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Index
Abortus material in clinical cytogenetics la-boratories, 217-18
Abroad, field-work, 516-17 Accelerators, linear, 418 Accident(s)/emergencies, see also entries
under Emergency chemieal, planning the avoidance of,
general considerations, 114-16 in chemicallaboratories, 130-1 in field-work, 511, 512
lack of equipment and facilities for, 511 services for, remoteness from, 512
in haematologicallaboratories, 145-6 laboratory fmures intended for, 8 with lasers, actions subsequent to, 495 news media and, 97-8 plans for dealing with, 88, 130-1 with radioactive sourees, 300, 300-2, 304,
346-7 AccidentaI misuse of mechanical equipment,
44-5 Accommodation, animal, see Animals Acetic acid, g1acial, 225-6 Acetone mixed with chloroform, explosion,
112 Acetylene in cylinders, 113 Acids, 103, 225, see also specijic acids and
Corrosive chemicals in botanicallaboratories, 250 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 225-6
Actinic radiation detectors, 368-71 Actinomycin D, 228 Administration, see Safety officers/repre
sentativeslmanagementladminist ration
Aerosols from animals, 278 ofinfectious organisms, 173, 179, 185, 278,
445,449 toxic,I06
ultrasound-generated, 445, 449 Aflatoxins, 244 Agaricus spp., 244 Agricultural pesticides, 523-4 AIDS, 152, 181, see also HlV
specimens, 199-200 Air, see also Atmosphere
compressed, supply, in new laboratories, 530
liquid,114 as a microbial environment, 234-5 sampling equipment, 126-7
Alarm systems burglar/intruder, ultrasonic, 447, 451-2 frre, 10, 127 radiation, 304
Alcohol(s) in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 227 consumption, 107
Alkali(s) and hases, 103-4, see also specijic chemieals and Corrosive chemicals
in botanicallaboratories, 250 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 225,
226 Alkali metals, explosion risk with, 112, see
also specific metals Alkaloid poisoning, plants causing, 247 Alkenes, halogenated, 131 Alkyl sulphates, 106-7 Allergies
animal, 61-4, 274 chemical, 105 plant, 248, 522
A1one, working, in the field, 504-5 Alpha particles, 328 Amanita spp., 244, 245 Americium-241,205 Ammonia, explosion, 111, 250 Amniotic fluid specimens in clinical cyto-
549
HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES
genetics laboratories, 217 Amphibians, handling, 265--6 Anaemia, tests for, 140 Anaesthesia of animals, 52, 56-7 Anaesthetic rooms, ignition sources and ex-
plosions in, 33 Anaesthetic tubes, laser hazards with, 494 Analytical equipment in c1inical chemistry,
201-4 Anarcardiaceae, 521 Animal(s)
laboratory, 51--8, 51-70, 257-66, see also Zoology laboratory
accommodationlhousing, 62, 68-9, 85--6 allergies to, 61-4, 274 carcasses, 270,345--6 handling, 51--8, 257-66 radioisotope use with, 268, 270, 340-1,
345--6 wild, in field-work, 517, 522-3
Annabergite, 520 Anthrax vaccination, 85 Antibiotics, 229 Apes, see Primates Architectural requirements of a laboratory,
7,8 Arsenic-containing minerals, 520 Aspergillus spp., 244, 245 Atmosphere, see also Air
in field-work, hazardous, 504, 506-7 sampling equipment, 126-7
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 532 Audits for radioactive sources, 298 Autoanalysis equipment
in clinical chemistry laboratories, 532 microbiological decontamination, 543
Autoclaves,182-3,240 in new laboratories, 535
Azide hydrogen,543 sodium, 112, 541, 543
Bacteria in botanical laboratories, 243, 243-4 Bacteriological loops, 175--6 Barium hydroxide, 226 Barriers in radiation controlIed areas, 308-9 Bases, see Alkalis and bases BCG vaccination, 76 Becquerel (Bq), 330 Behaviour
chemicals affecting, 105 microwave and radiofrequency radiation
affecting, 407--8 Benches
chemicals and, 118, 120-1 clinical chemistry laboratories, 197,532 microbiological decontamination, 185 in new laboratories, 529, 532, 536 radioactive work on, 338
Beta particIes, 328 Biohazards
in haematological laboratories, 152-6 in zoological laboratories, 273-5
Biological effects ofionizing radiation, 283-5, 315-18, 331-4 of magnetic fields in NMR, 470-5 of ultrasound, 436-40, 442 of UV radiation, 351-63
Biological safety cabinets, 168-72, 185, 222, 278
Biological sampling in field-work, 521-4 Biological waste disposal, see Waste disposal Biopsy material in cIinicai cytogenetics la-
boratories, 218 Birds, handling, 55, 261-3 Bites, anima\, 523 Blending equipment, see Mixing equipment Blood
microwave and radiofrequency radiation effects, 405
in NMR studies hazards from, 461-2 hazardsto, 471-2
specimens, 139-56 in c1inical chemistry laboratories, 196-8,
198,209 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 216,
216-17 from new employee, 78, see also Haema-
tologicallaboratory B100d banks, in new laboratories, 533 Blood cell counters, in new laboratories, 533 Blood grouping machines, in new labora-
tories, 533-4 Blood transfusion laboratory, moving to a
new, 533-4 Bone
cutting, ultrasonic devices, 445 welding, ultrasonic devices, 446
Bone marrow specimens, in clinical cyto-genetics laboratories, 216-17
Booklets, see Manuals Botany laboratory, 233-55 Bottles, see Containers Botulism, 85 Brachytherapy, 294,302-6 Brain, microwave and radiofrequency radia
tion effects, 404-5
550
INDEX
Breathing apparatus, 128, 513, 520 Breathing-in of chemieals, 133 British Standard BS 5175, 418 British Standard BS 5724 Part 1, 27, 28 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine, 228 Brucella and brucellosis, 65, 71,174 Buccal smears in clinicaI cytogeneties labor
atories, 218 Buildings
in fieldwork, 501 new, see New facilities vacated, ensuring safety of, 540--4
Burglar alarm systems, ultrasonic, 447, 451-2 Burns, 253-4, 275
chemical, 129,253-4 frrst-aid, 129,253-4
Cabinets laminar air-flow, 168,240-1 (micro)biological safety, 168-72, 185,222,
278 Cadmium vapour from lasers, 495 Cancers, see also Tumours
in animals, human, 66-7 microwave and radiofrequency radiation
produced hyperthermia in treatment of, 417-18
substances/agents causing, see Carcino-gens
Canister respirators, 513-14 Carbon-14,333,340 Carbon dioxide gas cylinders, 229-30 Carbon dioxide incubators, 231 Carcinogen(s),133
in animal research, 67-8 in c1inicaI cytogeneties laboratories, 228-9 in haematologicallaboratories, 151 ionizing radiation as a, 284, 316 microwave and radiofrequency radiation
as,406-7 UV radiation as a, 358
Cardiac arrest ofbrachytherapy patients, 305 Cardiac pacemakers
dental descaling devices interfering with, 445
magnetic fields in NMR interfering with, 466-7
Catalase tests, 179 Cataracts
microwave and radiofrequency radiation-related, 401, 408
near-infrared radiation-related, 482 ultrasonic surgical devices for, 446 UV radiation-related, 363, 376
Cathode ray tubes, magnetic fields in NMR interfering with, 466
Cats handling, 5~ zoonotic disease, 60
Cell(s) magnetic fields in NMR affecting, 472 ultrasonic disrupting devices, 446, 447,
448-9,449-50 Cell banks, 231 Central nervous system, microwave and
radiofrequency radiation effects on,404-5
Centrifugation of infectious material, 178, 223, 230-1 for plasma/serum separation, 196-8
Centrifuges decontaminationlcleaning, 1%-7,542 in new laboratories, requirements, 532, 534 physical danger with, 196,230-1,277
ChemicaIs, 101-37,seealsospecijic (typesof) chemieals
in botanicallaboratories, 236, 240, 248-9, 249-52
in c1inical cytogeneties laboratories, 224-9 containers, 123-31, 249 decontamination, 543-4 in fieldwork
brought on site, 510-11 natural, 520-1
in haematological laboratories, 150-2, 15~
interactions, 107 laser-related hazards, 495 in NMR studies, 460-1 sterilizing (= disinfectants), 52, 181, 182,
183-4,211-12,224,240 storage, 118-19,150,275,531 transfer to new premises, 538, 539 in vacated laboratories, dealing with, 541-
2 waste disposal, 1~, 15~, 207-8, 541 in zoologicaI laboratories, 275
Chemistry, c1inical, see ClinicaI chemistry Chickens, handling, 55, 261-2 Children, radiography, 310 Chlorides of non-metals, 104, 131 Chlorine, 104 l-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 104 Chloroform, 106, 107
acetone mixed with, explosion, 112 Choriomeningitis, Iymphocytic, 60, 86 Chorionic villus sampies in c1inical cytogene
ties laboratories, 217
551
HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES
Chromates, 250 Chromic acid, 112, 229 Chromophores, UV radiation, 353-4 Chromosome analysis in the clinical cyto-
genetics laboratory, 215-32 Cigarettes, frres started with, 110 Classification
of electrical equipment, on basis of safety, 29,31
of microbes, on basis of risk, 163-5 of microbiologicallaboratories on basis of
containment, 165--8 Cleaning (and cleaning agents)
in botanicallaboratories, 237 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 197, 202 glassware, 237 in microbiologicallaboratories, 535 in new laboratories, 535
Cleaning baths, ultrasonic, 446-7, 447-8 Cleanliness in botany laboratories, 234-5 Climatological problems in field-work, 514,
516 Clinical chemistry laboratory, 189-213
new, moving to, 531, 532-3 Clinical cytogenetics laboratory, 215-32 Clinical equipment, 41-9
construction 42
Clinical investigations, radioisotopes in, 341-2
Clostridium spp. botulinum, 85 tetani,522
Clothing, protective with animals, 63, 278-9, 523 with chemicals, 127 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 190 in field-work, 513, 514 in haematologicallaboratories, 148-9 in microbiologicallaboratories, 179-80 in new laboratories, 530 with radioisotope use, 268, 339 with UV radiation, 375 in zoologicallaboratories, 278-9
Coagulation disorders, screening, 141 Colchicine, 228 Colour coding of lights and indicators on
electrical equipment, 35 Columbiformes, handling, 262-3 Commercial applications of ultrasound, 451-
2 Committees/organizations, see Safety offi
cers/representatives/management/ committees
Communication between submarines, ultrasound for, 452 in field-work, 505 radio and television, microwave and radio
frequency radiation hazards, 414-15
Compressed air supply, in new laboratories, 530
Compressedlpressurized gases ( = gas cylinders), 113-14, 122, 204, 229, 239, 275,277,534
Computers, magnetic fields in NMR interfering with, 466
Conduction, electrical safety concerning, 19-20
Confined spaces, field-work in, 506-7 Conjunctivitis, UV radiation-related, 361-2,
376 Construction documents, 11 Construction phase of a laboratory, 11 Containers
chemical, 123-31,249 clinical chemistry specimens, 193-5, 194,
195 disposal, 209
clinical cytogenetics specimens, 219 contamination, 221
microbiological culture, 177 Containment laboratories
classes, 165--8 moving to new premises containing, 534
Contamination, radioactive, 298-9, 339, 340, 346-7, see also Decontamination
control, 270-1, 346-7 Continuing education for laboratory staff, 94 Continuous flow analysers, 201-3 Controlled radiation areas, 308 Cooling equipment, in chemical-containing
laboratories, 123 Coprinus atramentarius, 245 Cornea, see also entries under Kerat
far-infrared radiation affecting, 484 laser radiation affecting, 484, 489-90, 492 UV radiation affecting, 361, 362-3, 484
Corrosive chemicals, 102, 103-4, 131-5, see also Acids; Alkalis and specific chemieals
in botanical laboratories, 248-9, 249-50, 250
in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 225-6 in haematologicallaboratories, 150, 151
Cradles for access to high sampling points, 509
Crop spraying, 524
552
INDEX
Cryogenic substances, 277-8 Cryomagnets, 463, 465, 469
quenching, 469 Cryostat cabinets, microbiological decon
tamination, 543 Crystallography, X-ray, 315-25 Culture, microbiological
containers, 177 disposaI, 224
Cupboards chemical storage in, 118 fume, see Fume cupboards
Curie (Ci), 330 Current (electrical)
leakage,29,3O,31-3,36,39 physiological effects, 13--15
Cut(s) first -aid, 253 in zoologicallaboratories, 274-5
Cutaneous problems, see Skin Cutting in surgery, ultrasonic devices, 445 Cyanide, deliberate ingestion of, 108 Cytogenetics laboratory, clinical, 215-32 Cytology and histopathology laboratories,
moving to a new, 535-6 Cytomegalovirus, 87 Cytotoxic chemicals in clinical cytogenetics
laboratories, 228-9
Damage to sealed radioactive sourees, 298-9,304
Deafness, occupational, 519-20 Decontamination, see also Disinfectants;
Sterilization centrifuge, 197,542 chemieal, 543--4 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 197, 202 microbiological, 172, 181-5
ofvacated laboratories, 541, 542-3 radioactive, 270--1, 299, 347, 544
Degradation, chemieal, 156 Deionized water supply, in new laboratories,
529-30 Dental descaling devices, ultrasonic, 443--5 Departmental head, radiological protection
and the role of, 289 Dermatitis, chemicals causing, 102, 104 Descaling devices, dental, 443--5 Desiccant materials, 104 Design
animal house, 62, 68-9 health and safety programmes, 92-3 oflaboratories, 1-12
for botanical research, 233--4
for microbiological research, 165-8 for radioisotope use, 267-8 schematic, 5-6
mechanicaI equipment, 41-9 microwave and radiofrequency radiation
emitting devices, 423 UV radiation-emitting devices, 373
Designers of mechanical equipment, 42-9 amateur (= scientist), 46-7 design, safety factors
accidental misuse, 44 intentional misuse, 45 normal wear and tear, 43
mechanical hazards, 42, 43 professional,42-5 responsibilities
designer's breadth, 48 in law, 48, 49 maintenance, 48 modification of equipment, 48
Deuterium lamps, 390--1 Deuterium oxide, in NMR studies, 461 Developing countries, field-work in, 516-17 Diagnostic radiology, 306-12, 440--1 Diathermy
in physiotherapy, 409, 415-16 surgical,418
Dielectric heaters, 412-14 Diethyl ether, disposal, 208 Diethylamine disposal, 208 Diffractometry, X-ray, 321 Dimethyl sulphates, 106-7 Diphtheria, 84 Director of Laboratory Medicine, responsi
bilities for health and safety issues, 91-9
administrator, 91 identification of resources, 93
consultants, 93 ins uran ce, 97 inventory systems, 95 monitoring the health and safety pro
gramme,95 Management Information System
(MIS),95 reports,95
needs assessment, 92 new facility planning, 98 news media, response to, 97 policy and procedure manuals, 94
RUMBA,94 programme design, 92 quality assurance programme, 98 staff education, 93
553
HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES
Disaster services, 88 Discarding, waste, see Waste disposal Diseases in field-work, 516-17 Disinfection and disinfectants, 52, 181, 182,
183-4, 211-12, 224, 240, see also Decontamination; Sterilization
in clinical chemistry laboratories, 211-12 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 224 in microbiological laboratories, 181, 182,
183-4 with sealed radioactive sources, 299
Disposables, contaminated, disposal, 224 Disposa1, waste, see Waste disposal Distillation-related frres/explosions, 109-10,
136 Distilled water, 532 DNA work, 215 Doctors, medical supervision by, with radia
tion hazards, 289 Dog(s)
handling, 56 zoonotic disease, 60
Dog repellers, ultrasonic, 452 Doors in chemical-using laboratories, 117 Doppler ultrasound devices, 440, 441 Drains (and drainage)
chemical hazards and, 121, 125 radioactive waste disposal via, 154
Driving, hazards of, 498-9 Drugs
addictive/abused,108 in clinical investigations, radioactive, 341-
2 Dusts, hazardous, 134
in field-work, 513, 520, 521 Dye lasers, 495
Ears noise hazards, 519-20 ultrasound hazards, 429, 438, 444
Earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB), 21, 22, 23, 24
Earthing, standards referring to, 30--1 Education and training, staff (in health and
safety programmes), 93-4 in first aid, 512 in haematologicallaboratories, 146 in microbiologicallaboratories, 161-2
Effusions in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 218
Electrical (and electronic) apparatus/equipment, 13-39, 42, 238-9, see also specific types
in botanicallaboratories, 238-9
classes with respect to safety, 29, 31 in field-work, 503-4, 508, 510-11 high-voltage, 503-4 with lasers, 495 magnetic fields in NMR interfering with,
465-7 in radiography, 310-11 testing/repair/servicing, 18-19, 23-4
in a non-electrical department, 23-4 Electrical Safety Code for Hospital Labora
tory Equipment (ESCHLE), 28, 36-7
Electrical shock, see Shock, electrical Electricity (power), 13-39
laboratory requirements, 7 emergency, 10
safety standards, 26-39 with chemicals, 120-1 in clinical chemistry, 201-4 development of, 26-7, 37-8 future, 37-8 in haematologicallaboratories, 149-50 implications, 39 philosophies and requirements, 28-37 scope,27-8 in zoologicallaboratories, 276
sockets for supplying, 22, 201 in new laboratories, 529
Electrocardiogram recorders, 25 Electromagnetic radiation, 282, 329-30, 397,
457, see also specific types spectrum of, 398
Electronic equipment, see Electrical appara-tus/equipment
Electron-volt, 330 Electrophoresis tanks, 203 Elevating platforms, 509 Emergencies, see Accidents Emergency 'ofr switch for electricity, 23 Emergency work by clinical chemistry labor-
atories, 206 Encephalitis, Venezuelan equine, 175 Endocrine effects of microwave and radio-
frequency radiation, 403-4 Engraving tools, ultrasonic, 450-1 Elltamoeba, 86 Enteric disease, 80 Envelope type request forms, 193 Environment
electrical safety and the, 16-17 entering an unfamiliar, in fieldwork, 499-
500 Enzymes, 229 Epstein-Barr virus, 217
554
INDEX
Equine encephalitis, Venezuelan, 175 Equipment, see also speciJic (types of) equip
ment and Instruments chemical hazards in relation to, 116-231 delivery to new laboratory site of
new/existing, 537-8 disposaI. 542-4 fieldwork, 51~11, 511 laboratory equipment, design 41-9 laboratory planning considering, 1~11 in microbiological containment facilities,
167-8 Erythema, u1traviolet ( = sunburn), 355-7
action spectrum for inducing, 356-7 treatment, 392
Erythrite, 520 Ethanol in c1inical cytogenetics laboratories,
227 Ethers
disposaI, 208 organic peroxide-containing, distillation,
109-10 Ethidium bromide, 228 Euphorhiaceae, 521-2 European Community directives on chemi
caI hazards, 134 Euthanasia, animaI, 52 Evaluation of laboratory planning and con
struction, 11-12 Explosion(s)
chemical-related, 11~12, 136, 136-7,250, 275
in operating theatres and anaesthetic rooms,33
in zoologicallaboratories, 275, 276 Explosion screens, 137 External controls reducing biohazard risks,
152-3 Eyes
chemical splashes in, treatment, 127, 151-2,530
infection via, 174, 175, 180 laser hazards to, 477, 478-84, 486-7, 489-
90,492-3,495 microwave and radiofrequency radiation
effects on, 400-1, 408 protection, 180, 278, 487-9, 522 UV radiation effects on, 359-63
prevention, 375 treatment, 392
Face masks, 513 Facilities
electrical safety relating to, 15-17
existing, planning, 4 new, see New facilities safety, see Safety equipment/facilities utilization, planning, 3, 5
Faecal specimens, 192-3, 195 analysis, 192-3 containers, 195 disposaI. 210
Falling from heights, 502, 508-9 Farming, pesticide hazards, 523-4 Faults
single, with electrical equipment, 29, 36 two or more, with mechanical equipment,
47 Ferrets, handling, 55 Ferritin, 140 Fetus, ultrasound exposure, 441, 443 Field (specimen collection in the), 497-524 Film badges
for ionizing radiation exposure, 272, 287, 323
polysulphone, for UV radiation exposure, 376-7
Filtration of X-ray beams, 307 Fire(s)
alarm systems, 10, 127 in botanicallaboratories, 254-5 chemical-related, 108-10, 113-14, 127-8,
135-6,226-7,250 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 189-90 electrical equipment as a source of, 34 in fieldwork, 510 fightinglextinguishing systems, 10, 127-8,
136,146,147,147-8,254-5 in new laboratories, 530
in haematological laboratories, 145-6, 146-8
laboratory construction considering, 8 laser-associated, 494, 494-5 persons on, frrst-aid, 254 in radiotherapy units, 305 in zoologicallaboratories, 276
First-aid, 126-7, 129, 252-4 in botanicallaboratories, 252-4 in chemicallaboratories, 126-7, 129 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 206 equipment/supplies, 126-7, 206, 252-3
in new laboratories, 531 in field-work, 512
Fish handling, 266 shoals, ultrasonie detection, 452
Fixatives in c1inical cytogenetics laboratories, 227
555
HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES
Flame emission photometer, 203-4 Flammable chemicals, 108-10, 113-14, 135-
6,226-7 in botanicallaboratories, 248, 250 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 21h-7 in haematologicallaboratories, 147, 150 transfer to new premises, 539
Flammable materials, laser hazards with, 494-5
Floor coverings chemicals and, 118 insulating, 20 in new laboratories, 531, 532
Fluorescent lamps, 381-4 Fluorescent tubes, 365 Fluorine gas, 104 Fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray, 321-2 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine,228 Fluoroscopy,308,309 Foot injury, 278 Formol-saline preparation room, 536 Frogs, handling, 265-6 Fume(s)/vapours, toxic or corrosive, 106,
13~5passim
Fume cupboards, 122, 135 in new laboratories, 532-3 radioactive work in, 338
Fumigants, 52 Functional narratives, 6 Fungi
diseases caused by, 243 handling, 244-5
Fungicides, 229 Furnishings, 8
chemicals and, 118 Fusarium spp., 245
Gamma counters, 532 Gamma rays, 329-30, 338 Gases
in flame emission photometry, supply, 203-4
flammable, 11~14 liquified, 11~14, 230, 231 piped, in new laboratories, 529, 532 pressurizedlcompressed (=in cylinders),
11~14,122,204,229,239,275,277,
534 storage, 6-7, 531 toxic, 106, 13~5 passim
in field-work, 504, 506-7, 521 Gauss levels in NMR, 464, 465, 466, 471 Genetic manipulation of microbes, contain
ment levels for, 166, 167
Geological sampling, 518-21 Germicidal UV radiation-emitting lamps,
379-81 Giardia, 86 Gingiva, ultrasound hazards, 444-5 Glasses/goggles/spectacles for eye protec-
tion, 180, 278, 487-9, 522 Glassware, 237
breakages in botanicallaboratories, 237, 243 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 209,
210 containing clinical cytogenetics speci
mens,221 in haematologicallaboratories, 153 in zoologicallaboratories, 277
chemical-containing, 123 cleaning, 237 disposal, 210-11 radioactive, decontamination, 544 sterilization, 240 transfer to new premises, 538
Gloves in microbiologicallaboratories, 180 with radioactive materials, 339 in zoologicallaboratories, 278
Glutaraldehyde, 184, 185, 212 Goggleslglasseslspectacles for eye protec-
tion, 180, 278, 487-9, 522 Gray (Gy), 285, 318, 330 Guinea pigs, handling, 54, 260 Gyromitra esculenta, 244-5
Haematologicallaboratory, 139-56 moving to a new, 533-4
Haemostatic abnormalities, screening, 140-1 Halogen gases, 104 Halogenated alkenes, 131 Halogenated organic solvents, metals reac-
ting violently with, 112 Hammers, 518 Hamsters, handling, 54, 259 Hand washing facilities in new laboratories,
530 Hazard laboratories, 122 Hazards, mechanical, in design 41-9 Hazards involved, explaining to prospective
employee, 76-7 Head of department, radiological protection
and the role of, 289 Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), 48-9,
72, 212, 538-9 Health and safety programmes/systems, 91-
9, see also specijic risks
556
INDEX
with chemical hazards, 129-30 with primate-handling staff, 57-8
Health care, 71-89 Heat treatment of AIDS specimens, inactiva
tion via, 200 Heaters, dielectric, 412-14 Heating
of chemical-containing laboratories, 119-20
by magnetic fields in NMR, 467, 474 by microwave and radiofrequency radia
tion, 399-401 Heating equipment, in chemica1-containing
laboratories, 123--4 Height, working at, 502, 508--9 Helium venting in NMR, 469-70 Helmets, ventilated, 513 HEPA filters, 169, 170 Hepatitis, 81-3, 152, 198,461-2
in renal units, 199 type B, 82-3,174
Herbarium specimens, 236--7 Herpes (B) virus, simian, 65 Hip replacements, magnetic fields in NMR
interfering with, 467, 468 Histopathology and cytology laboratories,
moving to new, 535-6 HIV infection in health care workers, 87, see
also AIDS Hormonal effects of microwave and radio
frequency radiation, 403--4 Hospital( s)
electrical equipment produced or modifiedin,38-9
electrical safety in, 13-39 microwave and radiofrequency radiation
hazards in, 415-18 Hospital Technical Memorandum 8 (Safety
Code for Electro-Medical Equipment), 26, 27, 36
House, animal, see Animals Howie Report (1978), 199 Humidity, electrical safety and, 16--17 Hydrochloric acid, 226 Hydrofluoric acid, 103, 129, 131 Hydrogen, in cylinders, 113 Hydrogen-3,34O Hydrogen azide, 543 Hygiene, personal
in botanicallaboratories, 236 in haematologicallaboratories, 153 with radioactive materials, 339-40
Hyperthermia, microwave and radiofrequency radiation-induced, 400-1
in cancer therapy, 417-18 Hypochlorites, 184,211-12,224,251 Hypothalamic-hypophysial-thyroid axis,
microwave and radiofrequency radiation effects, 403--4
Ignition sources in fieldwork, 510 with flammable chemicals, 33, 109 operating theatres and anaesthetic room,
33 Illness, staff absence due to, 87-8 Immune system, microwave and radiofre
quency radiation effects, 406 Immunization/vaccination, 77, 180
anthrax, 85 BCG, 76, 79 botulism, 85 diphtheria, 84 hepatitis, 82-3 measles,81 mumps, 81 poliomyelitis, 83--4 rabies, 84-5 rubella,81 tetanus, 81 typhoid,80
Implants, magnetic fields in NMR interfering with,467-8
Incandcscent sources of UV, 364, 378-9 Incinerators, 183
radioactive contamination, 304 Incubation of clinical cytogenetics speci
mens,223 Incubators
carbon dioxide, 231 in new laboratories, 531
Indicators on electrical equipment, colour coding of, 35
Induction course, new recruit, 78 Industry
fieldwork in, 502-3, 507 microwave and radiofrequency radiation
sour ces, 412-14 ultrasound applications, 449-51
Infections, 71-89, 159-85, see also specijic infectionslagents
aerosol-associated risk of, 173, 179, 185,
557
278,445 assessment of risk of, 162-5 in botanicallaboratories, 243--4 in clinical chernistry laboratories, 192, 197 in clinical cytogcnetics laboratories, 215-
24
HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES
exaßlples,58-61,65-6,78-86,174-5 in field-work, 516-17, 522 froßl anißlals, 51, 58-61, 65-6, 85--6, 273-4 Dlinißlizing risk of, 175-85 in NMR studies, 461-2 routes of, 172-4 in zoologicallaboratories, 273-4, 278
Inflaßlßlable cheßlicals/ßlaterials, see entries under Flaßlßlable
Infrared radiation far-, ocular effects, 484 near-, ocular effects, 482
Ingestion of pathogens, 172-3 of toxic ßlinerals, 520-1
Inhalation of cheßlicals, 133 of infectious organisßlS, 173, see also Aero
sols Injuries, see also specific types 0/ injuries
in botanicallaboratories, 253 first -aid, 253 in zoologicallaboratories, 275
Inoculation, 240-1 bacteriologicalloops for, 175-6 in botanicallaboratories, 240-1
Inspections of clinical cheßlistry equipßlent, 204 of haeßlatologicallaboratories, 144
Instrußlent rOOßlS, 122 Insulation, electrical safety concerning, 19-
20 lnsurance, laboratory, 97 Intentional ßlisuse of ßlechanical equipßlent,
45 Interactions, cheßlical, 107 Interlocks
ionizing radiation devices, 308, 320 UV radiation devices, 373-4
Internal controls reducing biohazard risks, 152
International COßlßlission on Radiological Protection, 334-6
International Electrotechnical COßlßlission (lEe) standard
Part 1 (601-1), 27, 27-35, 37-8, 38, 311 Part 2 and 3, 27, 38
Interview of prospective laboratory eßlployee, 72-7
Inventory systeßls (in health and safety prograßlßles),95
for cheßlical stocks, 126 lodine, radio-
in clinical cheßlistry, 204, 205
1-125,204,205,269,273 1-131,273 in zoologicallaboratories, 269
lonizing radiation, see Radiation; X-rays Iron deficiency, tests for, 140
Keratitis Dlicrowave and radiofrequency radiation
related, 402 photo-, 361-2, 383
Keratoconjunctivitis, UV radiation-related, 376
Labels/ßlarkings/notices/signs on electrical equipßlent, 35 in hazardous areas, 17, 322 in new laboratories, 530 for UV radiation hazards, 373
Laboratories, see specific aspects and components
Laßlinar air-flow systeßls/cabinets, 168,240-1
in new laboratories, 535 Laßlps!Iights, see also Lighting
on electrical equipßlent, colour coding, 35 UV-eßlitting, 364-6, 369, 377-91
Laportea, 246, 247 Lasers, 477-95
classification (according to eye hazard), 486-7
diffuse viewinglexposure, 480-1, 490-2, 492-3
extended-source viewinglexposure, 480-1, 481-2,483,483-4,490-1
hazards, 478-95 incidental, 494-5
intrabeaßl viewinglexposure, 480, 481, 482, 482-3,483-4,490
lißliting apert ure, 486 optically-aided viewing, 489-90 power ßleasureßlent, 494 pulsed sour ces
of longer pulse duration, 485 of short pulse duration, 485
safety caiculations, 490-2 safety politics and practices, 495 safety standards, 478 sßlall-source viewinglexposure, 480, 490-1
Lassa fever virus, 65 Law and legislation
on cheßlical waste disposal, 125 clinical cheDlistry laboratories and, 212 designers/ßlanufacturers/suppliers of
ßledical equipßlent and, 48-9
558
INDEX
haematologicallaboratories and, 142 on radiation work, 342-4
Layout chemical accident prevention related to,
114,116 electrical safety relating to, 17
Lead aprons, 309 Leakage(s)
from radioactive sources, 298-9, 306-7 from specimen packages, 220-1
Leakage current, 29, 30, 31-3, 36, 39 Legislation, see Law Lens, see also Cataracts
far-infrared radiation affecting, 484 u1traviolet radiation affecting, 484
Lepiota spp., 244 Leptospirosis, 86 Leukaemias
diagnostic tests, 140 infection in patients with, 216, 217
Leukocyte studies, 140 Light(s)!1amps, see Lamps Lighting
in ehemieal-eontaining laboratories, 120 eleetrieal safety and, 16 in new laboratories, 531 UV radiation emitted by, 378-9, 382, 385-
7,389 Liquified gases, 113-14,230, 231, 277~ Lizards, handling, 264 Locations, see Positions Lockers in new laboratories, 530 Lone workers in the field, 504-5 Lymph node specimens in c1inical cytogene
ties laboratories, 218 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 60, 86
Macrocytic anaemia, tests for, 140 Macromolecuies, magnetic fields in NMR
affecting, 472 Magnetic fields (in NMR), 457
hazards with directlbiological,470-5 indirect, 462-70 safety recommendations, 469-70, 475
radiofrequency, 474, 475 static or main, 471-2, 475 time-varying, 472-3, 475
Magnetic resonanee, nuclear, 457-75 hazards, see Magnetic fields imaging by, 422, 459, 460, 463, 464, 467,
468,469,470,471,472,474 spectroscopy, 459, 460, 463, 465, 471
Magnetostrictive desealing devices, 445
Magnetron, 418 Mains part of electrieal equipment, design,
34-5 Mains supply, failure in teieradiotherapy,
301-2 Maintenance of c1inical chemistry equip
ment, 204 Maintenance staff, chemical hazards to, 116 Management, safety, see Safety officers/rep
resentatives/management Manualslbooklets etc. on health and safety
policy/rules/procedure, 94 in chemical-containing laboratories, 130 in haematologicallaboratories, 142, 143-
56 in microbiologicallaboratories, 159-60
Marburg disease/virus, 65, 86 Marking, see Labels Masks
dust, 520 face, 513 surgical, 180
Measles vaccination, 81 Measurement difficulties in field-work, 514-
15 Mechanical equipment, see also specijic types
design, 41-9 in field-work, 502-3, 510 in zoologicallaboratories, 276-7
Mechanical requirements of a laboratory, 7, 8
Media, news, accidents/emergencies and the, 97~
Medical equipment, electrical, 25-39 Medical questionnaire of prospective labor
atory employee, 76, 77 Medical record cards, 77 Medical supervision
in microbiologicallaboratories, 180-1 with radiation hazards, 289, 290
Medium wave radio transmitters, radiation hazards, 414,415
Melanin, UV radiation effects on, 357~ Men, sterility in, microwave and radiofre
quency radiation-related, 402-3 Meningococci, 175 Mercury, 106
minerals containing, 520 Mercury vapour discharge lamps, 364-5,
379~9
low-pressure, 379~ medium and high-press ure, 385-9 very high-pressure, 399
Metal(s), see also specijic metals
559
HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES
alkali, explosion risk with, 112 welding of, ultrasonic instruments used in,
450 Metal halide lamps, 399 Metalwork, electrical safety concerning, 19-
20 Methanol in clinical cytogenetics labora
tories, 227 Methotrexate, 228 Mice
handling, 55, 258--9 zoonotic disease, 60
Microbe( s)/micro-organisms air as an environment for, 234-5 in botanicallaboratories, 234-5, 243-4 classification on basis of risk, 163
Microbiological decontamination, see Decontamination
Microbiological research, 159--85 with animals, 65--6 moving to a new laboratory for, 534-5 risk of infection, 65-6, 162-5, 243-4
assessment, 162-5 (Micro)biological safety cabinets, 168--72,
185,222,278 Microbiological waste disposal, 177, 184,238 Microcytic anaemia, tests for, 140 Microscopes
in botanicallaboratories, 242 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 231 diffuse laser radiation viewed through,
492-3 slides, 176
Microsporon, 86 Microtomes, 242,277 Microwave(s) and radiofrequency radiation,
397-423 exposure levels, recorded, 408--20 exposure standards, 420--2 harmful consequences, possible, 397-408 precautions, 422-3 propagation, 408--9 sensors/detectors, 409, 409-10 sources, 409,410,411-20
Microwave diathermy, 415 Microwave ovens, 418--19
radiation emitted by, 418 detectors, 410
other hazards, 419 Minerals, toxic, 520--1 Misuse of mechanical equipment, 44-5 Mitomycin-C, 228 Mixing/shakinglblending/stirring equipment
in chemicallaboratories, 124
in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 223 in microbiologicallaboratories, 178--9
Mobile laboratory, 511 Monitoring, of heaIth and safety pro-
grammes, 96-7 Monkeys, see Primates Mouse, see Mice Mucuna spp., 246 Mumps vaccination, 81 Muscle, magnetic fields in NMR affecting,
474 Museum, botanical specimens for the, 236-7 Mushrooms, handling, 244-5 Muzzling of dogs, 56 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 65, 79 Mycoses,243 Mycotoxins, 244
National Radiological Protection Board (UK)
on microwave radiation, 417, 422 on NMR procedures, 475
Natural hazards in field-work, 516, 520--3 Nebulizers, ultrasonic, 447 Needles, hypodermic
disposal, 177,210--11 infection via, 173, 175, 176-7,223
Needs assessment for health and safety pro-grammes,92
Negative pressure isolators, 68, 69 Neodymium-YAG lasers, 475, 494 Nerve conduction, magnetic fields in NMR
affecting, 472 Nervous system, microwave and radiofre
quency radiation effects, 404--5 Neuro-endocrine effects of microwave and
radiofrequency radiation, 403-4 Neutrons, 329 New facilities!Iaboratories
moving to, 527-44 planning, 4-5, 98--9
News media and accidents/emergencies, 97-8
Nitrogen, liquid, 114,230,231,277--8 Noise in geological field-work, 518--19, 519-
20 Notices, see Labels/markings/notices/signs Nuclear magnetic resonance, see Magnetic
resonance, nuclear
Observation difficulties in field-work, 514-15 Odourless chemical hazards, 134-5 Office in clinical chemistry laboratory, 191-2 Oncogenic material, human, in animals, 6&-7
560
INDEX
Operating theatres, see also Surgery ignition sources and explosions in, 33 laser safety in, 494
Organic liquids, fire/explosion risks with, 108-10, 112, 136, see also Solvents
Osmie acid, 251 Out-patients reception of c1inical chemistry
laboratory, 191 Ovens, microwave, see Mierowave ovens Overheating of electrical equipment, 33-4 Overseas, field-work, 516-17 Oxidizing agents, see also specijic agents
in botanicallaboratories, 249-50 contact with, 104 explosions, 112
Oxygen liquid, 114 pressurized, 113
Ozone,391-2
Pacemakers, cardiac, see Cardiac pacema-kers
Paracetamol analysis, 206 Paraffin blocks, storage, 536 Paratyphoid, 80, see also Salmonella Parrots, handling, 263 Parthenium hysterophorns, 248 Passeriformes, handling, 262-3 Pasteure//a aularensis, 243-4 Patients
out -, reception, of c1inical chemistry laboratory,l91
safety of with electrical equipment, 25-39 passim with mechanical equipment, 41-9 in radiography, 310, 312 in radiotherapy, 293-4, 305~
Perchloricacid/perchlorates, 111-12, 249-50 Peroxides, organic, ethers containing, distil
lation, 109-10 Personal hygiene/protection, see Hygiene;
Proteetion Pesticides, 523-4 Petri dishes, 177 Phacoemulsification, 446 Pharmaceuticals, radioactive, 341-2 PharmacoIite, 520 Phenol, 102, 103, 130 Phenolic disinfectants, 184 Phonophoresis, 449 Phosphoric acid disposal, 208 Photocarcinogenesis, 358 Photokeratitis, 361-2, 383 Photometer, flame emission, 203-4
Photosensitivity, UV-related, 358-9 Physiotherapy
diathermy in, microwave and radiofrequency radiation emitted by, 409, 415-16
ultrasound in, 442 Picrie acid
contamination, vacating laboratories with, 541
disposaI, 207 PiezoeJectric descaling devices, 445 Pigment epithelium, laser damage to, 478-80 Pipetting
in botanicallaboratories, 242 in c1inical ehemistry laboratories, 190, 195,
196 with infeetious organisms, 172, 176 by mouth, 172, 176
Planning, see also Layout of laboratory modification/construction,
1-5,98-9 of move to new laboratory, 527--8
Plants, 243--8, see also Botany laboratory allergens, 248, 522 in field-work, 521-2 handling, 243--8 poisonous, 244, 246-7, 521-2
Plasma disposal, 209 separation, 196-7
Plastic bags for c1inical chemistry specimens, 192, 194 for c1inical cytogenetics specimens, 220
leakages from, 221 Plastic welding, ultrasonic instruments used
in, 450 Pleural effusions in c1inical cytogenetics la
boratories, 218 Plumbing, see also specijic parts
chemical hazards and, 121, 125 in new laboratories, 529 requirements, 7, 10, 121
Poisons, see also specijic poisons chemical, see Toxic chemicals deJiberate ingestion of, 108 first -aid, 254 plant, 244, 246-7, 521-2
Policy and procedure manuals, see Manuals Poliomyelitis, 83-4 Pollen allergy, 248 Polysulphone film badges, for UV radiation
exposure,376-7 Portable safety equipment in fieJd-work, 511 Positions
561
HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES
awkwardlcramped, fieldwork in, 509-10 hazardous, fieldwork in, 507-9
Positive pressure isolators, 63-4 Post -mortem material in clinical cytogenetics
laboratories, 218 Potassium, 112 Potassium hydroxide, 226 Pouring of infectious material, 178, 223 Power, see Electricity Pregnancy (and at childbearing age)
chemical hazards in, 105 infections in, 87,181 ionizing radiation hazards in, 287-8, 312,
332,335,342 rnicrowave radiation hazards in, 403
Preservation of botanical specimens, 236-7 Pressure equipment, 125 Pressurizedlcompressed gases ( = gas cylin-
ders), 113-14, 122, 204, 229, 239, 275,277,534
Prickly plants, 245 Primates
handling, 56-8 zoonotic disease, 60-1
Procedure manuals, policy and, see Manuals Programmes
health and safety, see Health and safety programmes
quality assurance, 98 ß-Propiolactone, 199-200 Protection of the person (clothing/equip
ment/measures used in), see also Clothing
with animals, 278-9, 523 in botanicallaboratories, 235-Q with chemicals, 127 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 190 in field-work, 513-14, 523 in haematologicallaboratories, 148-9 from ionizing radiation exposure, 268,
288-312,339-40 with laboratory animals, 63-4 with lasers, 487-9 in microbiologicallaboratories, 179-80 from microwave and radiofrequency radi-
ation,423 from UV radiation, 374-6 in zoologicallaboratories, 278-9
Psittaciformes, handling, 263
Quails, handling, 262 Quality assurance programmes, 98 Quarantine, animal, 59-60 Quarries, 505
Quinacrine mustard, 228
Rabbits handling, 53-4, 261 wonotic disease, 60
Rabies vaccination, 84-5 Rad, 330 Radar, 411-12 Radiation, 328, see also specijic types
ionizing, see Radiation, ionizing non-ionizing, 349-497
Radiation, ionizing, 281-313, 315-48 biological effects, 283-5, 315-18, 331-4 in botanicallaboratories, 251-2 in clinical chernistry laboratories, 192,204-
6 designation of persons exposed to, 290 dosages and dose limits, 284, 286-8, 317-
18,334-6 occupational, 284, 286-8,290,303,317-
18,334-6 patient, 310, 312
evaluation and control, 271-3 external, 271-2, 272 in haematologicallaboratories, 153-4 internal, 272, 272-3 monitoring of exposure to, 154, 272-3,
286-8,323,340 sealed sources of (in X-ray-mediated diag
nosis and therapy), 294-300 storage of substances emitting, 294-5, 297,
339 unsealed sources of, 337-40 in X-ray-mediated diagnosis and therapy,
281-313 in zoologicallaboratories, 267-73, 275-Q
Radiation (radiologieal) protection adviser, 288
Radiation (radiological) protection supervisor/radiological safety officer, 291, 296-7,343-4
Radiation (radiologieal) safety committee, 289-90
Radio transmitters, radiation hazards, 414-15
Radioactivity, 328 decontamination, 270-1, 299, 347, 544 units, 285, 318, 330
Radiofrequency magnetic fields, 474, 475 Radiofrequency radiation, see Microwaves
and radiofrequency radiation Radiography, technique, 309-10 Radioimmunoassays, 204-5, 269, 541-2
in clinical chemistry laboratories, equip-
562
INDEX
ment for, 532 Radioisotopes/radionuclides, 327-48, see
also specific isotopes handling, 153-4,204-6,251-2,268-9,275-
6,337-44 toxicity classification, 333-4 waste disposal, 154, 269-70, 344--6
Radiotherapy, 291-306 microwave and radiofrequency radiation
produced hyperthermia as an adjunct to, 417-18
Raman spectroscopy, 493 Rats
handling, 55, 260 zoonotic disease, 60
Reagents, in clinical cytogenetics labora-tories, 224-9
Record(s), for radioactive sources, 298 Record cards, medical, 77 Recycling, chemical, 156 Refrigerators, 124
flammable solvents in, 109, 150 microbiological decontamination, 542 in new laboratories, 531
Registers for radioactive sources, 298 Reproductive system, microwave and radio
frequency radiation effects on, 402-3, see also Pregnancy
Reptiles, handling, 263--5 Request forms, 194, 195, 220
contamination, 221 Residual current (earth leakage) circuit
breakers (RCCB/ELCB), 21, 22, 23,24
Resources, for health and safety programmes,93
Respiratory protective equipment, 128, 513, 520
Responsibilities of designers of mechanical equipment, 48-
9 of Director of Laboratory Medicine, 91-9
monitoring the health and safety programme95-7
policy and procedure manuals 94 quality assurance programme 98
staff education 93 of safety officers/management
in haematologicallaboratories, 143 in microbiologicallaboratories, 160--1
Retina, laser hazards to, 478-84, 489-90 Rhus, 246, 247 Rock sampies, toxic, 520--1 Rodents
handling, 54-5, 259--60 zoonotic disease, 60
Roentgen, 318 Ropes,509 Rubella,81 RUMBA concept, 94-5
Safety cabinets, (micro)biological, 168-72, 185,222,278
Safety equipment!facilities/systems with chemicals, 126-8 in field-work
back-up preventative, lack of, 511 for emergencies, lack of, 511 unfamiliarity with, 512-13
Safety of patients 41-9 Safety in Pathology Laboratories (1972), 198 Safety manuals, see Manuals Safety officers/representatives/manage-
ment!administrationlcommittees in haematologicallaboratories, 142, 143 in microbiologicallaboratories, 160--1 with radiological protection, 288--90, 291,
2%-7,324-5,423 Salmonella spp., 86
paratyphi A, 65, see also Paratyphoid typhi,80
Sampies in field-work, hazardous, 515-16 Sampling in field-work, 514-15, 517-24
difficulties with, 514-15 specialist, 517-24
Scalpel blades, disposal, 224 Schick test, 84 Scientists as amateur designers of mechan
ical equipment, 46--7 Screen( s )/shields
explosion, 137 radiation, 303, 306, 319, 320-1, 338
Screening of animals for infection, 59--60 for haematological disordt:rs, 140-1
Seating, electrical safety relating to, 20 Semen specimens, handling of, 200-1 Serum
disposaI, 209 separation, 1%-7
Service(s) emergency, remoteness from, in fieldwork,
512 laboratory, chemical hazards in relation to,
116-22 Service contracts for clinical chemistry
equipment, 204 Sewerage, see Drains
563
HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES
Shaking equipment, see Mixing equipment Sharps, 274-5
disposal, 177,210-11,224 infection from, 173, 175, 176-7,223
Shelving, in new laboratories, 531 Shields, see Screens Shigella, 86 Shock, eIectrical
first -aid, 154 protection from risk of, 20-2
Short-wave radiofrequency diathermy, 409, 415
Showers, emergency/safety, 127, 151-2 in new laboratories, 533, 536
Shutter failure in teleradiotherapy, 300-1 Sievert (Sv), 285, 318 Signs, see Labels/markings/notices/signs Single-fault conditions with electrical equip-
ment, 29, 36 Single (lone) workers in the field, 504-5 Sinks
chemical hazards and, 121 in new laboratories, 529, 536
Skin biopsy material, in clinical cytogenetics la-
boratories, 218 infection via, 173 laser hazards to, 477, 484-5 plants affecting, 246-7, 521 toxic chemical contact with, 251
precautions against, 133, 251 ultrasound hazards to, 447-8, 448-9 UV radiation effects on, 351-9
prevention, 375 treatment, 392
Slides, microscopy, 176 Smallpox virus, 65 Smelliness of laboratories, hazard indicated
by,135 Snakes, handling, 264-5 Sodium,112 Sodium azide, 121,541,543 Sodium hydroxide, 226 Solvents (organic), 105-6
flammable, 1O~10, 135, 136, 150 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories,
226-7 in haematologicallaboratories, 150
halogenated, metals reacting violently with,112
in NMR studies, 461 skin problems, 105
Sound, audible, with ultrasound, 438 Space(s)
confincd, field-work in, 506-7 requirements (in laboratory design), 3, 4,
5,6 in chemical-containing laboratories, 117
Specimens, see also specijic types 01 specimens
in botanicallaboratories disposaI, 237-8 preservation and storage, 236-7 processing, 242-3
in clinical chemistry laboratories, 193-201, ~1O
disposal, ~ 10 reception, 191, 192-201
in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 215-24
collection/packaging/transport, 21~20 disposaI, 224 processing, 222-3 reception, 220-3 risks with, 215-18
field collection, 497-524 Spectacles/glasses/goggles for eye protec-
tion, 180, 278, 487-9, 522 Spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, 321-2 Spectrophotometry, atomic absorption, 532 Spectroscopy
lasers in, 493 magnetic resonance, 459, 460, 463, 465, 471 Raman,493
Spillages chemical, 132-3, 133, 190
kits for, 128 radioactive, 154
in clinical chemistry laboratories, 189-90 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 223 infectious material, 184-5, 185,223
Spinous plants, 245, 247 Spleen specimens in clinical cytogenetics
laboratories, 218 Spraying of crops, 524 Sputum specimens, handling of, 200-1 Staff
education, see Education in field-work, 497-524 laboratory
absence due to illness, 87-8 fitness for employment, 72-7 health care, 71-89 mechanical equipment design concern
ing, 41-9 transfer from old to new premises, 540
maintenance, chemical hazards to, 116 radiotherapy unit, protection, 293
564
INDEX
safety, see Safety officers senior, secondment to new premises, 537
Stains in botanicallaboratories, 242 Static electrical energy, 20 Sterility, male, microwave and radiofre
quency radiation-related, 402-3 Sterilization, 181, 182-3, 239--40, see also De
contamination; Disinfectants in botanicallaboratories, 239--40 in microbiological laboratories, new fa
cilities for, 535 of sealed radioactive sources, 299 with UV radiation-emitting lamps, 379-81
Stillbirth material in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 217-18
Stings animal, 523 plant, 247, 521
Stirring equipment, see Mixing equipment Stock, animal, density of, 62-3 Storage
areas, electrical safety relating to, 17 botanical specimens, 236-7 chemicals, 118-19, 150,275,531 gases, 6--7, 531 radioactive substances, 294-5, 297, 339
Strongyloides, 86 Structural requirements of a laboratory, 7 Sunburn, see Erythema Sunlamps, 384, 388
fluorescent, 384 Superconducting magnets, 463, 468-9
quenching, 468-9 Surfaces, chemicals and, 118 Surgery, see also Operating theatres
diathermy in, 418 instruments, 277 lasers in, 494 ultrasonic devices, 445--6
Swimmers, strong, undertaking work in water,509
Symbols on electrical equipment, 35 Synergistic effects of chemicals, 107 Syringes
disposal, 177,210--11,224 infection via, 173, 175, 176--7, 223
Teeth descaling devices, ultrasonic, 443--5 Tele(radio)therapy (external beam therapy),
294,297,300--2 Television transmitters, radiation hazards,
414-15 Tesla levels in NMR, 464, 465, 466, 471, 472,
473,475
Testicular biopsy material in clinical cyto-genetics laboratories, 218
Tetanus, 81, 522 12.0-Tetradecanoylyphorbol-13-acetate, 229 Tetrahydrofuran, distillation, 109-10 Thermal effects of microwave and radiofre-
quency radiation, 399-401 Thermoluminescent badges for radiation ex-
posure, 272, 287, 323 Thorns,245 Threshold limit values, 134 Thymus specimens in clinical cytogenetics
laboratories, 218 Thyroid, microwave and radiofrequency
radiation effects, 403--4 Tidiness in botany laboratories, 234-5 Tissues
ionizing radiation doses limits to, 284, 335 ultrasonic homogenization/disruption de-
vices, 446,447,448-9,449-50 Toluene disposal, 207 Tools, geological, 518 Toxic (poisonous) chemicals, 102, 105-7,
108, 131-5, see also specijic chemicals and Poisons
in botanicallaboratories, 248, 251 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 228-9 in haematologicallaboratories, 150, 151 natural, in geological field-work, 520--1
Toxic gases/atmospheres, see Gas Toxic radionuclides, classification, 333--4 Toxicodendron radicans, 521 Toxicoses, 243 Toxocara, 86 Toxoplasma, 86 Training, see Education Transferrin,14O Transformers
construction and protection of, 34-5 isolating, 21-2
portable, 24 Transport
of clinical cytogenetics specimens, 218-20 of equipment/chemicals/staff to new la
boratory premises, 537-9 in field-work, hazards of, 498-9 of sealed radioactive sources, 295, 297, 299
Travelhazards, 498-9 Trichoph)!.ton, 86 Tritium eH), 340 Tuberculosis, 76, 78-9, 86, 181 Tumour(s)
in animals, human, 66--7 malignant, see Cancer; Carcinogens
565
HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES
specimens of, in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 218
Tumour viruses, 66-7, 86 Tungsten ballastedlblended lamp (MBT),
385-7,388 Tungsten filament lamps, 364, 378, 385-7 Tungsten halogen lamps, 364, 378-9 Turkeys, handling, 262 Typhoid,80,174
UHF (ultra-high frequency) transmitters, radiation hazards, 414, 415
Ultrasound, 427-52 absorption, 430-1 acoustic cavitation, 432-3 acoustic mismatch, 430 air-borne, 434-5, 438-40, 440, 447, 450, 451 applications, 428
commercial,451-2 industrial, 449-51 laboratory, 446-9 medicaI, 440-6
biological effects, 436-40, 442 dosimetry, 433-6 exposure limits, 436-40, 440 liquid-borne, 435, 436-8, 452 physical properties, 428-9 point sources and beams, 429 precautions, 440-52 propagation, 429-30 solid-borne, 435-6 standing waves, 433 surface waves and atomization, 431-2
Ultraviolet radiation, 241, 349-92 -A
detectors, 371-2 erythema induced by, 355, 357 exposure standard, 366 eye protection, 376 lamps emitting, 364, 365, 381, 382,382-3,
383-4,387,388,389 ocular effects, 361, 363 spectral range, 350, 351
-B carcinogenicity, 358 detectors, 368-71 erythema induced by, 355, 357 exposure standard, 366 eye protection, 376 lamps emitting, 364, 365, 381, 382, 383,
384, 388, 389 ocular effects, 361 spectral range, 350,351 vitamin D production induced by, 358
biological effects, 351-63, 484 -c
detectors, 368-71 erythema induced by, 355, 357 exposure standard, 366 eye protection, 376 lamps emitting, 383, 388, 389 ocular effects, 361 spectral range, 350, 351
exposure to instruments for assessing, 368-72 personal monitoring, 376-7 standards for, 366-8
lasers emitting, 484 overexposure to
at-risk groups, 349 protection from, 374-6 treatment, 392
reflected, minimizing, 374 sources producinglemitting, 350, 363-6,
377-91 Underwater communication/detection,
ultrasound for, 452 Urine specimens
containers, 194 disposal, 210
Urtica spp., 246, 247, 5521
Vaccination, see Immunization Vacuum equipment, 125 Vacuum lines in new laboratories, 530 Vapours, toxic or corrosive, 106, 133-5 pas-
sim Vehicle hazards, 498-9 Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 175 Ventilated heimets, 513 Ventilation, 8
in animal houses, 62 in chemical-containing laboratories, 119-
20 in new laboratories, 533
VHF (very-high frequency) transmitters, radiation hazards, 414, 415
Vibration in geological field-work, 518-19 Video display terminals, 419-20 Vinblastine, 228 Vinyl chloride, 131 Viruses, tumour, 66-7, 86, see also speci/ic
viruses Visible radiation, maximum permissible ex
posure, 481 Vitamin D production, UV radiation-in
duced,358 Voltages, electrical safety concerning, 18, 24
566
INDEX
Volunteers in clinieal investigations, radioisotopes administered to, 342
Warnings, see Labels Washing faeilities, hand, in new laboratories,
530 Waste bins, solvent fires in, 110 Waste disposal, 154-6
biological, 208-10, 224, 238, 270, 345, 462, 536
micro-, 177, 184,238 in botanicallaboratories, 237-8 ehemical, 125-6, 155-6, 207-8, 541 in elinical ehemistry laboratories, 206--12 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 224 in haematologicallaboratories, 154, 154-6 in new laboratories, 536 radioaetive, 154, 269-70, 344-6
Water ehemicals reaeting violently with, 112 deionized,529-3O distilled, 532 drinking, infeetion acquired from, 517 supplies, 121
in field-work, 506, 517 in new laboratories, 529, 529-30, 532
Water baths, 232 mierobiologieal deeontamination, 542
Water courses, falling into, 509 Wear and tear of equipment, 43-4 Weather problems in field-work, 514, 516 Welding
bone, ultrasonie instruments used in, 446 plasticlmetal, ultrasonie instruments used
in, 450 Wire-drawing, ultrasound applications in,
450
Women in pregnancy (and of ehildbearing age), see Pregnancy
Work, type of, involvedlundertaken eleetrical safety relating to, 18-19 explaining to prospeetive employee, 76-7
Work site, diffieulties of access to, 500-1 Work stations, attribute requirements, 6-10 Work systems in operation in field-work, 512 Workload considerations in laboratory de-
sign, 3,5
Xenon lamps, 390 X-rays, 281-326, 329-30, 336
automatie exposure control, 308 beams
fIltration, 307 restrietion, 307
biologieal effeets, 283-5, 315-18, 331 erystallography, 315-25 diagnostie use, 181,306-12 dosages and dose limits, 317-18
occupational, 284, 286-8, 290, 317-18 patient, 310, 312
generators and tubes, 306-7, 319-20 measurement, 285 monitoring of exposure to, 286-8, 323 nature, 282-3 sealed sourees, 294-300 therapeutie use, 291-306
Xylene,227
Yersinia spp., 86 pestis, 65
Zoology laboratory, 257-79 Zoonoses,51,58-61,65-6,85-6,273-4
567