesterol content of, 151food, cultural, and social needs for, 209–211foodborne diseases, 88–89guidelines for consumption, 209–216

home preparation of, 215in human diet, 166learning about local area, 209–210parasites encountered in, 216–222potential bacterial diseases, 222–225potential fungal diseases, 227–228potential prion diseases, 226–228potential toxin exposure, 228potential viral diseases, 224–226preserving and preparing for consumption, 211–212primary source of, 211role in diet, 211sporadic consumers of, 209

Game ranching, 33, 130, 148–154, 160exotic species, 157mixed game and cattle ranches, 149

Geese, 71avian cholera in, 224game ranching, 153

Geneva Convention, 240Gerbils, 195Giardiasis

in aquatic rodents, 31in beavers, 37companion animals as sources of, 95–96fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319human disease, 25waterborne, 37, 88zoonoses-specific publications, 282

gibier, 160–161Giraffes, rinderpest in, 76Gizzard worms, in upland game birds, 218Glanders, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234, 237,

245–246, 248, 256, 350Global commerce, 201Gloves, disposable, handling carcasses, 211, 227–

228Gnathostomiasis

foodborne, 87travel-related, 195

Goat pox, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 252, 255, 348Golden lion tamarins, captive-bred, 178Gorgonians, 42Gorillas

ecotourism and, 160human diseases in, 163

Gray squirrelsfibromas on, 226translocations of, 150

Green pythons, ranavirus infections in, 81Green sea urchin disease



Green turtles, 51Ground squirrels, tularemia in, 260–261The Grouse in Health and in Disease, 277Guillain-Barré syndrome, 92Guinea pigs, 195Gulls

avian cholera in, 62type E botulism in, 21

Gumboro disease, see Infectious bursal diseaseGuns, Germs, and Steel, 285Gymnodinium breve, 49Gyrodactylosis

fauna affected, 320in finfish, 71geographic area affected, 320

H

HAB, see Harmful algal bloomsHabitat loss, 179Hamsters, human disease from bites/scratches,

94–95, 195, 197Handbook of Diseases of Saskatchewan Wildlife, 288Handbook of Trout and Salmon Diseases, 286Handbook of Zoonoses, 280Handbooks, 288Hantavirus, 13

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 250, 347crossing species barriers, 101in rodent feces/urine, 15

Haplosporidiosis, in oysters, 52Hard coral, 41–42Harmful algal blooms (HAB), 48–49Hatchery stock, 47Health, overoptimistic expectations of, 26–27Health advisories, game meat, 228Heartwater, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 254, 350Heartworm

fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320in wild canids, 160in wolves, 160

Heavy metals, 25Helicobacter


Helminths, 98Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 92Hemorrhagic disease

of antelope, 226–227of deer, 226–227

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 250, 347

Hemorrhagic septicemia, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 350

Hendra virus, crossing species barriers, 37–38, 100Hepatitis A virus, foodborne, 87–89Herons, salmonellosis in, 78Herpesvirus, 16

in elephants, 150in finfish, 51human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197

Heterosporisfauna affected, 320in fish, 219geographic area affected, 320in yellow perch, 68

Hiking, 5, 8Hippocrates, 9, 11Histomoniasis, in upland game birds, 218, 222Histoplasmosis, 16

human disease, 25routes for human exposure to, 15travel-associated, 203

Historic literature, 9–10, 276–277History of Animal Plagues of North America, 276HIV/AIDS, 5, 7, 22, 29, 38, 92, 97, 136, 193

crossing species barriers, 100human disease from handling wildlife, 198pandemic, 160people living with in 2002, 32social impact of, 32

Hog cholerain biowarfare/bioterrorism, 251fauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313in wild boar, 80

Hookworms, companion animals as sources of, 96Horse pox, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347Horses

agroterrorism targets, 248as pets, 94–95

Hosts, 11, 14amplification, 37coadaption of hosts and pathogens, 25dead-end, 11developmental, 36intermediate, 98reservoir, 47, 98, 168–169

The Hot Zone, 285Hounds, 156House finch conjunctivitis, 77–78, 81–82, 172, 175–

176Human behavior, 102–103Human demographics, 102Human disease programs, 132–135Human diseases, economic and social costs of, 136,

138Humanitarian activities, in developing countries, 13

Index 371

Human population growth, 129Human-wildlife interfaces, 130–174

commercial activities, 148–166linkages and differences, 131–139need for changes, 174–180wildlife feeding, 172–177wildlife management activities, 139–148wildlife rehabilitation, see Wildlife rehabilitation

Hunter education specialists, 210Hunting, 8, 131, 139, 142, see also Game meat

fee-based, 130, 154–156, 158–159impact of CWD in deer, 32–33market, 139private shooting preserves, 139–140, 143, 149,

154, 156, 158–159social and economic effects of, 144subsistence, 160

Hydatid disease, 16, 83in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352in foxes and coyotes, 6, 36, 156human disease, 25, 83zoonoses-specific publications, 282

I

Ich, in fish, 218Ichthyophonus


Iguanascommercial production of, 156game ranching, 153as pets, 93, 166–167salmonellosis in, 166, 198

Immunoblastic malignant lymphoma, in dolphins, 322Immunocompromised individuals, 96–97, 193Inclusion body disease, in cranes, 105Index case, 83Indexing services, 289–294Industrialization, 99Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds, 283,

286Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347in bison, 155

Infectious bursal diseasein biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347fauna affected, 314geographic area affected, 314in marine birds, 62–63

Infectious diseasesin 21st century, 28–29eradication of, 26–27global mortality from, 28–29

human mortality in USA, 26Infectious Diseases of Wildlife: Detection, Diagnosis

and Management, 287Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, 283, 286Infectious hematopoietic necrosis, in finfish, 70Infectious keratoconjunctivitis

fauna affected, 317geographic area affected, 317in wildlife, 80

Infectious pancreatic necrosisfauna affected, 314in finfish, 71geographic area affected, 314

Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, in biowarfare/bioter-rorism, 347

Infectious salmon anemia, 50fauna affected, 314geographic area affected, 314

Influenzaavian, see Avian influenzain biowarfare/bioterrorism, 255crossing species barriers, 100fauna affected, 314genetic recombination in virus, 36geographic area affected, 314in marine mammals, 55–57in migratory birds, 36in shorebirds, 36

Information brokerage services, 293Information sources, 275–295

abstracting services, 289–294abundance of, 16biowarfare/bioterrorism, 238–239books, 288–289changes in style and content over time, 276–279field guides, 287–288free-ranging wildlife, 286–287general compendiums on zoonoses, 280–281handling and processing of wild game, 210historic literature, 9–10, 276–277indexing services, 289–294journals (periodicals), 278–279, 289, 292, 295news media, 23, 293pathfinding, 287–295pathogens, 276popular literature, 23, 285pre-1980 books, 277publications of symposium and professional meet-

ings, 281, 284travel medicine, 202–203wildlife disease literature, 283–290zoonoses, 276–283

Ingenta (database), 291, 293Interlibrary loan, 293


Intermediate hosts, 98International Bird Rescue Research Center, 173International Journal of Zoonoses, 292International Society of Travel Medicine, 202Intoxication, in vultures, 76, 81Introductions, 99Invertebrates, marine, 45Investigation and Management of Disease in Wild

Animals, 286Iridovirus, in finfish, 47

J

Japanese encephalitis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347Jerky, 91, 215, 222Johne’s disease

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 350in bison, 155in deer, 155

Journal des Scavans, 279Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 290Journal of Fish Diseases, 290The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 292Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 283, 290Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 290Juvenile oyster disease, 52–53, 322

K

Kangaroo meat, 165Karnal bunt, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257, 351Keywords, 289Killer Germs: Rogue Diseases of the Twenty-First

Century, 285The Killers All Around, 285Koi herpesvirus, 69


Kudu, rinderpest in, 76Kuru, 226Kyasamur forest disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism,

250, 348

L

Laboratory-acquired infections, 10, 15Labyrinthula, 41, 45Lacazia loboi, see LobomycosisLamprey scars, 213, 216Landscape changes, 1, 7, 26–27, 30, 83, 99, 104–

106, 129, 174Land use, 104–105Largemouth bass virus, 69Larva migrans, 218

companion animals as sources of, 95–96Lassa virus, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 245, 347

Lead poisoning, 25in birds feeding on corn, 103in Canada geese, 214

Lead shot, 211Learned journals, 278–279Leather, see Animal hidesLeeches, in amphibians, 65Leishmaniasis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351Leporine dysautonomia, 322Leptospirosis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 350changing patterns of, 201companion animals as sources of, 94contaminated water, 12crossing species barriers, 101in deer, 155fauna affected, 317geographic area affected, 200, 317human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197in marine mammals, 6, 55–56, 58travel-related, 195

Lesser scaup, brevetoxin poisoning in, 49Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe, 295Leyogonimus polyoon, 75Library catalog, 289Library of Congress subject headings, 289Library resources, see Information sourcesLice, 59

in harvested wildlife, 216Limberneck, 75Lindsay Wildlife Museum, 173Lions

canine distemper virus in, 76, 80, 83, 242human diseases from bites/scratches, 197tuberculosis in, 80

Listeriosisfauna affected, 317foodborne, 85–86, 89, 92geographic area affected, 317

Literature guide, 287–295Liver flukes, in deer, 218, 220–221, 223Livestock, 13, see also AgroterrorismLivestock operations, 105Lizards

commercial production of, 156human disease from bites/scratches, 197

Lobomycosisfauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319in marine mammals, 56, 59

Lobo’s disease, see LobomycosisLobsters, shell disease in, 53, 322Loggerhead turtles, 51

Index 373

Long-tailed ducks, adenovirus in, 63Lumpy skin disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 253,

255, 347Lyme disease

companion animals as sources of, 94, 96deforestation/reforestation and, 105fauna affected, 317geographic area affected, 317human disease, 13, 25maintenance of tick populations, 36

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruscompanion animals as sources of, 94human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197

M

Mad cow disease, 16, 247Maedi-visna, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347Malformations, in amphibians, 65, 67


Malignant catarrhal feverin biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347in bison, 154–155in captive-bred ruminants, 105–106in deer, 154–155fauna affected, 314geographic area affected, 314

Mallard duckscaptive propagation and release for hunting, 143,

145, 158–159duck plague in, 214

Mammals, 38captive propagation and release for hunting, 145common and scientific names of, 338–343marine, see Marine mammalsterrestrial, 80, 83–84translocations of, 146–148West Nile virus in, 75–76

Manateesbrevetoxin poisoning in, 49brucellosis in, 56tuberculosis in, 58

Mangein biological control of vertebrates, 261in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352in coyotes, 260–261fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320in harvested animals, 216in squirrels, 218, 220in wolves, 260

Manual of Common Parasites, Diseases and Anoma-lies of Wildlife in Ontario, 288

Manual of Common Wildlife Diseases in Colorado, 288

Marburg virusin biowarfare/bioterrorism, 245, 347crossing species barriers, 100fauna affected, 314geographic area affected, 314zoonoses-specific publications, 282

Marek’s disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347Mariculture, 47Marine birds, 55–63

avian cholera in, 55, 62infectious bursal disease in, 62–63

Marine environmentcholera and, 40coral reef communities, 41–47disease emergence in, 39–63marine birds, 55–63marine fish, 39, 47–51, 259marine mammals, 51–59plant communities, 39–41shellfish, 39, 47–53turtles, 51

The Marine Mammal Center, 173Marine mammals, 51–56

bacterial diseases in, 56, 58–59brucellosis in, 55–56, 58calicivirus in, 56–57canine distemper virus in, 54, 242erysipelothrix in, 56, 58, 198fungal diseases in, 56, 59influenza virus in, 55–57jurisdiction and regulatory authorities for steward-

ship of, 259leptospirosis in, 55–56, 58lobomycosis in, 56, 59melioidosis in, 198morbillivirus in, 54–55mycobacterial disease in, 56mycoplasmosis in, 56, 58, 198papillomavirus in, 55parasitic diseases of, 56, 59poxvirus in, 56–57Q fever in, 56, 59rickettsial diseases in, 56, 59salmonellosis in, 56, 59sea otters and infectious diseases, 60–61trichinosis in, 56, 59tuberculosis in, 58vibriosis in, 56, 58–59viral diseases in, 56–57zoonoses and, 57–59

Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care & Research Center, 173


Market hunting, 139Marteiliosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351Masked palm civet cats, 164Mass mortality, avian, 38Measles

fauna affected, 314geographic area affected, 314in humans, 106in nonhuman primates, 84, 163

Meat, see Game meatMedicine

medicinals from wildlife, 152–153, 156modern medicine, 99, 103“one medicine” concept, 131, 174

Medline (database), 289, 293Melioidosis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 246, 256, 350companion animals as sources of, 94human disease from handling wildlife, 198in marine mammals, 198

Menhaden, skin ulcers in, 48The Merck Veterinary Manual, 288Mercury poisoning, 25Metazoan parasites, pathogen characteristics, 16Mice

capillariasis in, 261human disease from bites/scratches, 197

Microbes, 7Micrococcus, human disease from animal bites/

scratches, 197Microsporum, see RingwormMigratory birds

chlamydiosis in, 31dependence on wetlands, 102human behavior and, 102influenza virus in, 36jurisdiction and regulatory authorities for steward-

ship of, 259reservoirs for Campylobacter, 87spread of disease by, 37West Nile virus in, 37

Mikrocytosisin biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320in oysters, 53

Mink, game ranching, 149Mink spongiform encephalopathy, 226Mirage of Health, 277Mites, in harvested wildlife, 216Modern medicine, 99, 103Mollusks, 104

marine, 47Monkeypox, 164, 168–171

animal hosts, 169in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 256, 347crossing species barriers, 101disease advancement, 168, 170early disease emergence, 168in elephant shrew, 168in Gambian rat, 168–171human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197human disease from handling wildlife, 198in humans, 168in porcupines, 170–171in prairie dogs, 166, 169, 197–198reservoirs and vectors, 168–170in squirrels, 168–171USA experience, 169

Monkeys, 156Monk seal morbillivirus-WA


Moosecysticercosis in, 218, 221, 223moose meat, 164, 166, 218, 220, 223translocations of, 147

Morbidity, 71Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 283Morbillivirus, in marine mammal, 54–55Moritella marina


Mosquitoesabatement activities, 35in Hawaii, 98

Mosquito-vectored diseases, 31, 105, 195Mountain goats, translocations of, 147Mountain gorilla, 84Mousepox virus, 260Mule deer, adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in, 76, 80Mules, 244

agroterrorism targets, 248Multinucleated spore unknown

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319in oysters, 52

Muntjac meat, 166Musk, 151Muskrats, tularemia in, 31, 225Mycobacteriosis, 6

fauna affected, 317in finfish, 50geographic area affected, 317in marine mammals, 56zoonoses-specific publications, 282

Mycobacterium avium, see Avian tuberculosis;

Index 375

Johne’s diseaseMycobacterium bovis, see Tuberculosis, bovineMycobacterium marinum, 50

companion animals as sources of, 94Mycobacterium tuberculosis, see TuberculosisMycoplasma agassizii, 78Mycoplasma conjunctivitis


Mycoplasma gallicepticum, see House finch conjunc-tivitis

Mycoplasma phocacerebrale, 58Mycoplasmosis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 349in marine mammals, 56, 58, 198

Mycotoxicosisin birds, 105fauna affected, 321geographic area affected, 321in sandhill cranes, 76

Myiasisin biowarfare/bioterrorism, 254, 352in mammals, 218

Myxobolus cerebralis, see Whirling diseaseMyxomatosis

in biological control of vertebrates, 261in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347fauna affected, 314geographic area affected, 314in rabbits, 24, 261

Myxomatosis (book), 277

N

Naegleria australiensis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351

Nairobi sheep disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347National Center for Infectious Diseases Web site, 202National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administra-

tion, 259National Response Plan, 258National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC), 133–135,

262–263Web site, 287

National wildlife health strategy, 178–179for captive-propagated wildlife, 178–179disease prevention, 179for free-ranging wildlife, 179

Natural History of Infectious Disease, 277Natural Nidality of Transmissible Diseases, 277Nature (journal), 283Necrobacillosis

in bison, 155in deer, 155

Necrotizing enteritisfauna affected, 317geographic area affected, 317

Necrotizing scute disease, 78fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319

Nematodes, in sea otters, 61Nest boxes, 172Neurovisceral toxic syndrome, 104Newcastle disease

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 242, 252, 255, 257, 348in birds, 242costs incurred by society from, 138fauna affected, 314geographic area affected, 314information sources, 284routes for human exposure to, 15velogenic virus, 72in waterbirds, 71–73

New England Journal of Medicine, 283New Jersey Atlantic brant mortality, 322The New Killer Diseases, 285News media, 23, 293Newspapers, 293, 295News reader service, 293–294Newts, see AmphibiansNipah virus

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 250, 347crossing species barriers, 37–38, 101

Nitzschia pungens, 104Nodavirus, in finfish, 47Nonhuman primates

AIDS and, 198Ebola virus in, 162ecotourism and, 156, 160, 162–163human pathogens entering wildlife populations, 163tuberculosis in, 83–84, 162–163

Noninfectious Diseases of Wildlife, 283, 286Norovirus, foodborne, 88–89North American Parasitic Zoonoses, 281Norwalk-like virus, foodborne, 86–88Nosemosis of bees, 351Nosocomial infections, 103Nursing homes, visits by companion animals, 96Nutria meat, 165NWHC, see National Wildlife Health Centernyama, 160–161

O

Obstructive rhinitis, in turtles, 51Ocean, see Marine environmentOffice International des Épizooties (OIE), 287

finfish diseases notifiable to, 70


Fish Disease Commission, 71list A diseases, 244, 255list B diseases, 244, 256

OIE, see Office International des ÉpizootiesOIE Scientific and Technical Review, 292Oil spill, 25, 166–167Onchorhynchus masou virus disease

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347in finfish, 70

“One medicine” concept, 131, 174On-line literature, 276On-line resources, 289Ophidian paramyxovirus


Opossums, human disease from bites/scratches, 197Ornamental fish, 166Ornithosis, 6, 12, 16, see also Psittacosis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 244, 246, 254, 349human disease from handling wildlife, 198in waterfowl, 198

Oscillatoria, 43Ostrich

game ranching, 152ostrich meat, 151, 165

Outbreak Alert: Responding to the Increasing Threat of Infectious Diseases, 285

Outdoor recreation, 5, 8An Outline of Zoonoses, 281Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis, in biowarfare/bioter-

rorism, 347Oysters, 47

dermo disease in, 53juvenile oyster disease in, 52–53, 322microcytosis in, 53multinucleated spore unknown disease in, 52

P

Pack animals, 152, 244Pandemic

cholera, 40HIV/AIDS, 160plague, 234

Papillomavirus, in marine mammals, 55Paracoccidioidomycosis, travel-associated, 203Paralytic shellfish poisoning, in biowarfare/bioterror-

ism, 352Parapox, in red deer, 155Parasites and Diseases of Wild Birds in Florida, 287Parasites of North American Fishes, 286Parasitic diseases

biowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 351–352companion animals as sources of, 95

crossing species barriers, 101fauna affected, 320foodborne, 84, 86–87game meat and, 216–222geographic area affected, 320of harvested wildlife

external parasites, 216–221internal parasites, 219

in nonhuman primates, 163sources of human disease, 25travel-related, 195

Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals, 283, 286Paratuberculosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 350Paratyphus, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome, 13Parr, 71Parrotfish, 44Parrots, as pets, 166A Partial Bibliography on Duck Plague, 290A Partly Annotated Bibliography on Infections, Para-

sites, and Diseases of African Wild Animals, 290Partridges

captive propagation and release for hunting, 140, 145

fee-based hunting of, 154game ranching, 152histomoniasis in, 222

Pasteurella multocida, see Avian choleraPasteurellosis

from animal bites, 93–95in bison, 155in deer, 155human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197routes for human exposure to, 15

Pathfinder, 288Pathfinding, 287–295

search methods, 288–295starting the search, 287–288

Pathogens, 5, 14, 98–101adaptation and change, 99, 106, 164agents requiring government approval for research

on, 345biowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 231–265, 346–352coadaption of hosts and pathogens, 25crossing species barriers, 30, 37–38, 83–84,

99–101, 131factors in disease emergence, 21–24global dissemination of, 85information sources, 276introduction into new host population, 97movement between captive propagation facilities

and surroundings, 140, 143pathogen characteristics, 16survival, proliferation, and transmission of, 98–100

Index 377

virulence of, 25PAWS Wildlife Center, 173Peanut farming, 105Pelicans

domoic acid poisoning in, 49type C botulism in, 21

Penaeid shrimp, 104Penguins

avian cholera in, 62infectious bursal disease in, 62

Perkinsosis, see also Dermo diseasein biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351

Perkinsus-like infectionin amphibians, 65fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320

Peste de petits ruminants, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 255, 257, 347

Pesticides, 103human poisoning, 25

Pets, see Companion animalsPfiesteria, 48–49


Pheasantscaptive propagation and release for hunting, 139,

145fee-based hunting of, 154game ranching, 152pheasant meat, 165tracheal worms in, 220, 222translocations of, 141

Philosophical Transactions, 279Phocine distemper virus, 54–55Phocine herpesvirus


Phocine morbillivirusfauna affected, 314geographic area affected, 314

Phormidium corallyticum, 42Pigeons

feeding of, 172trichomoniasis in, 76, 175, 218

Pig frog ranavirus, 64Pilchard herpesviral disease, 51


Pilot whale morbillivirusfauna affected, 314geographic area affected, 314

Pine martens, translocations of, 147Pinnipeds, 51–59Piscirickettsiosis

fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319in salmonids, 51

Plague, 6, 83aerosol transmission of, 234in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234, 236–237, 244–245,

256, 258, 350companion animals as sources of, 94, 96ecology of, 234–235epidemics of, 28fauna affected, 318geographic area affected, 318pandemics of, 234in prairie dogs, 31, 76, 80research on, 244zoonoses-specific publications, 282

Plagues and Peoples, 277Plant pathogens, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257Plants

common and scientific names of, 343marine communities, 39–41

Plasmodium relictum, see Avian malariaPneumonia, in turtles, 51Pocket pets, 195Polar bears, 56, 58

bear meat, 59Polio

fauna affected, 315geographic area affected, 315in nonhuman primates, 163

Polymorphus, 60Popular literature, 23, 285Porcine enterovirus, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 253,

257Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, in

biowarfare/bioterrorism, 253, 347Porcupines, monkeypox in, 170–171Pork, 84Porpoise morbillivirus, 54–55


Porpoises, see Marine mammalsPosthodiplostomum minimum, see White grubPoultry

avian cholera in, 55, 242large-scale production operations, 103, 105Newcastle disease in, 242salmonellosis in, 78

Poxvirusin birds, 226in marine mammals, 56–57

Prairie dogsmonkeypox in, 166, 169, 197–198as pets, 177


Prairie dogs—Continued plague in, 31, 76, 80translocations of, 147tularemia in, 166

Presidential Decision Directive on Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23

Pre-travel counseling, 203Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Strategy

for the 21st Century, 23Primary amebic meningoencephalitis, in biowarfare/

bioterrorism, 351PrimateLit (database), 293Primates, nonhuman, see Nonhuman primatesPrion diseases

biowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 348–349crossing species barriers, 101fauna affected, 316foodborne, 85–86game meat and, 226–228geographic area affected, 316pathogen characteristics, 16sources of human disease, 25

Professional societies, 281, 284“Project BioShield,” 243ProMed-mail, 283Pronghorn, translocations of, 147Propagation, captive, see Captive-propagated wildlifeProtecting the Nation’s Health in an Era of Globaliza-

tion: CDC’s Global Infectious Disease Strategy, 23

Proteus, human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197

Protozoal diseasesbiowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 351fauna affected, 319geographic area affected, 319pathogen characteristics, 16sources of human disease, 25

Protozoal encephalitis, in sea otters, 60Pseudomonas, human disease from animal bites/

scratches, 197Pseudonitzschia australis, 49Pseudorabies, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 253, 347Pseudoterranova, 86Psittacine beak and feather disease, 150Psittacosis, 16, 195, see also Ornithosis

information sources, 284Public domain, 154Public health measures, breakdown in, 99, 106Published information, see Information sourcesPublishers’ catalogs, 289PubMed (database), 289Pullorum disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 350Pulmonary carcinoma, in dolphins, 322

Q

Q feverin biowarfare/bioterrorism, 246, 350fauna affected, 318geographic area affected, 318human disease, 25in marine mammals, 56, 59

Quahog parasitic unknown, 52fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320

Quailcaptive propagation and release for hunting, 145egg production, 165fee-based hunting of, 154game ranching, 152quail meat, 165

Quarantine, for translocations, 177Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report, 290

R

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease, 24, 76, 80in biological control of vertebrates, 261in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 347fauna affected, 315geographic area affected, 315

Rabbitsbot flies in, 220captive propagation and release for hunting, 145dog tapeworm in, 218, 220, 223game ranching, 149myiasis in, 218myxomatosis in, 24, 261as pets, 94–95rabbit hemorrhagic disease in, 24, 76, 80, 261rabbit meat, 165, 218Shope’s fibroma in, 226tapeworm life cycle, 211, 213translocations of, 147, 150tularemia in, 13, 31, 150, 225

Rabies, 16, 83, 301in bats, 13, 31, 195

nonvampire, 7in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 253, 348in coatimundi, 164in companion animals, 93disease ecology, 7fauna affected, 315in foxes, 83geographic area affected, 315history, 7human disease, 25

from animal bites/scratches, 197information sources, 284

Index 379

in pet wildlife, 164in raccoons, 80, 83, 105, 150routes for human exposure to, 15in skunks, 83, 164viral adaptation and change, 106zoonoses-specific publications, 282

RaccoonsBaylisascaris in, 6, 218captive propagation and release for hunting, 145rabies in, 80, 83, 105, 150raccoon meat, 218thorny-headed worms in, 218translocations of, 150

Rainbow troutbacterial kidney disease in, 71farmed, 47gyrodactylosis in, 71translocations of, 150viral hemorrhagic septicemia in, 47whirling disease in, 68–69, 105, 150

Rajneeshee cult, 241Ranavirus

in amphibians, 63–67fauna affected, 315geographic area affected, 315in snakes, 81

Rapid wasting disease, of coral, 44The Raptor Center, 173Raptors, West Nile fever in, 172Rat-bite fever, companion animals as sources of, 94Rats

human disease from bites/scratches, 197sarcocystis in, 261

Rats, Lice, and History, 277Reality television, 195Red-band disease, of coral, 43Red deer

European cervid herpesvirus in, 155parapox in, 155

Red ear slider, 157Red fox, tapeworms in, 36Red neck disease, in turtles, 104Red sea bream iridoviral disease, 47


Red tides, 39, 48–49Redwood Creek ranavirus, 64


Reef fish, 87Reemerging disease, 21Reference materials, see Information sourcesReforestation, 104–105

Regional Disease Emergency Operations Program, 133

Regulations, disease control in wildlife, 174–180Reindeer

game ranching, 152, 165reindeer meat, 165, 220

Renal adenoma, in dolphins, 322Renibacterium salmoninarum, see Bacterial kidney

diseaseReptiles

commercial production of, 156common and scientific names of, 343–344disease emergence in, 83as pets, 166–167, 172salmonellosis in, 166, 195terrestrial, 81translocations of, 148

Reservoir host, 47, 98, 168–169Respiratory disease, in nonhuman primates, 163The Restless Tide: The Persistent Challenge of the

Microbial World, 285Ribeiroia


Rice breast disease, see SarcosporidiosisRicin, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 246, 352Rickettsial diseases

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 247, 350crossing species barriers, 101fauna affected, 318–319in fish, 51geographic area affected, 318–319pathogen characteristics, 16

Rift Valley feverAswan Dam construction and, 104–105in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 251, 255–256, 348fauna affected, 315geographic area affected, 315

Rinderpestin African mammals, 76in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 242, 251, 255, 257, 348

Ringworm, 214, 228companion animals as sources of, 95

River otter, translocations of, 147Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 16

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 350companion animals as sources of, 94, 96human disease, 25zoonoses-specific publications, 282

Rodentsaquatic, giardiasis in, 31hantavirus in feces/urine, 15

Rotavirus, foodborne, 86


Roundwormscompanion animals as sources of, 96in fish, 22in harvested wildlife, 217in snowy egret, 224

Royal Society of England, 278Ruminants, 106Russian spring-summer meningoencephalitis, in bio-

warfare/bioterrorism, 250, 348

S

Salamanders, see AmphibiansSalmon

aquaculture, 47gyrodactylosis in, 71infectious salmon anemia virus in, 50

Salmonellaantibiotic-resistant, 85serotypes of, 12, 30

Salmonellosis, 16, 30in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234, 237, 241, 246, 350in birds, 78, 195companion animals as sources of, 94fauna affected, 317foodborne, 85–86, 89, 92, 103geographic area affected, 317human disease from handling wildlife, 198in iguanas, 166, 198in marine mammals, 56, 59in reptiles, 166, 195in songbirds, 172, 175in turtles, 6, 12, 157, 198

Salmonidspiscirichettsiosis in, 51viral hemorrhagic septicemia of, 47

Salmon sarcoma virusfauna affected, 315geographic area affected, 315

Saltwater fish, 71Sandhill cranes

Campylobacter reservoirs, 87mycotoxicosis in, 76, 228

Sanitation, 106San Joaquin Valley fever, 61San Miguel sea lion virus, 57Saprolegniasis


Sarcocystisin biological control of vertebrates, 261fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320

in rats, 261in sea otters, 60

Sarcoptic mange, 76, 216, 218, 220Sarcosporidiosis, in waterfowl, 218, 220–221Sarin, 243SARS, see Severe acute respiratory syndromeSausage, game meat, 215, 222Saxitoxin, 25Scabies

companion animals as sources of, 95–96in nonhuman primates, 163

Scallops, 41Scavengers, 139Schistosomiasis

travel-related, 11zoonoses-specific publications, 282

Science (journal), 283Science News, 283Scientific journals, 289, 292, 295

development of, 278–279table of contents of, 291

Scientific literature, 9–10, 275–295, see also Informa-tion sources

changes in style and content over time, 276–279Scientific names, 332–344Scientific research, impact of bioterrorism on conduct

of, 244Scientific symposium, publications arising from, 281,

284Scleractinian coral, 42–44Sclerotinia stem rot, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257,

351Scours

in bison, 155in deer, 155

Scrapie, 226in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 349

Scrombroid poisoning, 87SCWDS Briefs, 290Seabirds, 63Sea fan disease, 45Seafood, foodborne diseases of, 86–89, 104Seagrass communities, 39–41Seagrass wasting disease, 41Seal finger, 58, 198Sea lions, 51–56, see also Marine mammalsSeals, 51–56, see also Marine mammals

contact with terrestrial carnivores, 54–55human disease from bites/scratches, 197

Sea otters, see also Marine mammalsacanthocephaliasis in, 60, 221coccidioidomycosis in, 60–61infectious diseases in, 55, 60–61nematodes in, 61

Index 381

protozoal encephalitis in, 60Sarcocystis neurona in, 60toxoplasmosis in, 60–61

Search engines, 16, 289Sea turtles, 51

commercial production of, 157Sea urchin disease, 45, 322Sea urchins, 41Serotypes, Salmonella, 12, 30Serratia, human disease from animal bites/scratches,

197Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 22, 29,

105, 136, 160–161costs incurred by society from, 138global spread of, 193–194origin in civet cats, 164

Sheep pox, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 252, 255, 348Shell disease, in lobsters and crabs, 53, 322Shellfish, see also Aquaculture

common and scientific names of, 344as food, 39, 228food demands for, 140freshwater, foodborne diseases, 86–88marine, 39, 47–53

Shellfish poisoning, 49, 209Shell necrosis, in tortoises, 78Shiga toxins, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352Shigellosis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 237, 241, 246, 350foodborne, 89intentional contamination with, 241

Shooting preserves, private, 139–140, 143, 149, 154, 156, 158–159

Shope’s fibroma, in rabbits, 226Shorebirds, influenza virus in, 36Shotshell pellets, in game meat, 211Shrimp

farmed, 53, 104penaeid, 104in seagrass beds, 39Taura syndrome in, 53, 105white spot syndrome virus in, 53

Six Modern Plagues and How We Are Causing Them, 285

Skunkshuman diseases from bites/scratches, 197as pets, 12, 164rabies in, 83, 164

Slime mold, marine, 41Smallpox

aerosol transmission, 234in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234, 236–237, 244–245,

348epidemics of, 28

eradication of, 26in Native American populations, 28, 105transmission of, 236

Smoked meat, 211–212, 215Smolt, 71Snails

game meat, 160game ranching, 153

Snakescommercial production of, 156human disease from bites/scratches, 197as pets, 166–167ranavirus infections in, 81snake farming, 165snake meat, 165

Snow, John, 9Snow geese, aflatoxicosis in, 76Snowshoe hares, translocations of, 147Social costs, of wildlife diseases, 131, 138Soft coral, 41–42Softshell turtle iridovirus, 104


Softshell turtles, 157Songbirds

avian pox in, 175feeding by humans, 175salmonellosis in, 78, 172, 175

Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 133, 262–263

Sphingomonas, 44Spirillum, human disease from animal bites/scratches,

197Sponge disease, 45, 322Sponges, 41

common and scientific names of, 344Sporotrichosis, companion animals as sources of, 95Sportfishing, 142, 146

economics of, 142Spring viremia, of carp, 68–71, 315, 348Squirrel parapox, 150Squirrels

feeding of, 172fibromas on, 226human disease from bites/scratches, 197interstate sale of, 177mange in, 218, 220monkeypox in, 168–171myiasis in, 218squirrel meat, 218translocations of, 147, 150

Staghorn coral, 41Staphylococcal diseases

animal bites and, 93


Staphylococcal diseases—Continuedin deer, 31foodborne, 89human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197

State of Wisconsin’s Reference and Loan Library, 293Steel Shot and Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl: An Anno-

tated Bibliography of Research, 291Steinhausiosis


Stem rust, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 257, 351St. Louis encephalitis


Stomach worms, in harvested wildlife, 217Streptococcal diseases

animal bites and, 93fauna affected, 317–318foodborne, 84geographic area affected, 317–318

Streptococcus iniae, 38in finfish, 50

Streptococcus suis, 301Streptothricosis

in deer, 198, 225human disease from handling wildlife, 97–98, 198

Subsistence hunting, 160Sugarcane Fiji disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism,

257, 348Sugarcane leaf scald disease, in biowarfare/bioterror-

ism, 257, 350Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary, 173Surra, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351Swans, 71

game ranching, 153Swimmers’ itch, 15, 31Swimming, see Contaminated water; Outdoor recre-

ationSwine

feral, brucellosis in, 225pork, 84Streptococcus suis in, 301vesicular exanthema in, 57

Swine feverin biowarfare/bioterrorism, 251, 255, 257, 346fauna affected, 313geographic area affected, 313

Swine vesicular disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 253, 255, 348

Syngamus trachea, see Tracheal wormsSyphilis, 105

T

Tadpole edema virus, 64fauna affected, 315geographic area affected, 315

Taenia ovis krubbei, see CysticercosisTapeworms

dog, see Dog tapewormin fish, 222in harvested wildlife, 217

Taura syndromein biowarfare/bioterrorism, 348fauna affected, 315geographic area affected, 315in shrimp, 53, 105

Technology, 99, 103Tegus, commercial production of, 156Terrestrial environment

birds, 75–78, 81disease emergence in, 75–84mammals, 80, 83–84reptiles, 81tortoises, 78

Teschen disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 253, 348Tetanus, companion animals as sources of, 94Theileriosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351Thorny-headed worms

in aquatic animals, 218in mammals, 218in waterfowl, 218

Tickborne disease, 31, 98, 195maintenance of tick populations, 36

Tickborne encephalitis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 250Tickborne hemorrhagic fever, in biowarfare/bioterror-

ism, 250Ticks

of companion animals, 12, 96of harvested wildlife, 216, 219West Nile virus in, 37

Tigers, human diseases from bites/scratches, 197Tiger salamander virus, 64


TilapiaCryptobia branchialis in, 71type E botulinum toxin in, 24

Tinea, see RingwormToads, see AmphibiansTOPOFF (mock plague outbreak), 236Tortoises, 78

Galapagos Island, 78shell necrosis in, 78translocations of, 150upper respiratory tract disease in, 78, 81, 150

Index 383

Tourism, see Ecotourism; TravelToxicosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 246Toxic tissue secretions, 6Toxins, 25, 48–49, 321

biowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 352disease emergence and, 48–49in game meat, 228

Toxoplasmosis, 16companion animals as sources of, 95–96fauna affected, 320foodborne, 85, 88, 92in game meat, 222geographic area affected, 320human disease, 25in sea otters, 60–61waterborne, 88

Tracheal worms, in upland game birds, 218, 220, 222Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natu-

ral Resources Conference, 281Translocations of wildlife, 99, 105–106, 130, 139–148,

156, 260amphibians, 67disease impacts associated with, 148, 150health certification before release, 177mammals, 146–148national wildlife health strategy, 178percentages by wildlife type, 148quarantine period, 177in USA, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, 148wildlife as pets, 161–166by wildlife rehabilitators, 146

Transmissible gastroenteritis, in biowarfare/bioterror-ism, 348

Transplant recipients, 96, 99Transport vessels, 105Travel, 7, 11, 13, 90, 99, 105–106

exposure to zoonoses, 192–203combating zoonotic diseases, 196direct pathways, 195, 199indirect pathways, 195–200

pre-travel counseling, 203Traveler’s Health: How to Stay Healthy Abroad, 202Travel Health Care (Web site), 202Travel medicine

combating zoonoses, 196information sources, 202–203

Trematodiasisfauna affected, 320in fish, 219geographic area affected, 320in waterbirds, 75

Treponemal infectionfauna affected, 318geographic area affected, 318

Trichinellosis, see TrichinosisTrichinosis

in bears, 6in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352from cougar jerky, 31, 91foodborne, 84, 92, 215, 222in game meat, 13, 90–91human disease, 25in marine mammals, 56, 59routes for human exposure to, 15

Trichomoniasisin birds, 175, 218, 220, 222in pigeons, 76

Trichomonosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351Trichophyton, see RingwormTrichothecenes, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352Tristate Bird Rescue and Research Inc., 173Tropical Diseases, 277Trypanosomosis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 351Tuberculosis, 5, 38, 301

avian, see Avian tuberculosisbovine, 6, 105, 149, 228

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 242, 349in bison, 151, 154–155, 225, 242in buffalo, 242in deer, 80, 83, 154–155, 172, 175, 224–225in elk, 172, 175, 225fauna affected, 318geographic area affected, 318information sources, 284

crossing species barriers, 101fauna affected, 318foodborne, 84geographic area affected, 318human disease, 25, 193in lions, 80in marine mammals, 58multidrug-resistant, 250, 350in nonhuman primates, 83–84, 162–163routes for human exposure to, 15zoonoses-specific publications, 282

Tufts Wildlife Clinic, 173Tularemia, 31, 83

in beavers, 224–225in biological control of vertebrates, 261in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 237, 245, 256, 260, 350companion animals as sources of, 94–96fauna affected, 318foodborne, 88–89in game meat, 209, 222geographic area affected, 104, 318in ground squirrels, 260–261human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197in muskrats, 31, 225


Tularemia—Continuedin postwar Bosnia, 106in prairie dogs, 166in rabbits, 13, 31, 150, 225routes for human exposure to, 15

Tumors, of finfish, 213, 216Turtlegrass, 41Turtles

commercial production of, 157fibropapilloma in, 51game ranching, 153marine, 51obstructive rhinitis in, 51as pets, 12, 94–95, 157, 166–167pneumonia in, 51red neck disease in, 104salmonellosis in, 157, 198thorny-headed worms in, 218turtle farming, 51, 104, 165turtle meat, 157ulcerative stomatitis-obstructive rhinitis-pneumonia

complex in, 51, 322Typhoid fever, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234Typhus, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 234, 247, 350

U

Ulcerative mycosis, in fish, 48Ulcerative stomatitis-obstructive rhinitis-pneumonia

complex, in turtles, 51, 322Upland game birds, 142

captive propagation and release for hunting, 142, 145, 154

gizzard worms in, 218histomoniasis in, 218, 222tracheal worms in, 218, 220, 222

Upper respiratory tract diseasefauna affected, 318geographic area affected, 318in tortoises, 78, 81, 150

Urban decay, 99Urbanization, 5, 7, 99, 102, 129Urban parks, 120Use of Lead Shot for Hunting Migratory Birds in the

United States, 291Using the Biological Literature: A Practical Guide, 288Usutu virus

in birds, 77, 81fauna affected, 316geographic area affected, 316

Uvulifer ambioplitis, see Black spot/grub

V

Vaccine, 25against biowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 243

Valley fever, see CoccidioidomycosisVaricella-zoster virus, 168Variola major, see SmallpoxVarroasis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 352fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 292Vector-borne diseases, 105, 132Vegetables, foodborne diseases, 88–89Venezuelan equine encephalitis, in biowarfare/bioter-

rorism, 244, 247, 252, 256Vertebrates, 104Vesicular exanthema, in swine, 57Vesicular stomatitis, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 253,

255, 257Veterinary Public Health Reports: Notes on the Role

of Wildlife in the Epidemiology of Zoonoses, 281vianole de brousse, 160–161Vibrio, 53

fauna affected, 318fish-pathogenic, 51foodborne, 86, 88geographic area affected, 318human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197in marine mammals, 56, 58–59

Vibrio alginolyticus, 51Vibrio carcheriae, 43Vibrio cholerae, see CholeraVibrio parahaemolyticus, 85Vibrio vulnificus, 88Viral chorioretinitis


Viral diseasesbiowarfare/bioterrorism agents, 346–348companion animals as sources of, 93crossing species barriers, 100–101fauna affected, 313–316foodborne, 84, 86game meat and, 224–226human disease from animal bites/scratches, 197human disease from handling wildlife, 198geographic area affected, 313–316pathogen characteristics, 16sources of human disease, 25

Viral hemorrhagic septicemiafauna affected, 316in finfish, 70geographic area affected, 316

Index 385

movement between freshwater and saltwater fish, 71

in salmonids, 47Viral papillomatosis


“Virgin soil epidemics,” 97Virulence, 25Virus X: Tracking the New Killer Plagues: Out of the

Present and Into the Future, 285Visceral gout, 217Visceral larva migrans, companion animals as

sources of, 95–96Vultures

intoxication in, 76, 81as scavengers, 139

W

Walruses, 51–56, see also Marine mammalswalrus meat, 59, 91

War, 99, 106Warble flies, in harvested wildlife, 216, 218Wastewater treatment, 105–106Waterbirds, 71–75

avian botulism in, 21–24, 27, 72–73, 75avian cholera in, 73–74, 77avian vacuolar myelinopathy in, 75, 78chlamydiosis in, 73duck plague in, 71–72Newcastle disease in, 71–73trematodes in, 75

Waterborne diseases, 87–88, 138in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 247cryptosporidiosis, 88giardiasis, 88toxoplasmosis, 88

Waterborne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes, and Control, 281

Waterfowl, 39, 102aspergillosis in, 103avian cholera in, 242Campylobacter reservoirs, 87captive propagation of, 158

waterfowl health regulation, 158duck plague in, 242feeding by humans, 172game ranching, 153immunosuppressed, 103migration of, 102ornithosis in, 198pesticide exposure, 103sarcosporidiosis in, 218, 220–221thorny-headed worms in, 218

Water quality, 105Water reclamation, 99Water treatment, 103, 105–106Weapons of mass destruction, 236–240Web of Science (database), 294Western equine encephalitis

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 247, 256, 348fauna affected, 316geographic area affected, 316

West Nile virus, 6, 301in birds, 31, 75–76, 79costs incurred by society from, 138in crows, 34, 37, 76, 81in domestic animals, 79human disease, 25in mammals, 75–76in migratory birds, 37monitoring in birds, 30prevention and eradication of, 34–35in raptors, 172social and economic impact of, 34–35in ticks, 37wildlife rehabilitation and, 13, 35

Wetlands, 102–103Whale finger, 58Whales, 51–56, see also Marine mammals

whale meat, 59Whirling disease

fauna affected, 320geographic area affected, 320in rainbow trout, 68–69, 105, 150

White-band disease, of coral, 41, 43White grub, in fish, 219White plague, 44White pox disease, of coral, 44White spot disease, in shrimp, 53

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 348fauna affected, 316geographic area affected, 316

White sturgeon herpesvirusfauna affected, 316geographic area affected, 316

White sturgeon iridovirusfauna affected, 316geographic area affected, 316

White sturgeon virus, 69Whooping cranes, translocations of, 141, 143Wild boar

boar meat, 91, 165hog cholera in, 80thorny-headed worms in, 218

Wild dogs, 260Wilderness Medical Society Web site, 202Wilderness medicine, 203


Wilderness travel, 195Wildlife, see also Free-ranging wildlife

as vehicle for spread of infectious agents, 258as vehicles for transmission of disease, 245zoonoses and, 30–38

Wildlife and Ecology Worldwide (database), 291The Wildlife Center of Virginia, 173Wildlife disease programs, 131–136, 262

disease diagnosis, 132, 134disease prevention and control, 135disease surveillance, 132, 135early detection of disease, 132fiscal resources, 133knowledge and networks, 134–135, 263–264locations and sponsorship of, 136newsletters and Web sites of, 263timely response to outbreaks, 132–133

Wildlife diseasesemergence of, 30emerging, 38–84information sources, 283–290major events, 1980–2000, 137national wildlife health strategy, 178–179

Wildlife extension, 210Wildlife feeding, 130–131, 172–177Wildlife harvest, 13, 15Wildlife management, 139–148Wildlife rehabilitation, 12–13, 130, 146, 166–172, 195

marine mammals, 58–59USA programs, 173West Nile fever and, 35

Wildlife Review, 291Wildlife stewardship, 139Wildlife Worldwide (database), 294Wildpro, 287, 291Wild turkeys

blackhead in, 220captive propagation and release for hunting, 145translocations of, 141

Willowbrook Wildlife Center, 173Wisconsin Tech Search and Instant Library, 293Withering syndrome, in abalone, 52, 322Wolves

heartworm in, 160mange in, 220, 260

Woodcock iridovirusfauna affected, 316geographic area affected, 316

Woodcock reovirus infection, 81World Atlas of Epidemic Diseases, 277WorldCat (database), 289World Health Organization, travel medicine informa-

tion, 202

Y

Yaws, in nonhuman primates, 163Yellow-band disease, of coral, 43–44Yellow-blotch disease, see Yellow-band diseaseYellow Book (CDC), 202–203Yellow fever

in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 250, 348travel-related, 13

Yellow grub, in fish, 219Yellowhead disease, in biowarfare/bioterrorism, 348Yellow perch, Heterosporis in, 68Yersinia enterocolitica, 85Yersinia pestis, see PlagueYersiniosis

companion animals as sources of, 94in deer, 154–155fauna affected, 318foodborne, 85–86geographic area affected, 318

Z

ZebrasAfrican horse sickness in, 150, 242translocations of, 150

Zoanthid disease, 322Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 291Zoological collections, 130Zoological Record (database), 291–292, 294Zoonoses, 7, 142

defined, 5disease emergence and, 30–31foodborne, 84human activities and, 1, 12–13information sources, 276–283

rapid reporting of outbreaks, 283marine mammals and, 57–59routes for human exposure to, 30–31travel and, 192–203wildlife and, 30–38

Zoonoses (book), 280–281Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to

Man and Animals, 280–281Zoonoses and the Origins of Ecology of Human Dis-

ease, 277Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice, and Public

Health Control, 280The Zoonoses: Infections Transmitted from Animals to

Man, 281Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible from

Animals to Humans, 280–281Zoonoses of Primates: The Epidemiology and Ecology

of Simian Diseases in Relation to Man, 280

Index 387

Zoonoses Research, 292Zooplankton, 40


Book production

Edited by Gail Moede Rogall

Designed by Marta Anderson, Elizabeth Ciganovich, and Phillip Redman

Special illustrations and cartoons by John M. Evans

Layout and illustrations by Marta Anderson, Frances Jeanne Bergmann,

Elizabeth Ciganovich, John M. Evans, Erinn Dornaus, Paul Medenwaldt,

Phillip Redman, Jennifer Rodriguez, and Rosemary Stenback.

Indexed by Barbara Littlewood

Cover photos

Front cover:Cougar photo by Milton Friend

Fish release photo by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Gorilla and human photo by Teresa Wawrzynczyk, Twycross Zoo, United Kingdom

Sea turtle photo by Thierry Work

Shorebird photo by Milton Friend

Back cover:Otter photo by Milton Friend

Bird photo by Milton Friend

Prairie dog photo by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

index [] · index scientific names of animals and plants can ... american coots, trematodes in, 75...

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