Index

A-5, 186 A-6, 39 A-7, 39 ABM-X-3, 56 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air

Missile (AMRAAM), 106 Aegis, 26, 111 Afghanistan

effect on Soviet foreign policy, 5 internal authority weakened, 142 reporting in Soviet press, 142 role of US, 145 Soviet military activity, 147-50 Soviet negotiation position, 141-2 successes of guerrilla groups, 142-5,

150 talks involving Pakistan, 140-1

Africa US involvement, 6 see also Southern Africa

African National Congress (ANC), 236,248-9

AFSA TCOM, see Air Force Satellite Communications System (AFSATCOM)

AH-lS, 172,182 Air defenses

Divad system, 172 interdiction capabilities, 25 Japan, 180, 181-2 NATO, 98-100 Soviet, 54-5 (investment, 50;

limitations demonstrated by Korean airliner incident, 54--5)

Spider 2 system, 310-11 US, 55-6 (cost-savings, 50; regional

control centers, 55)

Warsaw Pact, 122, 124-5 Air Force Satellite Communications

System (AFSATCOM), 51 Air-Launched Cruise Missiles

(ALCMs), 41 program changes, 63 Soviet, 65

Air power, qualitative advantage, US and NATO, 29

Air-Son a Moyenne Portee (ASMP), 75

Airborne Command Center (E-4B), 52 Airborne Warning and Control System

(AWACS), 55 E-3A aircraft, 100, 170

Airborne warning systems E-2C Hawkeye, 181 early warning, NATO

improvements, 99-100 Mainstay, 55, 127 patrols by AWACS aircraft, 55

Aircraft A-5, 186 A-6, 39 A-7,39

319

Airborne Command Center (E-4B), 52

Ajeet, 292 AMX combat aircraft, 283-4 AN-12 Cub, 127-8 An-32, 292 Arava, 308 AV-8B, 104,105 Bandeirante, 285 Bosbok, 296 Brasilia, 285 Brazilian, 283-5

320 Index

Aircraft- continued C-5, 154 C-17, 154 C-130, 154 C-130H, 181 C-160 Transall, 159 Civil Reserve Air Fleet, 154 Condor, 128 F-4, 39, 181 F-5, 314-15 F-5E, 283, 301, 302 F-5F, 302 F-7, 301 F-8, 301 F-15,55, 105,170,181,307

equipped with anti-satellite system, 58

F-16, 39, 72, 103, 104, 137,170, 171,307

F-18, 39, 104, 105 F-104, 39 F-106, 55 F-111,39 Fencer (SU-24), 44, 45 Fitter (SU-17), 44 Flogger (MiG-23/27), 45 Foxhound (MiG-25), 54 HF-73, 292 HPT-32, 292 IAR.93, 127 IL-38 May, 151 IL-76 Candid, 128 Indian Light Combat Aircraft, 291 Jaguar, 290 KC-10, 154 Kfir, 297, 308 Kiran II, 291-2 Kudu, 296 Lavi, 309 Looking Glass (EC-35) upgrade, 52 MiG-17, 127 MiG-19, 233 MiG-21, 127,178,233 MiG-23, 44, 127, 178, 233, 290--1 MiG-25, 127, 233 MiG-27, 178, 233, 290-1 MiG-29 Fulcrum, 126 Mirage, 283

Mirage 2000, 104, 290 Mirage 2000N, see Air-Son a

Moyenne Portee (ASMP) Mirage F-1, 233, 296 Mirage IIIE, see Air-Son a Moyenne

Portee (ASMP) Mirage IV, 76 Nimrod, 100 OA-37, 173 OY-10 forward air control aircraft,

171 P-3C anti-submarine patrol aircraft,

150, 180, 182 Sea Scan, 308-9 Shackleton, 297 South African, 296-7 South Korean, 314-15 SU-24 Fencer, 127, 178 SU-27 Flanker, 126 Super Etendard, 74-5, 75, 233 T-CH-1, 302 Taiwanese, 301-3 Take Charge and Move Out

(TACAMO), 52 Tornado, 39, 72, 74,99, 104,106 Tucano, 284 XAT-3, 302 XC-2, 302 Xingu II, 284-5 see also Airborne warning systems;

Helicopters Aircraft carriers

Carl Vinson, 158, 168 in crisis situations, 27-8 Indian, 293-4 Invincible, 159 Kiev-class, 176 Minsk, 150 nuclear-powered, 26 Ranger, 158

Airfield attack weapons Durandal, 106 JP233, 106 MW-1, 106

Ajeet, 292 ALARM anti-radiation missile, 106 Algiers Accord (1975), 229 Amphibious assault ships, NATO, 111

Index 321

AMRAAM, see Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM)

AMX combat aircraft, 283-4 AN-12 Cub, 127-8 An-32, 292 ANC, see African National Congress

(AN C) Andropov, Yuri, 117-18, 166

uncertainty over future role, 68 Angola

arms agreement with Soviet Union, 252

Cuban involvement, 238, 240--1 internal conflict with UNIT A, 241 National Union for the Total

Independence of Angola (UNIT A), 236

Soviet-Cuban involvement, 6 Anti-aircraft defenses, Aegis, 111 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972),

56 Anti-radiation missiles

ALARM, 106 HARM (High-speed Anti-Radiation

Missile), 1 06 Anti-satellite systems, 50

Soviet, 58-9 US, 58

Anti-submarine defenses, 28 Anti-tank missiles, 24 AP-class corvette, 303 Apache AH-64, 109 Arab-Israeli conflict, 258-9

Reagan peace plan, 259 Arava, 308 Argentina

as supplier of nuclear equipment, 276

economic decline, 192 foreign debts, 193 IMF agreement, 196 (terms broken,

197) political unrest, 199-201 potential nuclear proliferation,

276--7 unwilling to ratify non-proliferation

treaties, 272

Armored vehicles BMP-M1981, 123 Brazillian, 285-6 BRDM2, 214 BTR armored personnel carrier, 214 Cascavel armored car, 285 Eland armored cars, 298 Jaraca reconnaissance vehicle, 285 Light armored vehicle (LAY), 109 M-113A1 personnel carrier, 317 M-2/M-3, 109 RAM V-1 reconnaissance vehicle,

310 Rate! personnel carrier, 298 T-1 tracked armored car, 286 Type 73 armored personnel carrier,

182 Urutu amphibious vehicle, 285 see also Tanks

Arms control negotiations effect of European election results,

117 little progress during year, 34 overview, 2 possible outcomes (1990), 70--2 problems of asymmetry, 15 see also Strategic Arms Limitation

Talks II (SALT II); Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START)

Arms Development and Production Corporation (ARMSCOR), 295

Arms race, innacurate image, 11 ARMSCOR, see Arms Development

and Production Corporation (ARMSCOR)

Artillery Brazillian 70 mm rocket, 287 Chinese 122 mm howitzer, 186 G-6 155 mm howitzer, 298 Indian 155 mm howitzer, 293 M-72 155 mm howitzer, 310 M-109 155 mm howitzer, 95, 96 M-109A2 155 mm howitzer, 172 M-110 203 mm howitzer, 95, 96,

172 M-114 155 mm howitzer, 96 M-115 203 mm howitzer, 96

322 Index

Artillery -continued M-198 203 mm howitzer, 95, 96,

172 Multiple Launch Rocket System

(MLRS), 171,172 neutron shells, 97 Nicaraguan purchases, 214-15 rocket-assisted shells, 172 South African, 298 South Korean, 317 Soviet 152 mm howitzer, 123, 124 Soviet 203 mm howitzer, 124 Soviet 240 mm howitzer, 124 SS-07 70 mm rocket, 287 SS-15 127 mm rocket, 287 Taiwanese, 304 Type 75 155 mm howitzer, 182 Warsaw Pact, 124

Asia, see East Asia; Southeast Asia; Southwest Asia

ASMP, see Air-Son a Moyenne Portee (ASMP)

Astros II rocket launching system, 287 Augusta, 107 A V-8B, 104, 105 A V/X-1 anti-tank missiles, 287 Avionics

improvements to B-52s, 41 NATO improvements, 106

AWACS, see Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)

Azores, air base, 155

B-IB, 62, 71 B-52, 39, 41, 71

conversion to carry cruise missiles, 39,63, 71

B-83, 62 Backfire, 44, 45, 70, 139, 171, 175 Badger, 44, 175 Ballistic missile defenses

Soviet, 56-7 US, 57-8

Ballistic missiles, submarine-launched Chinese, 77, 186 M-4, 75 M-20, 74 M-S, 75

Polaris A-3, 73 Poseidon C-3, 39, 71 Soviet developments, 64 SS-N-5, 44 SS-N-6, 44, 70 SS-N-8, 44, 70 SS-N-17,44, 70 SS-N-18,44,46,65, 70 SS-N-20,44,45,64-5, 70 Trident, UK program, 100-1 Trident I C-4, 34, 39, 42, 71 Trident II D-5, 60-1, 71, 74

Ballistic missiles, short-range Hades, 76 Pluton, 76

Bandeirante, 285 Barak ship defense system, 313 Baykal-Amur railroad, 179 Bear, 44, 70, 175 Belgium

deployment of intermediate-range forces, 38

nuclear-capable artillery, 95 Bison, 44, 70 Blackhawk, 171 Blackjack, 64, 65, 70 Blinder, 44 BMP-M1981, 123 Bolivia

economic decline, 192 political difficulties, 203-4

Bombers B-IB, 62, 71 B-52, 39, 41, 71 (conversion to carry

cruise missiles, 39, 63, 71) Backfire, 44, 45, 70, 139, 171, 175 Badger, 44, 175 Bear, 44, 70, 175 Bison, 44, 70 Blackjack, 64, 65, 70 Blinder, 44 Buccaneer, 74 FB-111, 39,71 future US directions, 35, 62-3 Mirage IV, 75 Soviet developments. 34 'Stealth', 62, 63 Vulcan B-2, 74

Index 323

Bosbok, 296 Brasilia, 285 Brazil

conventional weapon production, 281,282-8

denied loan, 196 economic effects of oil price

decreases, 228 foreign debts, 193 IMF agreements, 196, 201-2 political and social unrest, 201-2 potential nuclear proliferation, 272,

277-9 BRDM2, 214 BTR armored personnel carrier, 214 Buccaneer, 74

C-5, 154 C-17, 154 C-130, 154, 181 C-160 Transall, 159 Cactus, 299 Cambodia, 5, 166 Cargo vessels, SL-7, 154 Carl Vinson, 158, 168 Cascavel armored car, 285 Cemetary net, 53 Central America, 208-20 Centurion, 310 Chad, US involvement, 6 Challenger, 108, 110 Chaparral, 173 Charlie I cruise missile submarine,

175-6 Cheetah, 292 Chetak, 292 Chevaline program, 73 Chile

foreign debts, 193 IMF agreement, terms broken,

196--7 negative economic growth, 192 political unrest, 198-9

China defense budget, 184, 185 demand for withdrawal of Soviet

border troops, 166 military developments, 183-9

military doctrine, 188 military exercises, 188-9 modernization, 183 (of armed

forces, 187-8; of weapons, 184-7)

nuclear forces, 72-3, 76--8 pact with US on textile sales, 163-4 procurement and industrial

production (1967-82), 185 Soviet post-war support for

communism, I 9 Soviet relations, 4, 160, 166--7

(trade agreement signed, 166) US relations, 4, 162-3

Chinook CH-47, 108, 109 Civil Reserve Air Fleet, 154 Colombia

foreign debts, 193 insurgency groups, 210 political difficulties, 208

COMECON, see Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

Command systems, 49 improvement program, 94, 102-3 Soviet, 53-4 US investment, 50-3

Commission on Strategic Forces, 35, 59

Communications systems, 49 for Korean peninsula, 173 Ground Wave Emergency Network,

52 improvement program, 94 NATO improvements, 102-3 NATO integrated system, 53 Single Channel Ground and

Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS), 173

US investment, 50-3 Condor, 128 Conference on Security and

Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), Madrid conference, 82

Contadora group, 220 Conventional forces

economic problems of improving, 93 integration with nuclear capability,

23

324 Index

Conventional forces- continued NATO options, 30-1 NATO policy changes, 93

Conventional weapons proliferation, 281-318

Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), 90

Copperhead shell, 172 Costa Rica

economic decline, 192-3 IMF agreements, 196 involvement in Nicaraguan conflict,

218 support for Central American

diplomatic solution, 218 Council for Mutual Economic

Assistance (COMECON) failure to convene summit, 118, 119 serious disputes between members,

119 Counter-military potential, 48 CPIC fast attack craft, 316 Cruise missiles, 34, 69

deployment in UK, 2 on B-1B bombers, 62 Soviet long-range missile

development, 64 SS-CX-4, 66 targeting, 36 see also Air-launched cruise missiles

(ALCMs); Ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCMs); Sea-launched cruise missiles (SLCMs)

Cruisers air-defense, 26 NATO, 111 Ticonderoga-class, 116

CSCE, see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)

CSS-4, 76, 76-7 Cuba

arms from Soviet Union, 219 involvement in Angola, 238 involvement in Namibia, 239 involvement in Nicaragua, 215

involvement with Soviet Union in Southern Africa, 6

major threat to Latin American stability, 218-20

military forces, 218-19

Dabur coastal patrol craft, 311 Deep-attack systems, 25, 94, 134

technical advantages of NATO, 26 Defense Satellite Communications

System III, 51 Defense Satellite Program, 51 Delta III-class submarine, 46 Destroyers

Kashin-class, 294 Kidd-class, 116 Luda-class, 186 Luta-class, 185 NATO, 111 Spruance-class 116, 167

Diego Garcia, 154-6, 177 Directed-energy weapons,

ground-based, 50 Distant Early Warning Line radars, 56 Divad air defense system, 172 Durandal, 106 Dvora-class attack boat, 303, 311

E-2C Hawkeye, 181 E-3A, 100, 170 East Asia, 160-89

Soviet military developments, 174-9 US air forces, 170-1 US ground forces, 171-3 US military developments, 167-74 see also China; Japan

Economic affairs criticism of US policies, 3 deterioration in 1983, 1 effect on relations within NATO,

87-93 in Latin America, 6, 191-7 in Warsaw Pact countries, 118-21 US and Soviet GNPs compared, 15

Ecuador, lMF agreements, 196 Egypt, air bases, 155, 156 El Salvador

civil war, 209

Index 325

diplomatic solution sought, 212-13 insurgency groups, 210

(effectiveness, 212) National Campaign Plan, 211 Operation Well Being, 211 political difficulties, 208-9 US military aid, 209

Eland armored cars, 298 Embraer, 283 Europe

anti-Soviet strategy at end of World War II, 17-18

balance of conventional forces, 132-40

defense burden sharing, 90-3 deployment of US missiles, 38, 59,

78 economic effects of oil price rises,

226 high technology exports to Soviet

Union, 89

F-4, 39, 181 F-5,283,301,302,314-15 F-7, 301 F-8, 301 F-15, 55,105, 170, 181,307

equipped with anti-satellite system, 58

F-16, 39, 72, 103, 104, 137, 170, 171, 307

F-18, 39, 104, 105 F-104, 39 F-106, 55 F-111, 39 FB-111, 39,71 Flexible response strategy, 24, 29 Foxtrot-class submarines, 219 France

assistance in Southwest Asia, 158-9 closer cooperation with Germany,

79, 82-4 economic aspects of defense

capabilities, I 00-1 nuclear forces, 72-3, 74-6 pronounced opposition to Soviet

ideology, 13

Rapid Action and Assistance Force, 101, 158-9

Frigates development of NATO 'standard'

vessel, 116 Indian, 294 Knox-class, 167 Koni-class, 219 Krivak-class, 177 NATO, 111 Perry-class, 116, 167

Frog, 123, 124 Fuel Cycle Conference, Geneva, June

1983,271

G-6 155 mm howitzer, 298 Gabriel, 297, 299, 303, 305, 313 Galil assault rifle, 311 Germany, West

attitude to Soviet Union, 3 Bundeswehr reservists, 98 closer cooperation with France, 79,

82-4 deployment of US missiles, 38,

78-9, 80 interest in conventional defense,

97-8 objections to frontier fortifications,

32 opposes air-land battle doctrine, 95 present effect of 1952 Lisbon

solution, 21 GLCMs, see Ground-launched cruise

missiles (GLCMs) Golf-class submarine, 77 Greece

difficult negotiations on US bases, 84-5

NATO contribution, 138 present effect of 1952 Lisbon

solution, 21 relations with NATO, 79, 85

Ground forces Japan, 180, 182 NATO, 30-1,106-10 Soviet, in East Asia, 178-9 US, in East Asia, 171-3 Warsaw Pact, 123-6

326

Ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCMs), 38, 39

Ground Wave Emergency Network, 52

Guatemala arms purchases from Israel, 218 IMF agreements, 196 insurgency groups, 210 political and economic problems,

208-9,217-18 Gulf Cooperation Council, 146, 234

Hades, 76 Han-class submarine, 186 HARM (High-speed Anti-Radiation

Missile), 106 Harpoon, 181 Hawaii, US ground forces, 171 Hawk, 98,99 HDW-1400 submarine, 287-8, 288 HDW-1500 submarine, 294 Helicopters, 110

500MD light combat helicopters, 315

AH-1S, 172, 182 Apache AH-64, 109 Augusta, 107 Blackhawk, 171 Cheetah, 292 Chetak, 292 Chinook CH-47, 108, 109 Hind E/F, 125-6 India's Advanced Light Helicopter

program, 292 Lamps Mk III, 116 Lynx, 108 Mi-8, 214 Mi-26 Halo, 126 PAH-1, 107 Soviet force, 125-6 UH-1H, 108, 302 UH-60 Blackhawk, 172 UH-60A, 109 VBH, 107

HF-73, 292 Hind E/F. 125-6 Honduras, 209, 211

IMF agreements, 196

Index

insurgency groups, 210 joint US exercises, 216 political difficulties, 208-9 uncertain internal situation, 215-16 US support, 6

Honest John, 96 HPT-32, 292 Hsiun Feng, 303, 305 Hungary

independent stance, 118 resistance to COMECON changes,

119 Hydrofoils, 312 Hydrogen bomb, 21

IAEA, see International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

IAR.93, 127 ICBMs, see Intercontinental ballistic

missiles (ICBMs) IL-38 May, 151 IL-76 Candid, 128 IMF, see International Monetary Fund

(IMF) India

alliance with Soviet Union, 5 conventional weapons production,

281-2,289-95 nuclear power industry, 272-4 possible diversion of nuclear

material, 268 possible nuclear-powered submarine,

294 Indian Ocean

British fleet, 159 French fleet, 159 Soviet naval operations, 150-1 US naval forces, 158

Indonesia economic effects of oil price

decreases, 228 US relations, 5

Intelligence systems, 49 improvement program, 94 in Korea, 173 NATO improvement, 102-3 Precision Locating Reporting

System (PLRS), 173

Index 327

Soviet, in East Asia, 177 US investment, 50-3

Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)

China's successful test, 186 CSS-4, 76--7 interception without use of nuclear

warheads, 57 MX, 71 (deployment proposals,

59-60,63) Midgetman, 60, 71 Minuteman II, 39, 42, 71 Minuteman III, 39, 42, 71 PL-5, 64,70 proposal of Commission on Strategic

Forces, 35 S-X, 76 Soviet developments, 34, 64 SS-11, 44, 46, 70 SS-13, 44, 64, 70 SS-17,44,46, 70 SS-18, 44, 46, 70 SS-19, 44, 46, 70 SS-X-24, 64, 70 Titan II, 39, 42

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 267

Committee on Assurance of Supply, 272

inspections by, 268 negotiations with Pakistan, 275-6 safeguards system, 268 US fears of politicization, 272

International Monetary Fund (IMF), conditions of loans to Latin America, 6, 196

Invincible, 159 Iran

alliance with Iraqi rebel forces, 233-4

deterioration of Soviet relations, 5 internal political stringency, 231-2 lack of parts for US aircraft, 233 rejections of Iraqi ceasefire offers,

231 revolution, 229 war with Iraq, 1, 5, 228-35

(demands, 235; effect on

Iraq

economy, 231; stalemate position, 232-3)

arms from Soviet Union, 233 improvement in Soviet relations, 5 internal political problems, 230 Kurdish insurrection, 230-1 potential nuclear proliferation,

279-80 war with Iran, 1, 5, 228-35

(demands from Iran, 235; economic costs, 229-30; stalemate position, 232-3)

Israel announces intention to withdraw

from Beirut, 263 arms sales, 307 attention to ceasefires in Lebanon,

265 conventional weapons production,

306--13 embargoes on arms sales to, 281 policies causing PLO downfall, 264 potential nuclear proliferation, 272,

280 US pressure to change policy on

Lebanon troop withdrawals, 264

see also Arab--Israeli conflict Italy

contribution to NATO, 139 deployment of US missiles, 38, 81 present effect of 1952 Lisbon

solution, 21 success of pro-NATO political

parties, 79

J-6, 186 J-7, 186 J-8, 186 J-12, 186 Jaguar, 290 Jamaica, IMF agreements, 196 Japan

consultations with NATO, 161-2 increase in defense budget, 160-62,

179 military developments, 179-83

328 Index

Japan- continued patrols in straits, 104, 179, 181 Soviet relations, 4, 160, 164

(resumption of trade talks, 165; US relations, 4, 160

Jararaca reconnaissance vehicle, 285 Joint Second Echelon Attack

Agreement (1983), 95 Jordan, negotiations with PLO, 260 JP233, 106

Kara-class ships, 176 Kashin-class destroyer, 294 KC-10, 154 Kenya, air base, 155, 156 Kfir, 297, 308 Kidd -class destroyers, 116 Kiev-class, 176 Kilo submarine, 176 Kin-Wu anti-tank missile, 305 Kiran II, 291-2 Knox-class frigates, 167 Kohl, Helmut, 78, 80, 82 Koni-class frigates, 219 Korea, North, Soviet encouragement

of 1950 invasion, 19 Korea, South

conventional weapons production, 314-18

improved relations with Japan, 161 potential nuclear proliferation, 273 shipbuilding industry, 315-16 US ground forces, 171, 173

Korean Airlines, destruction of KAL 007, 1,60, 164,165-6

Korean War, US-UK rearmament, 20--1 Kresta 1-class ships, 176 Krivak-class frigates, 177 Kudu, 296 KXC-class corvettes, 316

Lamps Mk III, 116 Lance, 96 Laos, Soviet entrenchment, 5 Laser weapons, 37-8 Latin America, 191-220

debts increased by oil price increases, 195

effect of economic problems, 6, 191-7

export earnings used up in loan repayments, 196

foreign debt, 193, 194, 195 growth rates (1970--83), 192 IMF agreements, 196 long-term economic prospects, 197 political developments, 197-208 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear

Arms, 269 Lavi, 309 Lebanon

conflict in, 1 continued fighting, 256--7 effect of Syria's Soviet involvement,

4 failure of US peace plan, 4 multinational force introduced,

263-4 negotiated end to fighting, 257 poor performance of Soviet

weapons, 54,125 Syrian troops, 259 US troops retained, 261-2

Leopard, 107, 110 Lesotho, attempts to gain Soviet bloc

support, 252 Lesotho Liberation Army (LLA), 236,

252 Libya, US involvement, 6 Liepaja (Latvia) naval base, 132 LLA, see Lesotho Liberation Army

(LLA) London Group, see Nuclear Suppliers

Group Looking Glass (EC-135) upgrade, 52 Los Angeles-class submarines, 167 Low Strike, 313 Lynx, 108

M-1, 108, 110, 317 M-2/M-3, 109 M-4, 75 M-20, 74 M-41, 286 M-48, 108,310,317 M-60A3, 107,109,171,172

Index 329

M-72 155 mm howitzer, 310 M-109 155 mm howitzer, 95, 96, 172 M-11 0 203 mm howitzer, 95, 96, 172 M-113A1 personnel carrier, 317 M-114 155 mm howitzer, 96 M-115 203 mm howitzer, 96 M-198 203 mm howitzer, 95, 96, 172 M-S, 75 MX, 35, 36, 71

deployment proposals, 59-60, 63 MAA-1 Piranha, 286-7 Madrid conference, 82 Mainstay airborne warning and

control system, 55, 127 Malaysia, US relations, 5 MAS-1 Cascara, 286-7 MBT-80 Chetak, 292 Merkava tank, 310

Mexico beginnings of financial stability,

202-3 economic effects of oil price

decreases, 228 foreign debts, 193 IMF agreements, 196 political activity, 203

Mi-8 helicopter, 214 Mi-26 Halo, 126 Michigan, USS, 41-2 Middle East, 256--65

see also Lebanon; Palestine Liberation Organization; Syria

Midgetman, 60, 71 MiG-17, 127 MiG-19, 233 MiG-21, 127, 178, 233 MiG-23, 44, 45, 127, 178, 233, 290-1 MiG-25, 54, 127, 233 MiG-27, 178,233,290-1 MiG-29 Fulcrum, 126 Milan anti-tank missile, 293 Mine warfare vessels, NATO, 111 Minister-class fast missile boats, 297 Minsk, 150 Minuteman II, 39, 42, 71 Minuteman Ill, 39, 42, 71 Mirage, 283 Mirage 2000."104, 290

Mirage 2000N, see Air-Son a Moyenne Portee (ASMP)

Mirage F-1, 233, 296 Mirage IIIE, see Air-Son a Moyenne

Portee (ASMP) Mirage IV, 75, 76 Missiles

ABM-X-3, 56 AMRAAM, 106 Barak ship defense system, 313 Brazilian, 286--7 Cactus, 299 Chaparral, 173 deployment of NATO tactical

nuclear weapons, 95-8 Frog, 123, 124 Gabriel, 297, 299, 303, 305, 313 Harpoon, 181 Hawk, 98,99 Honest John, 96 Hsiun Feng, 303, 305 Kin-Wu anti-tank missile, 305 Lance, 96 Low Strike, 313 MX missile, 35, 66 MAA-1 Piranha, 286--7 MAS-1 Carcara, 286--7 NH-K, 317-18 Nike-Hercules, 98, 318 Patriot, 98-9, 182 Pershing Ia, 96 Pershing II, 39, 69 (deployment in

Europe, 38, 59, 80; Soviet 'launch on warning' response, 43; targeting, 36; tests, 39, 40)

Picket anti-tank missile, 313 Python 3, 312 Rapier, 99 Redeye, 173 Roland, 99 SA-5, 125 SA-7 Grail, 125 SA-8, 125 SA-10, 54 SA-11, 125 SA-13, 125 SA-X-14, 125 Scorpion, 297, 299

330 Index

Missiles - continued Sea Dart, 185 Shafrir, 299, 312 South Korean, 317-18 Soviet intermediate-range forces,

43-6 Spada/ Aspide missile system tests,

99 Sparrow, 181 SS-1, 124 SS-4, 43, 44, 69 SS-5, 43, 44, 69 SS-9, 58-9 SS-12, 123, 124 SS-20,43,44,45,48,69, 164,165,

174 SS-21, 123, 124 SS-22, 123, 124 SS-23, 123, 124 Stinger, 173 Styx, 219 Tartar, 181 Tomahawk, 38 (deployment in

Europe, 59) US intermediate-range forces, 38-41 see also Ballistic missiles;

Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)

Mitterrand, Franc;ois, 82 MLRS, see Multiple Launch Rocket

System MNR, see Mozambique National

Resistance Morocco, staging posts, 155, 156 Mozambique

military cooperation agreement with Portugal, 252

presence of Soviet, East German and Cuban personnel, 6, 252

relations with South Africa, 25(}.-1 Mozambique National Resistance

(MNR), 236, 251 Multiple Launch Rocket System

(MLRS), 88, 171, 172 MW-1, 106

Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 16(}.-l, 179

Namibia, 6, 235, 237-43 breakup of Democratic Turnhalle

Alliance, 242 ceasefire negotiations, 239 Cuban involvement, 239 South Africa's declared policy, 240 South West Africa People's

Organization (SWAPO), 236, 238

UN force proposed, 241 US role, 240

National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNIT A), 236, 239

operations, 241-2 NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO) Naval forces, 41-2

balance of power, 20 Brazilian shipbuilding program,

287-8 changes in Soviet fleet (198(}.-3),

131 Cuba,219 India, 293-4 Israeli, 311 Japan, 18(}.-1 Japanese patrols of straits, 164, 179,

181 NATO, 11(}.-16 (purchases, 112-15) South African, 297-8 South Korean, 316 Soviet Union, 45-6 (in East Asia,

175-7; in Indian Ocean, 15(}.-1; post-war program, 20)

Taiwanese, 303-4 US, cargo vessels, 154-8 (in Indian

Ocean, 158; in Pacific Ocean, 167-70; policy, 26-8; sea-based missiles, 6(}.-2)

Warsaw Pact, 128-32 Netherlands

deployment of intermediate-range forces, 38

nuclear-capable artillery, 95 Neutron bombs, French, 75-6 Neutron shells, 97 New Jersey, USS, 168

Index 331

NH-K, 317-18 Nicaragua

arms purchases from Soviet bloc, 214

conscription, 215 Cubans, 215 external pressures on regime, 214 IMF agreements, 196 insurgency groups, 210, 213 political difficulties, 209, 213 tensions with Honduras, 215 US opposition to Sandinista regime,

6 Nigeria, cut in oil prices, 222 Nike-Hercules, 98, 318 Nimitz-class aircraft carriers, 26 Nimrod, 100 Non-nuclear forces, see Conventional

forces North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO) advantages in time of war, 132 air defenses, 98-100 air-land battle doctrine, 94-5, 134,

139 capabilities in Southwest Asia, 159 defense burden sharing, 90-3 defense expenditures as percentage

of GOP, 91 deficiencies, 134 dependence on Gulf oil, 226 development of 'first use' policy, 22,

29 disadvantages, 133 economic effects on, 87-93 effect of qualitative improvements,

28-9 excessive non-nuclear capability, 24 ground forces, 106-10 (insufficiency,

29) integrated communications system,

53 Lisbon program (1952), 21 maneuvers in 1983, 83 military developments, 93-116 naval forces, 110-16 real percentage changes in defense

budgets, 92

relations with Greece and Spain, 85-6

relations with Japan, 161-2 review of short-range battlefield

nuclear weapons, 96-7 standardization, 87 tactical nuclear weapons, 95-8 'trip-wire' strategy, 22-3

Norway, NATO contribution, 137-8 Nuclear balance, 14, 32-78

development of tactical weapons, 22 difficulties of comparison of strategic

capabilities, 33, 66 importance in Soviet and US

policies, 32-3 NATO options, 30 non-missile factors influencing,

49-59 problems of predicting, 67 US and Soviet capabilities

compared, 46-9 see also Arms control negotiations;

Military balance Nuclear energy industries

Argentina, 277 Brazil, 278 decline, 266-7 India, 273-4 Pakistan, 276

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

ratification situation, 269, 272 Nuclear proliferation, 266-80

non-proliferation regime, 267-72 potential proliferators, 272-80 'trigger list' of technologies, 270

Nuclear strategy future Soviet directions, 63-6 future US directions, 59-63 limited nuclear option, 36-7 satellite weapons proposed, 37

Nuclear Suppliers Group, 269-70 Nuclear war

attitude of Reagan administration, 35-6

growing public concern, 67-8

OA-37, 173

332 Index

Ohio-class submarines, 42, 60, 61 Oil

lower price agreed in 1983, 221 (economic effects, 227-8)

price increases, effects on European economies, 226; raised Latin American debt, 195

production levels in 1983, 222-3 Soviet exports to West, 227 Soviet production, 226-7 UK independence of OPEC prices,

221-2 western dependence on OPEC

(1973-83), 224-5 Oman air base, 155, 157 Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), agree lower oil prices, 221

OV-10 forward air control aircraft, 171

P-3, 158, 180, 182 Pacific Ocean

Soviet fleet, 175-7 US naval forces, 167-70 (exercises,

169-70) PAH-1, 107 Pakistan

F-16 fighters from US, 145 involvement in Afghanistan talks,

141 possible accommodation with Soviet

Union, 5 possible diversion of nuclear

material, 268 potential nuclear proliferation, 272,

275-6 Palestine Liberation Organization

(PLO), 4, 259 dependence on Arab states, 260-1 Hussein's offer of negotiating

partnership, 260 Syrian interference, 261

Panama Pact, 220 Paraguay, political difficulties, 205-6 Patriot, 98-9, 182 Peace movement, 68, 79

in Europe, 2, 3, 81 Perry, William, 37

Perry-class frigates, 116, 167 Pershing Ia, 96 Pershing II, 39, 69

deployment in Europe, 38, 59 deployment in West Germany, 2, 80 Soviet 'launch on warning'

response, 43 targeting, 36 tests, 39, 40

Persian Gulf Iran-Iraq war, 228-35 oil, western dependence (1973-83),

224-5 Rapid Deployment Force, 146-7 US interests, 146-7

Peru foreign debts, 193 insurgency groups, 210 political unrest, 206-7

Philippines US bases, 177 (agreement signed,

167) US relations, 6

Picket anti-tank missile, 313 PL-5, 64,70 PLO, see Palestine Liberation

Organization (PLO) PLRS, see Precision Locating

Reporting System (PLRS) Pluton, 76 Plutonium, international storage

regime, 272 Poland, continuing unrest, 118 Polaris A-3, 73 Po/nocny-class amphibious vessels, 219 Portugal, military cooperation

agreement with Mozambique, 252 Poseidon C-3, 39, 71 Precision Locating Reporting System

(PLRS), 173 Prohibition of Nuclear Arms in Latin

America, Treaty for the, 269 PSMM-5 boats, 303, 316 Python 3, 312

Radars airborne, Soviet improvements, 54 Distant Early Warning Line, 56

Index 333

early warning, 56 (NATO improvements, 99-100)

ground-based, 100 (Japanese, 181-2)

increased Soviet deployment, 126 over-the-horizon, 56 phased-array, 56 (facing Alaska, 57)

RAM V-1 reconnaissance vehicle, 310 Ranger, 158 Rapier, 99 Rate! personnel carrier, 298 Reagan, Ronald, UN speech on arms

control, 2 see also United States

Redeye, 173 Research and development

problems of cooperation, 88-9 US-Soviet investment compared, 16

Resolution-class submarines, 73 ROKIT, 317 Roland, 99 Romania

independent stance, 118 resistance to COMECON changes,

119-20 Romeo-class submarine, 186

S-X, 76 SA-5, 125 SA-7 Grail, 125 SA-8, 125 SA-10, 54 SA-11, 125 SA-13, 125 SA-X-14, 125 Saar II-class attack craft, 311-12 Saar JV-class Reshef missile boat,

311 Saar V-class Aliyah missile boat, 311 SADF, see South African Defense

Force (SADF) SALT II, see Strategic Arms

Limitation Talks II (SALT II) Satellite communications systems, 53

Soviet, 54 US, 51

Satellite weapons, 37 see also Anti-satellite systems

Saudi Arabia diplomatic support for US policy on

Lebanon,259 negotiations for air bases, 155, 157

Scorpion, 297, 299 Scowcroft, General Brent, 35, 59 Sea Dart, 185 Sea-launched cruise missiles (SLCMs),

initial deployment, 62 SS-N-21, 65

Sea Scan, 308-9 Shackleton, 297 Shafrir, 299, 312 Sheridan, 317 SINCGARS, see Single Channel

Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS)

Singapore, US relations, 5 Single Channel Ground and Airborne

Radio System (SJNCGARS), 173

SL-7 cargo vessels, 154 SLCMs, see Sea-launched cruise

missiles (SLCMs) Somalia, air base, 155, 157 South Africa, 235, 243-53

African National Congress (ANC), 236, 248-9

black labor unions, political potential, 246

black nationalist movements, 248-9 black opposition to apartheid, 24 7-8 conventional weapons production,

295-300 embargoes on arms sales to, 281 internal political problems, 243-6 policy on Namibia, 240 potential nuclear proliferation, 279 relations with other nations, 249-51 unwilling to ratify non-proliferation

treaties, 272 South African Defense Force

(SADF), 238 Southeast Asia

Soviet entrenchment, 5-6 Southern Africa, 235-56

conflicts, 1 economic effects of instability, 253

334 Index

Southern Africa- continued Soviet interests, 6 US interests, 235

South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), 236, 238-9

Southwest Asia, 140-59 availability of bases, 155, 156-7 prepositioning of equipment, 154-5 US unified military command, 151-9 USCENTCOM exercises, 155,

157-8 see also Iran; Iraq

Soviet Union advantage at end of World War II,

17 arms agreement with Angola, 252 arms for Cuba, 219 arms for Syria, 262 changes in naval fleet (1980-3), 131 changes in strategic thinking, 42-3 construction on Spitzbergen Island,

130 decline of ideological influence in

West, 12-13 declining standard of living, 15 development and deployment of

weapons, 66-7 developments in strategic nuclear

capability, 34 entrenched in Southeast Asia, 5-6 expulsion of their diplomats, 2 foreign policy setbacks, 1, 2 Frontal Aviation, offensive mission

tactics, 122; reorganization, 122-3

gaining influence in Middle East, 257-8

'launch on warning', 43 military developments in East Asia,

174-9 military effort in 1983, 7 military involvement in Afghanistan,

147-50 naval construction program, 128-30 offensive forces, 42-6 (compared

with US, 46-9) oil production, 226-7

Operational Maneuver Groups (OMGs), 121-2

propaganda, 12 relations with India and Pakistan, 5 relations with Iran and Iraq, 5, 233 resistance from neighboring

democracies, 8 South Africa, potential nuclear

proliferation, 279 Spada/Aspide missile system tests, 99 Spain, relations with NATO, 79, 85-6 Sparrow, 181 Spitzbergen Island, 130 Spruance-class destroyers, 116, 167 SS-07 70 mm rocket, 287 SS-1, 124 SS-4, 43, 44, 69 SS-5, 43, 44, 69 SS-9 with anti-satellite system, 58-9 SS-11, 44, 46, 70 SS-11B anti-tank missile, 293 SS-12, 123, 124 SS-13, 44, 64, 70 SS-15 127 mm rocket, 287 SS-17, 44, 46,70 SS-18,44,46, 70 SS-19,44,46, 70 SS-20,43,44,45,48,69, 164,165 SS-21, 123, 124 SS-22, 123, 124 SS-23, 123, 124 SS-CX-4, 66 SS-N-5, 44 SS-N-6, 44, 70 SS-N-8, 44, 70 SS-N-17, 44, 70 SS-N-18,44,46,65, 70 SS-N-20,44,45,64-5, 70 SS-N-21, 65 SS-N-22, 123, 124 SS-N-23, 123, 124 SS-X-24, 64, 70 START, see Strategic Arms Reduction

Talks (START) 'Stealth', 62, 63 Stinger, 173 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II

(SALT II), 64

Index 335

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START), 60, 68-9

Styx, 219 SU-17 Fitter, 44 SU-24 Fencer, 127, 178 SU-27 Flanker, 126 Submarines

Charlie I cruise submarine, 175-6 Chinese fleet, 77 Delta III-class, 46 Foxtrot-class, 219 French fleet, 74-5 Golf-class, 77 Han-class, 186 HDW-1400, 288 HDW-1500, 294 in Soviet Pacific fleet, 175-6 Indian fleet, 294 Kilo, 176 Los Angeles-class, 167 NATO, 111 new British vessels planned, 74 Ohio-class, 42, 60, 61 possible Israeli program, 312 possible Korean program, 316 Resolution-class, 73 Romeo-class, 186 Soviet, in Sea of Okhotsk, 175 (in

Swedish and Norwegian waters, 130, 132)

Taiwanese fleet, 303 Typhoon-class, 34, 45, 64-5 US modernisation proposal, 35 Walrus-class, 303

Sucari wheeled tank, 285 Super Etendard, 74-5, 75, 233 SWAPO,see South West Africa

People's Organization (SWAPO) Syria

arms from Soviet Union, 262 involvement in Lebanon, 4, 257,

259, 265 involvement in PLO, 261 Soviet interests, 258

T-1 tracked armored car, 286 T-72, 123,178-9,233,293 T-80, 123

T-CH-1, 302 TACAMO, see Take Charge and

Move Out (TACAMO) Taiwan

arms sales, 162-3 conventional weapons production,

300-6 defense policy, 300-1 embargoes on arms sales to, 281 integration of civilian and military

sectors, 305-6 potential nuclear proliferation, 273

Take Charge and Move Out (TACAMO), 52

Tanks Centurion, 310 Challenger, 108, 110 Leopard, 1 07, 11 0 M-1, 108, 110,317 M-41, 286 M-48, 108, 310, 317 M60A3, 171, 172, 286 MBT-80 Chetak, 292 Merkava, 310 ROKIT, 317 Sheridan, 317 Sucari wheeled, 285 T-72, 123,178-9,233,293 T-80, 123 Taiwanese, 304 Type 69, 186 Type 74, 182 X-30, 286

Tartar, 181 Technology

European exports to Soviet Union, 89

exchange difficulties between NATO members, 87-8

Japanese transfers to US, 161 transfer to China, 187

Teller, Edward, 37 Territorial militias, NATO option, 31 Thailand, US relations, 5 Ticonderoga, USS, 110-11, 116 Titan 1!, 39, 42 Tlatelolco, Treaty of, 269

countries unwilling to be parties, 272

336 Index

Tomahawk, 38 deployment in Europe, 59

Tornado,39, 72, 74,99, 104,105,106 Trans-Siberian railroad, 179 Trident, UK program, 100-1 Trident I C-4, 33, 34, 39, 42, 71 Trident II D-5, 60-1, 71, 74 Tucano, 284 Turkey

air bases, 155, 157 elections, 86-7 NATO contribution, 138 present effect of 1952 Lisbon

solution, 21 relations with US, 86-7 relations with western Europe, 86

Turva-class patrol boats, 219 Type 69 tank, 186 Type 73 armored personnel carrier,

182 Type 74 tank, 182 Type 75 155 mm howitzer, 182 Typhoon-class submarines, 34, 45,

64-5

UH-1H, 108, 302 UH-60 Blackhawk, 172 UH-60A, 109 UNIT A, see National Union for the

Total Independence of Angola (UNIT A)

United Kingdom assistance in Southwest Asia, 158-9 deployment of US missiles, 38, 81 economic aspects of defense

capabilities, 100-1 nuclear forces, 72-4 stance on defense, 79

United States accused of protectionist practices,

87-8 assistance to IAEA, 268-9 developments in strategic nuclear

capability, 34 doubts over foreign policy

effectiveness, 8 economic effects of oil price

decreases, 228

foreign policy setbacks, 1 full-scale implementation of IAEA

safeguards, 270 influence of anti-nuclear lobby, 68 interest in Arab oil-producing states,

146-7 interests in Central America, 209 interests in Latin America, 191 interests in Southern Africa, 235 involved in South

Africa-Mozambique discussions, 2 5 0-1

Namibian involvement, 240 nuclear-capable artillery, 95 offensive capabilities compared with

Soviet Union, 46-9 offensive forces, 35-42 oil imports from Gulf and OPEC,

225 policy in Middle East, 258-9 Rapid Deployment Forces, 153 Reagan administration's attitude to

nuclear war, 35-6 relations with ASEAN countries,

5-6 relations with Turkey, 86-7 role in Afghanistan, 145 role in Pakistan, 145-6 strategy in Europe at end of World

War II, 17-18 tensions in relations with Europe, 79 see also US--Soviet relations

Uruguay economic decline, 192 political difficulties, 204-5

Urutu amphibious vehicle, 285 US Central Command for Southwest

Asia (USCENTCOM), 151-9 US--Soviet relations, 1

asymmetries, 14-17 characteristics, 10-12 effect of destruction of Korean

airliner, 1 factors influencing, 68 following Stalin's death, 22 ideological rivalry, 11-12 meetings on nuclear proliferation,

271-2

USCENTCOM, see US Central Command for Southwest Asia (USCENTCOM)

Uzi machine guns, 311

VBH, 107 Venezuela

economic effects of oil price decreases, 228

foreign debts, 193 IMF agreements, 196 insurgency groups, 210 political difficulties, 207-8

Victor III attack boat, 175 Vietnam, Soviet entrenchment, 5 Vulcan B-2, 74

Walrus-class submarine, 303 Warsaw Pact

advantages in time of war, 133 air defenses, 124-5 aircraft, 126-8 defense expenditure, 121 developments in 1983, 116-18 disadvantages, 133-4 economic developments, 118-21 economic growth rates, 120--1

Index

ground forces, 123-6 maneuvers in 1983, 83 military developments, 121-32 naval forces, 128-32 tactical nuclear weapons, 123

X-30 tank, 286 XAT-3, 302 XC-2, 302 Xingu II, 284-5

ZANU, see Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)

ZAPU, see Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)

Zhuk-class patrol boats, 219 Zimbabwe, 253-6

337

government's military tactics, 254-5 investors wary of instability, 255 political instability, 235, 237 soldiers in Mozambique to protect

transport links, 251 white emigration, 255 ZANU and ZAPU conflicts, 254

Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), 254

Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), 254