factsWhat to know?

Drawing, naming, and identifying hydrocarbons

Halogenated hydrocarbons

types

branched Halogenated hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons

reforming - process of extracting hydrogen from fossil fuels

•today, this is the principal and least expensive method of producing hydrogen

•unfortunately, reforming emits pollutants and consumes non-renewable fuels

most commonly used are: Methane Methanol Gasoline

Diesel Ammonia

ABOUT HYDROCARBONS

ABOUT: HYDROCARBONS• almost all hydrocarbon products are produced from petroleum or crude oil extracted from the earth

• origin of petroleum is believed to be from the anaerobic decomposition of marine plankton and algae

• crude oil is a variable mixture of many hydrocarbons and other chemicals. (Separation is achieved with a cracking plant)

•Propane gas can be liquefied under pressure and stored in steel tanks and bottles

ABOUT: HYDROCARBONSThis makes it economical to manufacture propane and compress it into a liquid for shipping

Butane can be maintained as a liquid at even lower pressures and can be safely held in plastic butane lighters

Heat energy is released when hydrocarbons "burn"

ABOUT HYDROCARBONS•when the chain is between 5 and 9 carbons, the hydrocarbon is gasoline

• about a 12 carbons and it is diesel & 20 carbons is motor oil

• a chain of hundreds to thousands of carbon and hydrogen make plastic

•By combining oxygen with carbon and hydrogen, we can make any kind of alcoholEthanol is drinking alcohol (also called grain alcohol)

Methanol is also called wood alcohol

Three carbon alcohol is called propanol

If the alcohol group (OH) is on the middle carbon, it's called isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)

ABOUT HYDROCARBONS

ABOUT HYDROCARBONS-Carbohydrates

• dehydrated means loss of water• hydrated means to add water.

Carbohydrates(aka “CARBS”)- compounds that use carbon, oxygen, & hydrogen

contains 2 elements: hydrogen & carbonHYDROCARBON-

root word that indicates the # of carbons present

Writing HYDROCARBONS

suffix indicates which type of bond is present

names are based on a root word & suffix

Rootword tel ls # of carbons

Suffi x tel ls type of bonds

1) alkanes - hydrocarbons with single bonds

3) alkynes - hydrocarbons with triple bonds

3 BASIC HYDROCARBONS

2) alkenes - hydrocarbons with double bonds

HYDROCARBONS

has 6 electrons

CARBON

ALWAYS NEEDS 4 bonds

oxidation #4

6 C12

has 1 electrons

HYDROGEN

ALWAYS NEEDS 1 bond

oxidation #1

1 H1

HYDROCARBONSRootword tel ls # of carbons

root words

# of carbons

meth 1eth 2pro 3but 4pent 5

root words

# of carbons

hex 6hept 7oct 8non 9dec 10

HYDROCARBONS

Suffi x tel ls type of bonds

suffix Kind of bond symbol

ane single Iene double IIyne triple III

DRAWING HYDROCARBONS

1. ethane practice drawing & include chemical formula:

2. ethene

3. propyne

1. ethane

C2H6

2. ethene 3. propyne

C2H4 C3H4

# of carbons Name of base hydrocarbon

Name if it is “branched”

1 methane methyl2 ethane ethyl3 propane propyl

BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS

•The # of hydrocarbons in the branch follows the same naming rules as basic hydrocarbons

•branch name usually ends in “yl”

INFO:

DRAWING Branched Hydrocarbons1st draw the amount of carbons given in the root word2nd draw the # of bonds indicated in the suffix

3rd add the branch where indicated

3ethyl pentane All single bonds

Eth=22 carbon

chain formula: C7H16

4th add hydrogen to all of the available bonding areas

5 carbons2 carbon chain will go on the 3rd carbon of

the main hydrocarbon

C C C C C1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

DRAWING Branched Hydrocarbons

Pentane – carbons are numbered

Always numbered from left to right

DRAWING: 3ethyl pentane

form

ula: C7H 16

C C C C CC

C

HH

H

H H H H

H

H

HH

H

H

H

H

H

BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS

Uses prefix when several different halogens are to be used

prefix # of halogens

di 2tri 3tetra 4penta 5

Use the #’s in front to indicate which carbon the sub will go on

HYDROCARBONS-CarbohydratesEX: sugar, starch, cellulose (wood fiber), and glycogen

•The small black granules (dots) are glycogen

•Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals

and humans which is the same as the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized(made) and stored mainly in the liver and the muscles

HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONSyou can substitution of halogens with alkanes

in a substitution reaction, one atom of hydrogen is replaced by one atom of a halogen.

this type of reaction is called a halogenation. the halogenation of alkanes occurs in the presence of light, making it a photochemical reaction.

EX: methane (C2H4) reacts with chlorine (which occurs as a two-atom molecule Cl2) in the presence of light to produce methyl chloride, CH3Cl, and hydrogen chloride

(HCl)

HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONSThese compounds can be differentiated according to various criteria, including:

1. The type of halogen, for example fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-.

2. The type of carbon chain: open, closed, aromatic, saturated, unsaturated.

3. The number of atoms in the halogen: mono-, di- and poly halogen compounds.

HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONSThe name of the compound is based on the number of carbon atoms present

where the substitution of a halogen for a hydrogen atom has taken place.

Before the name of the hydrocarbon the names of the substitued halogens are given, in alphabetical order if possible.

Each carbon atom is assigned a number so as to place the substituted halogen at as low a number as possible. Then the number of the carbon which has been substituted is placed before the halogen prefix.

HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS

For example: Fluorine is the first of the halogen group

•means that it is able to substitute for all of the other halogens in a chemical bond.

•hydrocarbons containing fluorine are very stable, non- flammable, and are not poisonous.

•they are used as an ingredient in aerosol sprays or as the refrigerant liquid in refrigerators, and as a solvent. Their use has become less popular in recent years because of the damage they do in the atmosphere to the ozone layer.

1,1,1 trifloro 2,2 dibromo pentane

C C C C CHF

F

F Br H H

H

H

HBr

H

You try… 1,2,3 trichloro 4,4 dibromo pentane

C C C C CBrCl

Br H

H

H

ClCl

HHH

H