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SOUTH AFRICA

NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DIRECTORATE VETERINARY SERVICES

ANIMAL DISEASE REPORT

2000

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Contents

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................1 2 ANIMAL DISEASE REPORT...................................................................................................................6

Summary of Reported Livestock Disease Outbreaks from January to December 2000 6 Animal Disease Status of South Africa in 2000 7

2.1 CONTROLLED DISEASES: ...................................................................................................................8

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) 8 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) CONTROLLED AREA OF SOUTH AFRICA: ...................................... 8

AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS (AHS): 21

NEWCASTLE DISEASE 22

CORRIDOR DISEASE (THEILERIA PARVA LAWRENCEI) 23

BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS 23

BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS 25

RABIES 26

SHEEP SCAB 27

ANTHRAX 27

BLUETONGUE 28

LUMPY SKIN DISEASE 30

2.2 NON-CONTROLLED DISEASES.........................................................................................................31

BRUCELLA OVIS 31

HEARTWATER 31

BABESIOSIS (REDWATER) 33 ANNEXURE A ....................................................................................................................................................35

LIVESTOCK CENSUS 1999 (PER PROVINCE) 35

1

Dr Gideon Brückner Director Veterinary

Services

1 INTRODUCTION The main objectives of veterinary services in South Africa are to control and prevent notifiable and zoonotic diseases in order to promote human and animal health. South African weather, especially in the first quarter of 2000, has been highly variable throughout the country with the Western Cape Province experiencing unusually hot, dry conditions and the Northern Province and Mpumalanga experiencing severe floods and cyclones. In the flood conditions, many people were completely cut off from the outside world and people in many communal areas were left homeless. Several major bridges in the Northern Province were washed away, as well as extensive damage caused to

agricultural infrastructure and crops. Many dipping tanks were damaged or destroyed and there was much damage to veterinary fences in these areas, which will take some time to repair. At the other extreme, the Western Cape Province experienced terrible heat and scorching winds, which caused disastrous fires, the worst in the province’s history. These fires ravaged the Cape fynbos, plantations and vineyards and caused the death of much of the smaller wildlife in these areas. Veterinary Services has been a new directorate for just over one year now. The structure for the Directorate is in the final processes of being approved and, once this has taken place, there will be new posts created and vacant posts being filled. The filling of new and vacant posts is a matter of urgency as there is severe understaffing of personnel in the national directorate, with lowered staff morale and an ever-increasing workload. The high rainfall in most parts of the country and the accompanying hot weather experienced, created ideal conditions for the increase in ticks and insects and therefore a resultant increase in tick and insect borne diseases. The pastures were generally in a good condition, as well as the animals in the country. The South African Veterinary Services spent a large portion of its time, resources and budget in the past 4 months to combat an outbreak of foot and mouth disease in both the Kwazulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces. These outbreaks were not expected and caught the Veterinary Services unawares. A major effort has been put in to get the outbreaks under control. At this stage in time, it seems as if the outbreaks in both Kwazulu-Natal and Mpumalanga are under control, and all the staff involved in controlling, combating and communicating these outbreaks are to be complimented on work well done.

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PERSONNEL AT THE NATIONAL DIRECTORATE VETERINARY SERVICES IN PRETORIA (EXCLUDING OUTSIDE OFFICES)

BACK ROW: CELIA MALULEKA; MERRIAM MASETE; INA LABUSCHAGNE; GERTRUDE LEDWABA; LIEZA ODENDAAL; MARIETTA BRONKHORST; CELIA DICKASON; ELIZE VAN

VOLLENHOVEN; TALITA ZWARTZ; ELOISE LANGENHOVEN 2ND ROW: PEET DELPORT; JAMES MOKGOTHO; AMANDA STEYN; JOHAN SHAWE; ELMARIE VIVIERS; HANNELIE BOTHA; SUSAN JANSEN VAN VUUREN; LEE-ANNE HORN;

ANNELIE CLOETE 3RD ROW: EDWARD KELEBOGANG;JULIA PANNE; CARINE PIENAAR; SHIRLEY PHALATSE; JABULILE RADEBE; BETTY MPILA;SOPHIE MPHAHLELE; DANNY BOTES FRONT ROW: SIEG MEYER; JOHAN KRIGE; GIDEON BRÜCKNER (DIRECTOR);JOHAN VAN WYK; MARTIENS WOLHUTER; WILLIE UNGERER

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BACK ROW: Mrs E.Viviers; Mrs S.Phalatse; Ms J.Radebe; Ms L.Horn FRONT ROW: Mrs H.Botha; Dr G.Brückner (Director); Mrs S.Jansen van Vuuren; Ms G.Ledwaba

ABOVE: Dr Johan Krige (Deputy Director) BACK ROW: Mr E.Kelebogang; Dr J.Krige; Mr J.Shawe FRONT ROW: Dr E.van Vollenhoven; Dr C.Pienaar

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BACK ROW: Dr C.Dickason; Dr W.Ungerer; Dr A.Cloete

FRONT ROW: Ms M.Masete; Mr J.Mokgotho

ABOVE: Dr Willie Ungerer, (Deputy Director)

ABOVE: Dr Sieg Meyer (Deputy Director)

ABOVE: Mr D.Botes; Dr S.Meyer; Ms T.Zwartz ABSENT: Dr A.van Zyl; Mr J.du Preez

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BACK ROW: Mrs B.Mpila; Mrs I.Labuschagne; Ms C.Maluleke; Dr P.Delport; Ms A.Steyn; Mr D.Botes; Ms S.Mphahlele

FRONT ROW: Dr M.Bronkhorst; Dr J.Panne; Dr J.van Wyk; Dr M.Wolhuter; Dr L. Odendaal; Dr E.Langenhoven

ABOVE: Dr Johan van Wyk (Deputy Director: Import Control)

RIGHT: Dr Martiens Wolhuter (Acting Deputy Director: Export Contriol

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2 ANIMAL DISEASE REPORT

Summary of Reported Livestock Disease Outbreaks from January to December 2000

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OIE Province 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LIST Disease

OIE List A Diseases

A010 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE 2 1 1 4 0

A070 LUMPY SKIN DISEASE 88 9 152 143 4 8 50 109 24 587 226

A080 RIFT VALLEY FEVER 0 1

A090 BLUETONGUE 17 1 3 14 9 18 7 29 98 77

A110 AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS 7 58 20 25 1 44 9 2 20 186 100

A120 AFRICAN SWINE FEVER 0 0

A160 NEWCASTLE DISEASE 1 6 2 9 32

Some OIE List B diseases

B058 RABIES 10 7 37 4 29 156 25 9 21 298 293

B103 BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS 59 33 23 164 20 5 2 4 13 323 436

B105 BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS 2* 2 1 3 4 12 3

B059 JOHNE'S DISEASE 1 1 1

SHEEP SCAB 17 7 2 21 73 20 271 20 54 485 421

B051 ANTHRAX 1 1 1 3 7

B202 DOURINE 3 5 3 7 18 4

B113 NAGANA 0 5

* One of these outbreaks occurred in a spotted hyena in the Kruger National Park

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Disease Status of South Africa in 2000

Key to Codes used on Previous Page: 0000 Disease never reported - Disease not reported (Date of last outbreak

not known) (month/year) Date of last reported occurrence of the disease

in previous years ? Disease suspected but presence not

confirmed + Reported present or known to be present +? Serological evidence and/or isolation of the

causal agent, but no clinical signs of the disease

( ) Disease limited to specific zones … No information available Code: List A Diseases Status: *A010 Foot and Mouth Disease +( ) Limited to FMD

control area of the Kruger National Park and surrounding game reserves, as well as to the FMD controlled area of Camperdown in KwaZulu-Natal

A020 Vesicular Stomatitis 0000 A030 Swine vesicular disease 0000 #A040 Rinderpest 1904 A050 Peste des petits ruminants 0000 #A060 Contagious bovine

pleuropneumonia 1924

*A070 Lumpy skin disease + *A080 Rift Valley fever 01/1999 *A090 Bluetongue + A100 Sheep and goat pox 0000 *A110 African horsesickness + (Cape Town

Metropolitan area is a declared free-zone)

*A120 African swine fever +( ) #A130 Classical swine fever 1918 A150 Highly pathogenic avian

influenza 0000

*A160 Newcastle disease + Other Diseases Code: Multiple Species Diseases Status: *B051 Anthrax + B052 Aujeszky’s disease 0000 B055 Heartwater + ( ) B056 Leptospirosis + B057 Q fever + *B058 Rabies + *B059 Paratuberculosis + B060 New world screwworm 0000 Code: Cattle Diseases Status: B101 Bovine anaplasmosis + ( ) B102 Bovine babesiosis + ( ) *B103 Bovine brucellosis + ( ) B104 Bovine genital

campylobacteriosis +

*B105 Bovine tuberculosis + ( ) B106 Bovine cysticercosis + B107 Dermatophilosis + B108 Enzootic bovine leukosis + B109 Haemorrhagic septicaemia + B110 Infectious bov. rhinotracheitis + *B111 Theileriosis (Corridor disease) + ( ) #B111 Theileriosis (East Coast fever) 1954 B112 Trichomonosis + *B113 Trypanosomosis(Tsetse-borne) + ( ) B114 Malignant catarrhal fever + B115 Bovine spongiform

encephalopathy 0000

Code: Sheep & Goat Diseases Status: B153 Caprine arthritis/encephalitis 0000 B154 Contagious agalactia 0000 B155 Contagious caprine

pleuropneumonia 0000

B158 Nairobi sheep disease 0000 B159 Salmonellosis (S.abortus ovis) 0000 #B160 Scrapie 1972 Code: Diseases in Equidae Status: B201 Contagious equine metritis 0000 *B202 Dourine + B203 Epizootic lymphangitis + B204 Encephalomyelitis 0000 #B205 Equine infectious anaemia 1955 B206 Equine influenza + B207 Equine piroplasmosis + #B208 Equine rhinopneumonitis + B209 Glanders 1945 B210 Horse pox - B211 Equine viral arteritis +? B212 Japanese encephalitis 0000 B215 Surra 0000 B216 Venezuelan equine

encephalomyelitis 0000

Code: Pig Diseases Status: B251 Atrophic rhinitis + B253 Porcine brucellosis 0000 B254 Transmissible gastroenteritis 0000 B255 Trichinellosis +( ) B256 Enterovirus encephalomyelitis 0000 B257 Reprod. & resp. syndrome 0000 Code: Poultry Diseases Status: B301 Avian infectious bronchitis + B302 Avian infectious laryngotracheitis + B303 Avian tuberculosis + B304 Duck virus hepatitis 0000 B305 Duck virus enteritis 0000 B308 Fowl typhoid + B309 Infec. bursal disease + B310 Marek’s disease + Code: Other Species Status: B351 Myxomatosis 0000 B352 Tularemia 0000 B353 Rabbit haemorrhagic disease 0000 *B401 Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia 0000 B404 Spring viraemia of carp 0000 *B405 Infectious haemopoietic necrosis 0000 B451 Acarosis of bees 0000 B452 American foulbrood 0000 B453 European foulbrood 0000 B454 Nosemosis of bees 0000

* These are controlled and/or notifiable diseases in South Africa. Any disease, which does not occur in South Africa, is also a controlled, notifiable disease.

# These are controlled diseases, which have been eradicated (year of eradication in brackets). ** Please note: These disease codes are those used by the

FAO/WHO/OIE in their Code List.

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2.1 Controlled Diseases: FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) The following report is a summary of the foot and mouth disease outbreaks that occurred in South Africa from September 2000. This foot and mouth disease report is dated 5 April 2001.

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) CONTROLLED AREA OF SOUTH AFRICA:

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a controlled disease in South Africa. It is found in the Kruger National Park and surrounding game reserves, which is a declared FMD – controlled area. Before the outbreaks of FMD in South Africa in 2000, the rest of South Africa was an FMD – free zone without vaccination (declared by the World Animal Health Organisation (OIE) in 1995). The last outbreak of FMD, prior to 2000, in the free – zone was in 1957.

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KWAZULU-NATAL A. INTRODUCTION KwaZulu-Natal is one of the 9 provinces of South Africa located in the eastern part of the country. Camperdown is one of the districts falling under the State Veterinary area of Pietermaritzburg, within the KwaZulu-Natal Province (see maps). The animal health and veterinary public health services in the province are supported by a well-equipped government veterinary laboratory at Allerton, in Pietermarizburg, KwaZulu-Natal and the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) – Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Laboratory in Pretoria. All laboratory diagnosis for exotic diseases is done at this OVI – ARC Veterinary Laboratory. B. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS On the 15th of September 2000, the initial outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was confirmed in pigs at a farm in the Camperdown magisterial district of KwaZulu-Natal. Infected animals were confirmed positive on two adjacent farms in that vicinity and the stamping out policy (culling) was instituted. The virus was serotyped as FMD Type O, which is an exotic strain to South Africa. It was introduced into the country via pig swill from a passing ship obtained by the farmer at the Durban Harbour. All cloven-hoofed animals in a 3km zone were culled in order to create a buffer zone. A larger area around this initial point of infection was declared a high-risk area.

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On the 10th October 2000, intensive surveillance measures detected an extension of the outbreak in cattle at a point 3-4km north of the original epicentre. Intensive stamping out was applied immediately on the affected farm within 24 hours. The area surrounding this particular farm on the top of a hill was completely free of livestock and thus presented a natural buffer zone. A third extension of the outbreak was discovered through the intensive surveillance measures on the 23rd October 2000 at a point approximately 8km to the southeast of the original epicentre. Total eradication of the herd of 36 cattle in which the infection was diagnosed, was instituted immediately and serosurveillance and veterinary inspections were stepped up in the surrounding area. The focus of infection was situated within a larger area that contained a number of commercial farms but predominately communal farming with free movement of animals and people throughout. It was then decided that areas with a communal farming component have to be defined and dealt with as a single unit. A radical culling program was implemented around this infection throughout the whole quarantine area to create the customary buffer zone to protect the animals in the surrounding areas. Due to the fact that culling of the communal cattle was resulting in cattle owners attempting to hide their animals, and the concern of the disease spreading further, it was decided at this point, to institute a vaccination program instead of stamping out. The last clinically affected animals were reported on the 5th of November 2000 in the communal area of Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal. C. CONTROL MEASURES: Strict veterinary movement control protocols and intensive surveillance measures were in place throughout all FMD controlled districts which included 16 magisterial districts in KwaZulu-Natal. Defence force personnel and police officers manned the roadblocks together with the personnel from the Directorate of Veterinary Services to enforce the movement protocols. A quarantine zone with a 15km radius was defined around all four high-risk areas.

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FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE CONTROLLED AREA IN KWAZULU-NATAL PROVINCE:

No movements of cloven-hoofed animals were permitted within the quarantine zone, except for animals within the areas in which the stamping out of all cloven-hoofed animals had started. Intensive surveillance measures (inspection of animals and serological testing) were taking place within the 15km quarantine zone as well as within the 15km surveillance zone surrounding it. Cloven hoofed animals could only be moved out of the 15km surveillance zone if they were destined for an abattoir, provided they had been inspected and had a veterinary movement permit. Any products and genetic material of cloven-hoofed animals, as well as hay and manure was subject to similar movement restrictions. Most of the culling had taken place at quarantine camps with strict access control and disinfecting procedures for all personnel leaving the site. Animals were brought by the public and rounded up by the South African Defence force. After being valued for compensation purposes, the animals were taken to trenches, culled, put into the trenches and covered with a viracidal compound and quicklime before being buried under more than 1.5m of soil.

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The burial sites were covered by razor wire and heavily guarded so that there would be no chance of it being dug up again. A number of samples were collected from the KwaZulu-Natal area and tested again at the Onderstepoot Veterinary Institute and all turned out to be negative. The same samples were then sent to Pirbright in the United Kingdom for confirmation. These samples originated from cattle outside the quarantine area. While the results were being awaited, it was decided to start an intensive vaccination campaign of all cattle, sheep and goats in the quarantine zone. Both OVI and Pirbright confirmed that the results of the FMD tests were negative. This meant that the disease was still contained within the original 10km radius that was identified as the critical control area. All cattle and small stock in this area were vaccinated once. All roadblocks were lifted on the 26th January 2001. Movement control measures remain in force and spot checks are being made. For the next two years, every farmer (commercial or communal) within the magisterial district of Camperdown must maintain an accurate and updated livestock register. This two-year period is mandatory in terms of the international norms and standards set by the OIE regulations. These registers are checked every 14 days against animals on the farms in the quarantine area and every 28 days against the animals on the farms within the surveillance areas. D. VACCINATION POLICY The strategies of the policy are (i) vaccination, which offers the only means of protecting domestic cloven-hoofed animals against FMD, and (ii) routine surveillance by means of serological testing of blood samples to monitor the disease status in the area. D1. VACCINATION CATTLE SHEEP GOATS Animals vaccinated 9724 1220 1348

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D2. SURVEILLANCE Surveillance operations in the area are in full swing and all results so far are negative. CATTLE PIGS SHEEP GOATS Total number of animals inspected 234 739 137 808 27 573 26 213

Total number of animals tested serologically 19 327 444 2 691 3 168

COMMERCIAL AREA COMMUNAL AREA Number of farms visited 14 487 275 (diptanks) 34 Dipping tanks have been renovated in the communal area. 10 Dipping tanks are under construction. MPUMALANGA A. INTRODUCTION A diagnosis of Foot and Mouth Disease was made on the 30th of November 2000 in cattle at a feedlot in the Middelburg district in Mpumalanga Province. This outbreak was serotyped and sequenced at the Exotic Disease Laboratory Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council (ED-OVI-ARC), as SAT1 virus originating from the southern part of the Kruger National Park. Trace back investigations from the feedlot infection revealed that the disease had originated in the Nkomazi area, between the southern borders of the KNP and the northeast border of Swaziland. The feedlot in Middelburg was a very isolated location, which made containment of the disease easier than in KwaZulu-Natal. The Nkomazi area, however, was also largely communal. This area is within the traditional FMD – control area of South Africa, which also made containment of the disease easier. B. MIDDELBURG: The disease remained localised at the feedlot, mainly due to the immediate and strict control measures that were instituted at the feedlot. An intensive vaccination program was implemented. This entailed the vaccination of all animals at the feedlot. The vaccination was repeated 2 weeks later and controlled slaughter of all animals at the feedlot was begun on the 15th of January 2001. No new clinical cases have been reported from the feedlot since the 14th of December 2000.

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Roadblocks in the area were raised on the 12th of January 2001, following intensive sero-surveillance in the quarantine and surveillance area around the feedlot, which all yielded negative results. This surveillance will continue until all cattle in the feedlot were slaughtered. The controlled slaughter of cattle from the feedlot started on the 15th of January 2001 at selected abattoirs and under strict protocols. All the feedlot cattle were slaughtered by the 19th of March 2001. As there was no indication (clinically or serologically) of FMD in the pigs and sheep at the feedlot, they were slaughtered bone in.

C. LOWVELD (NKOMAZI): Foot and Mouth Disease was confirmed on Friday, the 15th of December 2000 on samples submitted from three farms within the Foot and Mouth Disease Controlled area of KaMhlushwa and Barberton (also known as the Nkomazi area). On some of the farms in this area, the disease manifested as an inapparent infection in indigenous cattle without clinical symptoms, while on other farms clinical disease was detected in the cattle. All the farms in this area had already been placed under quarantine on the 30th of November 2000 as a precautionary measure. Since January 2001, no clinical cases have been found in this Nkomazi area, and only serologically positive animals (on 3 ABC ELISA tests) have been identified during surveillance operations. This could also be due to the fact that the animals in this area have been vaccinated against FMD and are therefore not showing clinical symptoms.

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Since it became known that the possible source of the virus was from the southern Kruger National Park, surveillance in this area has been intensified. Cattle and small stock in the controlled area adjoining the Kruger National Park are normally vaccinated twice a year for FMD. D. VACCINATION POLICY D1. VACCINATION The initial and follow-up vaccination was completed at the feedlot in the Middelburg district by the end of December 2000. The first round of vaccinations in the Nkomazi area has almost been completed, and the second round of vaccinations was completed by the 31st of March 2001. Vaccination data up to the 28th of February 2001. The latest figures are not yet available: AREA CATTLE PIGS SHEEP GOATS Middelburg district *32062 48376 2445 0 Nkomazi Commercial area • 13 149 0 231 90 Nkomazi Communal area ‡ 95 427 0 88 7426 *16 031 cattle were vaccinated twice with an interval of 14 days between vaccinations, in the feedlot. • 6 849 cattle were vaccinated during the first round of vaccinations, and 6 300 cattle during the second round of vaccinations ‡ 49 498 cattle were vaccinated during the first round of vaccinations, and 45 929 cattle during the second round of vaccinations D2. SURVEILLANCE Surveillance data up to the 28th of February 2001. The latest figures are not available as yet: AREA INSPECTIONS CATTLE PIGS SMALL STOCK Middelburg district 1 360 506 2 925 037 104 940 Nkomazi Commercial area 20 404 0 321 Nkomazi Communal area 158 201 15 7592 Continuing surveillance is being performed in the Nelspruit State Veterinary area, which entails the inspection and sampling of farms in the districts of White River, Nelspruit, KaMhlushwa, Nsikazi and Barberton. The current 7-day inspections in the Nsikazi FMD Control Area are being intensified and samples are being taken from any suspicious animals. Inspections of diptanks in the Nkomazi area will continue. The State Veterinarian at Skukuza, in the Kruger National Park (KNP) will continue with FMD surveillance of impala in the southern part of the KNP bordering the Crocodile River. No clinical cases have been detected since the end of December.

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Sentinel animals (cattle) have been introduced into the feedlot at Middelburg at the beginning of April 2001. They were tested before introduction and will be tested again after 14 days and again at the end of April 2001. NORTHERN PROVINCE A. INTRODUCTION AND EVENTS Foot and mouth disease was clinically diagnosed in 35 cattle on the 1st of February 2001 at a dipping tank called “Orinoco” in the magisterial district of Mhala in the Northern Province. This district is in the foot and mouth disease controlled area. The districts of Mhala, Mapulaneng and part of Pilgrim’s Rest 2, were declared a quarantine area. A ten kilometer wide surveillance zone surrounds the quarantine area. The outbreak was typed as a SAT2 virus, related to the Orpen strain. The source of infection cannot be determined with certainty, but it is suspected that direct contact between cattle and escaped FMD carrier buffalo from the Sabie Sands Nature Reserve (which forms an ecological unit with the Kruger National Park), occurred. These buffalo had been in the area for about three weeks before they could be located and returned. This evidence strongly suggests that these stray buffalo could have caused this outbreak. Roadblocks in the area were in place by the 5th of February 2001. Vaccinations and surveillance inspections in the Mhala and Mapulaneng districts also started on the same day. All movements and permits from the quarantine area were stopped on the 1st of February 2001.

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B. VACCINATION POLICY B1. VACCINATION Vaccination of cattle started on the 5th of February 2001, and vaccination of small stock on the 19th of February 2001. All cattle have been subjected to the first round of initial vaccinations and the second round of vaccinations is almost complete, with 88.6% of cattle vaccinated for the second time. The first round of small stock vaccinations is not yet completed with 53.4% of all small stock vaccinated to date. CATTLE SMALL STOCK Animals vaccinated 71762 22998 B2. SURVEILLANCE Surveillance operations in the area are in full swing. Ten inspection points have been selected to serologically monitor the immune response in cattle to the vaccination. Baseline serology was already done during the initial inspections. These herds will again be bled after the second vaccinations. CATTLE SMALL STOCK Animals inspected 171116 28995 Diptanks inspected 351 257

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CONCLUSION The South African Veterinary Services spent a large portion of its time, resources and budget during the past 6 months to combat the outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and the Northern Province. A major effort has been put in to control these outbreaks. At this stage, it seems as if the outbreaks in KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and the Northern Province are under control, and all the staff involved in controlling, combating and communicating these outbreaks are to be complimented on work well done. An initiative to increase the human resource capacity within especially the communal grazing areas within the country is currently receiving urgent attention at a high Governmental decision making level. The intention is to apply for zoning for FMD without vaccination for the rest of the country except those areas in KwaZulu-Natal (Camerdown), Nkomazi in Mpumalanga and the area in Northern Province currently under restriction and the areas previously excluded from zoning status. This submission will be made to the FMD Commission meeting of the OIE in September this year. We are in the process of de-listing the 16 districts in KwaZulu-Natal from FMD control and will only have the Camperdown district remaining as a foot and mouth disease control area in the previously free zone of KwaZulu-Natal.

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Outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) (Virus type SAT 1) in Buffalo Calves in the FMD-Control Area: On 29 August, 2000, a suspicion of viral activity for foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus was detected from serological results taken from buffalo calves and their surrogate Jersey cow mothers on a farm within the foot and mouth disease enzootic/ red line zone of the FMD-control area, adjoining the Kruger National Park (±15km from the Kruger National park fence). This farm was participating in an experimental project that aims to breed disease-free buffalo calves from FMD and Corridor disease-infected buffalo cows. Buffalo calves are taken away from the infected buffalo cows immediately at birth. They receive Jersey cow colostrum and are placed with Jersey cattle acting as foster mothers. The group of buffalo cows and the group of buffalo calves with foster mothers are isolated in separate double electrified fenced quarantine facilities with strict bio-safety precautions maintained between the two facilities on the farm. Both the buffalo calves and their Jersey foster mothers are subjected to rigorous disease testing during this quarantine. When the youngest buffalo calf in the group is about one month old, all buffalo calves and Jersey foster mothers in the calf-rearing facility, undergo serological testing for foot and mouth disease (types SAT 1,2 and 3) and Corridor disease (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody test, blood smear and PCR- DNA probe). These tests are then repeated four weeks later and the Jersey cows and buffalo calves are then moved off the property (under official supervision) to another quarantine facility outside the FMD- enzootic area. Here they are quarantined under strict biosecure conditions for a further 6 weeks and are tested once again for foot and mouth disease and Corridor disease (using the tests described above). They are also tested for bovine brucellosis here. If all animals are disease-free on all three testings, then they may be declared disease-free buffaloes. The number of animals at this facility on the farm were: 67 adult buffalo cows, 26 buffalo calves and 25 Jersey cows used as foster mothers. Routine serological investigations on the farm indicated a possibility of FMD viral activity. Detailed investigations were immediately conducted on the premises on Friday 1 September and Saturday 2 September, which included serological and tissue sampling of the buffalo calves and Jersey foster mothers at the quarantine facility. Results of these tests (conducted at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Exotic Diseases Section) indicated infection with FMD, type SAT 1. The clinical end point of the active infection was considered to have been 1 September 2000. The epidemiology of the infection was thought to have been through indirect contact between the infected buffalo cows and the susceptible buffalo calves and Jersey cows. The owner of the facility was in constant contact with both buffalo cows and buffalo calves and could, thus, have spread the infection himself.

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All surrounding farms (both cattle and game) were investigated, and trace backs of all the Jersey cows performed. All cattle on these surrounding farms and properties of origin of Jersey cows were sampled for FMD virus with negative results. No evidence of clinical infection/lesions was found in these animals. The property was under strict quarantine from the start of the disease-free buffalo calf breeding project, and has a double electrified fenced strict controlled quarantine facility for the rearing of these disease free buffalo. Zoosanitary measures immediately enforced included strict movement control to and from the premises and adjoining properties, a detailed epidemiological investigation, inspection and monitoring of adjoining farms.

An embargo on all movement of cloven-hoofed animals within a 30 kilometre radius of the affected farm was instituted.

At the end of September, all the infected Jersey cows (foster mothers) were slaughtered under official supervision (modified stamping out method). The infected buffalo calves have been translocated (under official supervision) to a farm adjacent to the Kruger National Park, within the FMD-enzootic zone, to join other buffalo of similar disease status.

The farm is within the foot and mouth disease enzootic zone in the FMD control area of the Northern Province and this outbreak therefore in no way changed South Africa’s foot and mouth disease-free zone status. Exports of animals and animal products from the foot and mouth disease free zone were not affected.

The disease-free buffalo calf breeding protocol is being revised and changed in order to prevent further possibilities of FMD transmission between the buffalo cows and the calves.

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NORTHERNPROVINCE

GAUTENG MPUMALANGA

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FMD OUTBREAK

Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreakin the FMD Control Area

September 2000

Legend

Remainder of controlled areaSurveillance areaRedline Area (Enzootic area)Kruger National Park

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AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS (AHS): African horse sickness occurs throughout South Africa where the vector exists that transmits the disease. Horse owners and private veterinary practitioners also seriously underreport this disease to official veterinary services. An African horse sickness free zone has been declared in the Western Cape Province from where horses could be exported. A surveillance zone and a protection zone surround this area. Please see map below for distribution of reported outbreaks of African

horse sickness

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22

See map below for distribution of reported outbreaks of Newcastle disease

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NEWCASTLE DISEASE Newcastle disease reports decreased during the year. This may be attributed to, among other things, modified stamping out methods, altered vaccination programmes and extensive media and press coverage in the previous year. The disease remains a serious threat largely as a result of the high number of commercial broiler and egg producers in fairly small areas and the substantial number of unvaccinated chickens in the informal sector.

23

CORRIDOR DISEASE (THEILERIA PARVA LAWRENCEI)

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See map above for distribution of reported outbreaks of Corridor disease

BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS South Africa has an official eradication scheme for this disease. Bovine brucellosis is one of the most important controlled, economic and zoonotic diseases in South Africa and occurs throughout South Africa where cattle are kept. The problems that were experienced in the control of bovine brucellosis were the under utilisation of vaccine by farmers, the total mismanagement of infected herds, the lack of knowledge and commitment and the fact that other farm practices occupy a higher priority.

24

See map below for distribution of reported outbreaks of bovine brucellosis

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BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS South Africa has an official eradication scheme for this disease. Bovine tuberculosis was diagnosed in a wild spotted hyena in the Kruger National Park for the first time during the year. This probably resulted from the ingestion of infected African buffalo meat.

See map below for distribution of reported outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis

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26

RABIES See map below for distribution of reported rabies cases

27

SHEEP SCAB Sheep scab occurred widely in the sheep farming areas of South Africa. In some areas of the country farmers co-operate well in the control of the disease. In other areas the disease re-occurred in flocks that were treated previously. The apparent ignorance of sheep farmers and auctioneers regarding the proper management of sheep scab is astonishing. Bad management, irresponsible movement of sheep and ignorance of the disease still remains the main reasons for the spreading of the disease.

See map below for distribution of reported outbreaks of sheep scab

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NUMBER OF REPORTED OUTBREAKS OFSHEEP SCAB FORJANUARY TO DECEMBER 2000

ANTHRAX Anthrax was diagnosed in wildlife in a game reserve in the Cape Peninsular area of the Western Cape Province, for the first time. The outbreak was very limited and short-lived, however, and did not affect many animals.

28

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BLUETONGUE Bluetongue occurred throughout South Africa in the sheep population where the vectors that transmit the disease are present. It has a seasonal occurrence. Several unconfirmed cases have been reported, but a serious under-reporting of the disease is experienced. Farmers know this disease well and do not always report the occurrence thereof. A vaccine exists that is produced by the Onderstepoort Biological Products. Many farmers don't vaccinate, even after warnings after the wet summer months, with a resultant increase in the numbers of animals affected. Some of the secondary effects of bluetongue infection were abortions in sheep, teratology amongst lambs and infertility in rams.

29

See map below for distribution of reported

outbreaks

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LUMPY SKIN DISEASE The disease appeared fairly widespread throughout South Africa. Due to the good rains and fairly hot weather, the disease was diagnosed in certain areas of the country, especially the Northern Cape Province, for the first time in decades, with mortality rates of up to 5% and morbidity rates of up to 10%. Warnings were issued to farmers to have their cattle vaccinated. Areas, in which the cattle were vaccinated, experienced lower incidences of disease.

See map below for distribution of reported outbreaks

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35

ANNEXURE A

LIVESTOCK CENSUS 1999 (PER PROVINCE)

PROVINCE CATTLE SHEEP GOATS HORSE DONKEY PIGS DOGS POULTRY OSTRICHES MULES

MPUMA-LANGA 966 876 1 107 249 52 908 15 747 3 866 79 453 205 843 9 374 964 3 000 72

GAUTENG 194 640 120 392 9 073 8 743 2 372 125 242 299 087 2 376 504 12 617 78

NORTHERN PROVINCE 1 242 307 159 065 790 950 5 253 39 353 105 857 139 340 922 242 8 716 87

NORTH WEST 1 555 862 562 331 1 430 879 26 869 29 901 119 010 113 017 23 122 366 25 373

INCLUDED WITH

DONKEYS

FREE STATE 1 222 930 4 831 618 153 123 35 628 5 023 96 967 207 168 2 129 435 1 539 950 INCLUDED

WITH DONKEYS

KWAZULU/ NATAL 2 314 844 648 922 615 920 29 196 39 549 195 426 433 991 9 079 682

FIGURES NOT AVAILABLE

INCLUDED WITH

DONKEYS EASTERN CAPE 2 216 473 6 240 480 2 565 115 105 581 22 509 226 864 417 268 953 584 78 072 4 801

WESTERN CAPE 308 295 2 342 649 197 920 15 188 2 750 115 413 143 454 17 978 930 110 447

INCLUDED WITH

DONKEYS

NORTHERN CAPE 421 138 5 511 103 594 954 34 015 3000 25 437 217 761 23 800 42 777

FIGURES NOT

AVAILABLE

TOTAL 10 443 365 21 523 809 6 410 842 276 220 148 323 1 089 669 2 176 929 65 961 507 1 820 952 5 038

Please Note: These are not the official livestock figures of the Department of Agriculture, but are figures collected in the field by State Veterinarians and Animal Health Technicians

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This report was compiled by: Subdirectorate Epidemiology

Directorate Veterinary Services Private Bag X138

Pretoria 0001

Telephone: +27-12-319 7679 Fax: +27-12-329 0499

VETERINARY SERVICESANIMAL DISEASE REPORT2000

ContentsINTRODUCTIONANIMAL DISEASE REPORTSummary of Reported Livestock Disease Outbreaks from January to December 2000

2.1Controlled Diseases:FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD)FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) CONTROLLED AREA OF SOUTH AFRICA:Outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) (Virus type SAT 1) in Buffalo Calves in the FMD-Control Area:

AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS (AHS):NEWCASTLE DISEASECORRIDOR DISEASE (THEILERIA PARVA LAWRENCEI)BOVINE BRUCELLOSISBOVINE TUBERCULOSISRABIESSHEEP SCABANTHRAXBLUETONGUELUMPY SKIN DISEASE

NON-CONTROLLED DISEASESBRUCELLA OVISHEARTWATERBABESIOSIS (REDWATER)

ANNEXURE ALIVESTOCK CENSUS 1999 (PER PROVINCE)GOATS

national department of agriculture directorate … reports... · 2010. 10. 11. · b451 acarosis of...

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