index [assets.cambridge.org]...index abi-saab, georges, 537–8 access to justice, 49, 67–8, 77,...

INDEX

Abi-Saab, Georges, 537–8access to justice, 49, 67–8, 77, 84–6actio popularis, 139African Charter on Human and

Peoples’ Rightsarbitrary detention, 552DRC ratification, 564expulsion of aliens and, 77, 130, 549,

551human dignity, 553reparation, 560sovereignty over natural resources,

121African Commission on Human

Rights, 121, 295, 527, 532African Court on Human and Peoples’

Rights, 65aggression, 150–1, 448Ago, Roberto, 489Akande, Dapo, 516Al-Khasawneh, Judge, 106Al-Qaeda, 188Alston, P, 11Álvarez, Alejandro, 61Alvarez-Jiménez, Alberto, 392American Convention on Human

Rights, 72, 295ancient Greece, 459–60Andenas, Mads, 1–33, 371, 502,

536–69Anzilotti, Dionisio, 459apartheid, 26, 123, 306Argentina

Argentina–Germany BIT, 53extraterritorial jurisdiction and, 97ICSID arbitration, 255, 263provisional measures, ITLOS, 250

Pulp Mills (Argentina v. Uruguay),233, 243, 398–9, 526–7, 529–30

United Nations Human RightsCommittee and, 103

armed conflict, human rights law in,98–9, 124, 278, 279, 352

Armenia, Bayatayan v. Armenia, 195Aspremont, Jean de, 391Austin, John, 462, 463, 469Australia

Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France),233

Southern Bluefin case, 243, 251whaling dispute with Japan, 9

Bangladesh, Bangladesh v. Myanmar,47, 78, 270

Basel Committee, 336Belgium

Arrest Warrant (DRC v. Belgium)customary law, 402, 405dissenting views, 134facts and findings, 44–5immunity, 133, 405jus cogens, 437provisional measures, 249

Barcelona Traction (Belgium v.Spain), 111, 139, 554, 558–9

Belgian Linguistic case, 175Hissène Habré case (Belgium v.

Senegal), 103–4, 131, 403, 405,552, 553–8, 567

Iron Rhine (Belgium v. Netherlands),522, 524

Sino-Belgian Treaty case, 222, 248Van der Mussele v. Belgium, 198

Bergbohm, Carl, 459

570

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-08209-0 - A Farewell to Fragmentation: Reassertion and Convergence inInternational LawEdited by Mads Andenas And Eirik BjorgeIndexMore information

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index 571

Berman, F., 518, 534Berne Convention on Literary Property

(1886), 460Berne Treaty on General Postal Union

(1874), 460Bernhardt, R., 228, 513bilateral investment treaties

See also ICSID; UNCITRALarbitration, 39, 53–4most favoured nation (MFN)

clauses, 53–4Bjorge, Eirik, 1–33, 498–535, 551black holes, 15, 144Blackstone, William, 390, 446Blunstchli, Johann Caspar, 462, 463–4Bodansky, Daniel, 393–4Bolivia, ICSID arbitration, 255–6Bosnia-Herzegovina

Dokic v. Bosnia, 181Genocide (Bosnia v. Serbia), 149, 398,

403–4, 563, 567hybrid international criminal

tribunal, 66Boyle, Alan, 124, 393Brölmann, C., 501, 520Brownlie, Ian, 414, 503Brussels Conference (1890), 500Bryan Peace Treaties, 221–2Buckland, W. W., 390Buergenthal, Thomas, 106, 112,

302Bulgaria

Electricity Company of Sofia andBulgaria, 222, 242

ICSID case, 245Riener v. Bulgaria, 195, 197

Burkina Faso, border dispute withNiger, 83

Bush, George W., 347

Cambodia, hybrid internationalcriminal tribunal, 66

Canada, State immunity, 51Cançado Trindade, Antônio Augusto,

13–15, 56–86, 112, 537Cassese, Antonio, 540Cassin, René, 61Castellarin, Emanuel, 26–7, 320–42

categorisation of treatiesconstitutive treaties, 515–20human rights treaties, 513–15Nuclear Weapons, 515–16ordinary treaties, 520–5terminology, 510–11three-way split, 32, 499, 508–25

CEDAW (International Convention onthe Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination againstWomen)

Committee, 312complaint mechanism, 302ratification level, 302UDHR and, 306

Central American Court of Justice, 57CERD (International Convention on

the Elimination of All Forms ofRacial Discrimination)

Committee, 312complaint mechanism, 302declarations, 309extraterritorial obligations, 179–80free expression and, 311

Sarrazin decision, 312–17, 318–19ICJ case law, 123, 127

inter-State disputes, 141ICJ jurisdiction, 111litispendence and, 304purpose, 306, 309ratifications, 468remedies, 137reservations, 140, 304UDHR and, 306

Chad, victims of Habré regime, 83,103–4

Charney, Jonathan, 381, 393children’s rights, ECHR and, 194–5Chile

ICSID arbitration, 264, 269Letelier case, 415

ChinaBryan Peace Treaties, 221–2Sino-Belgian Treaty case, 222, 248State immunities, absolute

immunity, 423, 453Chinkin, Christine, 124, 393Churchill, R. R., 505–6




572 index

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 61citizenship, Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v.

Guatemala), 545–9, 566Colombia, Nicaragua v. Colombia,

270comity, 184, 414, 424, 428Committee on Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights (CESCR), 563Committee on the Rights of Persons

with Disabilities, 107Committee on the Rights of the Child,

312company rights, Diallo, 558–9compulsory jurisdiction, 69–71, 75–6,

541constitutional/constitutive treaties,

categorisation, 515–20constitutional courts, convergence of

international law and, 2context, international law and, 4–5convergence

coherence in content, 526–9coherence in method, 529–33domestic and international

tribunals, 80–2factors, 17–18, 42, 146–70, 476–9growth of international tribunals

and, 79–80incremental transformation, 566–9judicial dialogue and, 167–8precedents and, 165–7principles of international law and,

43–6, 73–5sources of authority, 562–6

Cook Islands, 468corpus juris gentium, 61Corten, Olivier, 392Costa, Vice-President, 20Costa Rica, Costa Rica v. Nicaragua,

401, 404–5, 522counter-terrorism, 42, 124, 133, 144,

355–6, 552Court of Justice of the European Union

(CJEU)compulsory jurisdiction, 70, 76, 541economic competences, 323, 329EU as new legal order, 322EU law versus international law, 337

international law reception, 506,516–19

treaty interpretationapproach, 492–4CILFIT, 492–4effectiveness principle, 480

WTO and, 335Crawford, James, 4, 274, 521, 523, 524,

528, 530–1, 533, 535crimes against humanity, 66–7, 133–4,

183criminal international law

See also specific tribunalsICC. See International Criminal

Court (ICC)treaty interpretation, 481

customary international lawcoherence, 40ECtHR and, 543–4formation, 528–9historical scholarly debate, 467human rights, third party

obligations, 138–9humanitarian law, 42, 117ICJ and, 118

Article 38(1)(b), 382, 392contribution, 537, 568ILC assessment, 538–9,

542–3Jurisdictional Immunities, 396,

482North Sea Continental Shelf, 377,

381, 386, 395, 469reluctance, 541role, 371, 390–4, 468–70, 542,

544–5soft play approach, 394–406

identification, 377–82framework custom, 387, 391international courts, 467–70main actors, 371–7rule of recognition, 372, 373–4,

378, 379, 382scientism, 387–94State immunities, 412–17State practice, 387

immunities, 44, 156, 183, 412–17,422–4




index 573

interpretation approaches, 481–3methodological fragmentation, 9–12moulding treaties, 4necessity, 4overview, 28–30proportionality, 4regional custom, 40State practice and, 40treaty provisions becoming custom,

41, 119UN resolutions and, 119

customary lawprimacy of jus cogens, 20

CyprusLoizidou v. Turkey, 181, 207Northern Cyprus secession, 123

D’Amato, Anthony, 382, 389decolonisation, 119–23Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

African Charter on Human andPeoples’ Rights and, 564

Arrest Warrant (DRC v. Belgium)customary law, 402, 405dissenting views, 134facts and findings, 44–5immunity, 133, 405jus cogens, 437provisional measures, 249Diallo. See Diallo (Guinea v. DRC)

DRC v. France, 153DRC v. Rwanda, 140DRC v. Uganda, 129–30, 179, 281–2,

548, 550reparation, 136

provisional measures, ICSIDarbitration, 264, 269

deportationDiallo. See Diallo (Guinea v. DRC)

assessment of domestic humanrights, 202

provisional measures, 257–8IHRL and, 100–1, 130, 549,

551Descamps, Édouard, 61detention. See liberty and securityDiallo (Guinea v. DRC)

authority, 563–6

consistency of international law and,107

consular relationsapproach, 402, 529–30, 548–62company and investor rights,

558–9facts and findings, 548human rights and, 527–8, 530–3,

549–58dissenting views, 101free movement, 100–1human rights

approach, 530–3consular relations and, 527–8,

530–3, 549–58issues, 100–3, 130liberty and security, 101

ill-treatment of prisoners, 102–3incremental change, 567–9judicial dialogue, 47–8, 77–8, 527–8,

530–3, 551, 568–9length of proceedings, 562reparation, 102, 136, 545, 559–62,

565United Nations Human Rights

Committee and, 94–6diplomatic and consular relations

See also Vienna Convention onConsular Relations (1963)

Barcelona Traction, 111, 139, 554,558–9

DRC v. Uganda, 548, 550human rights law and

Diallo, 141, 549–58ICJ cases, 129–30

ICJ decisions, 526–8Diallo. See Diallo (Guinea v.

DRC)human rights law and, 129–30implementation, 343, 345–52LaGrand, 129, 177, 178, 247, 248,

249, 258–9, 266–7, 345–52, 528,533, 568

Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v.Guatemala), 545–9, 566

self-contained regime, 499, 530–1Tehran Hostages (US v. Iran), 117,

136, 261, 499, 527, 530




574 index

domestic courtsactors of international legal order,

345implementation of ICJ decisions, 28,

343–68assessment, 365–8consular relations cases, 343,


361–5Wall opinion, 344, 352–61

domestic law, international law and,80–2

drafting, international differences,162–5

DRC. See Democratic Republic ofCongo

Dupuy, J. M., 517–18, 526Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, 169, 384, 537Dupuy, René-Jean, 468

East Timor, 66, 139ECHR. See European Convention on

Human Rightseconomic institutions

constitutional diversity, 331–4EU and, 320–42

from periphery to centre, 321–7social constraints, 334–40social recognition, 327–34theoretical assessment, 340–2

network, 324–5ECSI. See European Convention on

State ImmunityECtHR. See European Court of Human

RightsEcuador, ICSID cases, 246, 252–3effectiveness principle, 480, 531Egypt, WHO-Egypt case, 452environmental law

origins of international law, 38self-contained regime, 8–9, 504

erga omnes obligationscustomary law, 117diplomatic relations and, 130Genocide Convention, 117, 126Hague Regulations (1907), 275self-determination, 117

State responsibility and, 131–2torture prohibition, 116, 553–8United Nations Human Rights

Committee decisions, 90Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission

(EECC), 149Eskridge, W., 159espionage, 411euro crisis, 337European Central Bank, 332, 337European Commission

ILC Draft Articles on responsibilityof international organisationsand, 340

inter-institutional balance, 332troika rescue plan, 337

European Convention on HumanRights (ECHR)

See also European Court of HumanRights, specific rights

children’s rights, 194–5contextual interpretation, 43free expression and racial speech,

315international law and

improving, 211–12provisions, 197–8similarities, 201, 212–13

permissible detention grounds, 287provisional measures, Rule 39,

228–30State immunities and, 426–30

European Convention on StateImmunity (ECSI) (1972), 409,425, 450, 451, 452, 454

European Court of Human Rights(ECtHR)

case load, 175compliance with decisions, 84compulsory jurisdiction, 70creation, 65ECHR interpretation in context, 43effectiveness principle, 480, 531humanitarian law and, 295–6ICJ case law influence on, 173–90

extraterritorial obligations,179–82

immunities, 183–7




index 575

increasing role, 215–17interpretation of treaties, 177Jones v. UK, 396provisional measures, 177–8restitutio in integrum, 182–3

ICJ judicial dialogue and, 527, 532–3international law reception, 506–7

Al-Adsani v. UK, 506, 543–4assessing domestic human rights,

202assessment of factors, 210–14customary law, 543–4ECHR more profitable, 205–7ECHR provisions, 197–8gap filling, 200–1general rules, 5harmonisation need, 194–7humanitarian law, 203improving ECHR, 211–12increasing ICJ role, 215–17influencing factors, 191–217intertwining international law,

193–4invocation at domestic level,

192–3jurisdiction and, 505, 543political issues, 203–5pre-existing reasons, 211procedural and substantive law,

207–8ratification record, 209self-sufficiency, 191, 213–14similarities, 201, 212–13specific guidelines, 201–2State interests, 203–5technical reasons, 211uncertainties, 198–9universal reach, 209–10

jurisdiction, 174inter-State actions, 174international law and, 505, 543prima facie, 238–9

limits to State voluntarism, 65, 75provisional measures

case law, 200–1ICJ influence, 177–8prima facie jurisdiction, 238–9purpose, 247–8

Rule 39, 228–30, 268scope, 265–7urgency, 256–8

reparation, inter-State disputes, 141reservations to treaties and, 140sources of authority, 565State immunities

Al-Adsani v. UK, 49–51, 135, 270,407, 408, 418, 427–30, 436

case law, 426–30civil versus criminal immunities,

407ICJ case law and, 183–7Jones v. UK, 51, 396, 407, 416, 418,

428–9UN obligations and, 187–9United Nations Human Rights

Committee and, 194, 208VCLT and, 7–8

European Court of Justice. See Court ofJustice of the European Union

European External Service, 332European Union (EU)

competences, 323–4, 327–31Court of Justice. See Court of Justice

of the European Unioninternational economic

participationcompetences, 327–31constitutional diversity, 331–4dispute settlement mechanisms,

338–40from periphery to centre, 321–7social constraints, 334–40social recognition, 327–34survey, 320–42theoretical assessment, 340–2

legal supremacy, 54new legal order of international law,

27, 322, 517permanent revolution, 322, 333quasi-federalism, 322self-contained regime, 504, 528sui generis international

organisation, 27, 321WTO and, 335

evidence, procedural differences,160–2




576 index

exhaustion of local remedies, 549, 558,567

extraterritorial jurisdictionhuman rights law, 96–8, 127–8ICCPR, 96–8, 179ICJ and human rights, 96–8

influence on ECtHR, 179–82Wall opinion, 96–8, 179

factors in fragmentation/convergencegoals, 477–8identity of court, 147–55

function, 150–1institutional context, 152–5permanent versus ad hoc, 147–50

international institutions, 42judicial activism, 478–9modulation factors, 476–9overview, 17–18, 146–70procedures, 160–8

drafting process, 162–5evidence, 160–2precedents, 165–7

subjects, 476–7substantial legal differences, 155–60

controversy and change, 159–60level of development, 157–8treaty or custom, 155–7

fair hearingInter-American Court of Human

Rights (IACtHR) case law, 129ICJ case law, 104–6

Fernandes, Raul, 61Fikfak, Veronika, 28, 343–68financial crisis (2008), 336, 337Finnis, John, 382–3, 391forced labour, ILO Convention, 198Forowicz, Magdalena, 21–4, 191–217forum shopping, 77fragmentation

between and within regimes,297–300

diversity in application ofinternational law, 46–54

diversity in treaty-making, 40–6factors, 17–18, 146–70forms, 4–12human rights law. See human rights

ICJ and, 32–3, 499, 536–40autonomous regime as others,

540–5institutional fragmentation, 6–7methodological fragmentation, 7–12pre-fragmentation golden age, 38scholarly warnings, 37substantive fragmentation, 4–6treaty interpretation, 498–535whether problem, 38–40

FranceBryan Peace Treaties, 221–2customary law, 378DRC v. France, 153EU law supremacy and, 54human rights and UNSC

resolutions, 188Lac Lanoux, 522Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France),

233Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.

France), 233provisional measures, 219State immunities, Sabeh El Leil v.

France, 427–8Franck, T., 524free expression

CERD and, 311Sarrazin decision, 312–17, 318–19

ECtHR, 195, 315instruments, 306racial speech and, 308, 315

free movement, ICJ case law, 99–101Fujimori, Alberto, 82

G-groups, 325Gardiner, R, 517GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade 1947), 324, 330, 336Geiger, Rudolf, 393–4Geneva Conventions

Additional Protocols, 41, 42, 274inter-State concept, 275negotiations, 274non-international armed conflicts,

277occupied territories, 354ratifications, 468




index 577

universal ratification, 289Wall opinion and, 352, 356

genocideConvention. See Genocide

ConventionICJ case law, 87, 123, 132–3

Genocide (Bosnia v. Serbia), 398,403–4, 563, 567

inter-State dispute, 141reparation, 136third party obligations, 139

ICJ jurisdiction, 111, 146, 153international criminal tribunals and,

67jurisdictions, 146jus cogens prohibition, 117standard of proof, 161State versus individual

responsibility, 132–3Genocide Convention

context, 5erga omnes obligations, 117, 126facilitating convergence, 155–6purpose, 273–4ratifications, 467reservations, 114, 557

Gentz, Friedrich von, 459Gény, François, 459Georgia, Georgia v. Russia

extraterritorial obligations, 127,179–80

jurisdiction, 567provisional measures, 123, 137, 233,

242Germany

Argentina–Germany BIT, 53Avena and, 345Factory at Chorzów, 260GDR border policing, 204–5Jurisdictional Immunities.

See also JurisdictionalImmunities (Germany v. Italy)

LaGrand (Germany v. US), 129, 177,178, 247, 248, 249, 258–9,266–7, 345–52, 528, 533, 568

provisional measures, 219, 222Sarrazin decision, 312–17, 318–19State immunities, Empire of Iran, 413

Ghana, ARA Libertad (ITLOS), 236,250, 263

globalisation, 159, 337good faith, United Nations Human

Rights Committee and, 90Gowlland-Debbas, Vera, 15–17, 109–45Gradoni, Lorenzo, 28–9, 371–406Greece

1944 Distomo massacre, 185–6, 187euro crisis, 337Jurisdictional Immunities, 50, 361–5

Greenwood, Christopher, 10, 13,37–55, 505, 537, 542, 543

Grotius, Hugo, 61, 460Guatemala

ICSID arbitration, 254Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v.

Guatemala), 545–9, 566Guillaume, Gilbert, 32, 112, 310,

541–2, 564, 566–7Guinea

Diallo. See Diallo (Guinea v. DRC)provisional measures

ICSID arbitration, 264, 269M/V Saiga (No. 2), 262

Guinea-Bissau, maritime dispute withSenegal, 241

Guyana/Suriname arbitral tribunal,149

Habré, Issène, 83, 103Haggenmacher, Peter, 374–5, 460Hague Conference on Private

International Law, 42Hague Convention on Adoption, 193,

207–8Hague Convention on Child

Abduction, 193, 207–8, 209Hague Conventions, 463Hague Peace Conference (1899), 56Hague Peace Conference (1907), 56, 57Hague Regulations (1907)

erga omnes obligations, 275occupied territories, 121, 354prisoners of war, 275Wall opinion and, 352

Halpérin, Jean-Louis, 30, 459–70Hambro, E., 519–20




578 index

Hart, H. L. A., 372, 373–4, 378, 379,382, 461–2

Hegel, G. W. F., 1, 342Higgins, Rosalyn, 12, 19, 106, 112, 161,

176, 179, 189–90Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence, 24–5,

272–96Holy See, 468Huber, Max, 61, 122, 248, 524–5human dignity, 74, 306, 553human rights

balancing rights, 307–8burden of proof, 553categorisation of treaties, 513–15centre stage, 109conflict potential

jurisdictions, 303–5jurisprudence conflicts, 305–12litispendence, 303–5procedural safeguards, 303–5, 308proliferation of regimes and

institutions, 300–3res judicata, 304survey, 300–12

conflicting rights, 307–8consular protection and, 549–58emergence, 272–4extraterritorial jurisdiction, 96–8,

127–8fragmentation

debate, 91–4, 297potential conflicts, 300–12shared normative content, 305–7

fundamental norms, source andcontent, 118–24

general international law andcriminal jurisdiction, 131–2diplomatic relations, 129–30ICJ cases, 129–35immunities, 133–5State versus individual

responsibility, 132–3hierarchy of rights

collective interest treaties, 114–16enriched terminology, 116–18ICJ case law, 113–24

humanitarian law andboundaries, 98–9

bridging, 124–8contemporary conflicts, 293ICJ cases, 124–8, 278–92Legality of Nuclear Weapons,

278–83, 287lex specialis, 278–92relationship, 125–7Wall opinion, 125–6, 279–83

ICJ and treaty bodiescase law, 96–108general approach, 94–6interaction, 142–3

ICJ as human rights treaty body,87

ICJ casesadding value, 538applicability in armed conflict, 98,

124assessment, 106–8, 143–5collective interest, 114–16consular protection and IHRL,

549–58court jurisdiction, 110–11extraterritorial jurisdiction, 96–8fair hearing, 104–6free movement, 99–101fundamental norms, 118–24hierarchy of rights, 113–24humanitarian law and human

rights law, 124–8, 278–92IFAD, 104–6, 137–8IHRL and general international

law, 129–35ill-treatment of prisoners, 102–3impact, 113–28liberty and security, 101limitations of the court, 139–43Nuclear Weapons, 98–9procedural issues, 96–9remedies, 135–9reparation, 102, 559–62, 565substantive issues, 99–106third party obligations, 138–9torture and universal jurisdiction,

103–4treaty bodies and, 96–108Wall opinion, 96–8, 99–100

ICJ jurisdiction, 110–11




index 579

inter-State jurisdiction, 111,139–41

ICJ limitations, 139–43bilateral nature of State disputes,

139–41non-State actors, 142

jurisprudence conflictsincoherence and incompatibility,

305–12shared normative content, 305–7

methodological fragmentation,10–12

Nuremberg Tribunal and, 38object and purpose of treaties,

514–15reservations to treaties, treaty bodies

and, 92–4, 109self-contained regime, 504, 505State immunities and, 426–32

ECHR, 426–30ICJ influence on ECtHR, 183–7Jurisdictional Immunities, 361–4

third party obligations, 138–9treaty bodies

facing fragmentation, 317–19ICJ approach, 94–6ICJ case law, 96–108, 142–3juridical status of outputs, 88–91reservations of treaties and, 92–4,

109treaty categorisation, 513–15treaty interpretation, 480–1tribunals, 64–6

domestic law and, 80–2general principles of law and, 73limits to State voluntarism, 65–6,

75standing, 65

UN core treaties, 300–3UNSC resolutions and,

presumption, 216humanitarian interventions, 128humanitarian law

See also Geneva ConventionsHagueRegulations (1907)

1864 Geneva Convention, 460customary status, 42, 117development, 274–5

ECtHR and, 203human rights law and

boundaries, 99bridging, 124–8contemporary conflicts, 293debate, 298ICJ case law, 124–8, 278–92Legality of Nuclear Weapons,

278–83, 287lex specialis, 278–92relationship, 125–7Wall opinion, 125–6, 279–83

ICJ case law, 123Martens clause, 123occupied territories, 121self-contained regime, 504

Humphrey, John, 61Hungary, Korbely v. Hungary, 203

ICCPR. See International Covenant onCivil and Political Rights

ICED. See International Conventionfor the Protection of All Personsfrom Enforced Disappearance

Iceland, Icelandic Fisheries (UK v.Iceland), 233

ICRC. See International Committee ofthe Red Cross

ICSID (International Convention onthe Settlement of InvestmentDisputes)

EU and, 339provisional measures

Article 47, 226–8prima facie jurisdiction, 237–8purpose of measures, 244–7scope, 263–5urgency, 252–6

VCLT and, 476ICTY. See International Criminal

Tribunal for the FormerYugoslavia

IHL (international humanitarian law).See humanitarian law

IHRL (International human rightslaw). See human rights

ILC. See International LawCommission




580 index

ILO. See International LabourOrganisation

immunities. See State immunitiesin dubio mitius, 520–5indigenous people, 121–2individual standing

human rights tribunals, 65ICJ and, 63

Indonesia, ICSID cases, 245, 269Institute of International Law

biennial meetings, 167creation, 462customary law and, 466development of international law,

152influence, 156State immunities, 414

institutional fragmentationSee also international tribunalsgrowth of international tribunals, 46meaning, 6–7torture and, 43–6whether problem, 38–9

Inter-American Court of HumanRights

compliance with decisions, 84–5creation, 65due process, 129effectiveness principle, 480general principles of law and, 74ICJ judicial dialogue and, 527, 532–3immunities and, 72Juridical Condition and Rights of

Undocumented Migrants, 74limits to State voluntarism, 65, 75provisional measures, 84reparations, 83State responsibility, 81

inter-State jurisdictionECtHR, 141, 174ICJ, 14, 59–63, 111, 139–41

human rights and, 111, 139–41inter-State outlook, 59–63PCIJ, 58–9

interim measures. See provisionalmeasures

International Committee of the RedCross (ICRC), 42, 385

International Convention on theElimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination againstWomen. See CEDAW

International Convention on theElimination of All Forms ofRacial Discrimination. SeeCERD

International Convention for theProtection of All Persons fromEnforced Disappearance(ICED), 302, 304

International Convention on theRights of Persons withDisabilities, 302, 306, 307

International Convention on theRights of the Child (CRC), 302,306, 352, 468

International Convention on theSettlement of InvestmentDisputes. See ICSID

International Convention againstTorture and Other Cruel,Inhuman or DegradingTreatment or Punishment(CAT)

Article 1, 430–2Article 6, 555Article 7, 555Article 14, 435–6complaint mechanism, 302duty to prosecute, 432–5jus cogens, 442–3, 553–8UDHR and, 306

International Court of Justice (ICJ)advisory opinions, 68–9, 477case load, 38–9centre of international law, 219compulsory jurisdiction, 69, 76consular protection. See diplomatic

and consular relationscontext of international law, 4–5controversial issues, 148convergence role, 168–70customary international law and,

118Article 38(1)(b), 382, 392contribution, 537, 568




index 581

definition, 10Jurisdictional Immunities, 396North Sea Continental Shelf, 377,

381, 386, 395reluctance, 541role, 371, 390–4, 544–5soft play approach, 394–406

domestic enforcement of decisions,28

assessment, 365–8consular relations cases, 343,


361–5survey, 343–68Wall opinion, 344, 352–61

drafting process, 163–5ECtHR use of ICJ case law, 173–90

extraterritorial State obligations,179–82

immunities, 183–7increasing role, 215–17LaGrand, 177, 178restitutio in integrum, 182–3

effectiveness principle, 531environmental law, special regimes,

9evidence

burden of proof, 161standard of proof, 161–2

fragmentation and, 32–3, 499,536–40

autonomous regime as others,540–5

incremental transformation,566–9

function of the court, 112general principles of law and, 75

principle of humanity, 83, 117source and content, 118–24

human rights and. See human rightshumanitarian law and human rights

law, 124–8, 278–92immunities. See State immunitiesindividual rights and, 541institutional fragmentation and, 6judges, 106, 112judicial dialogue, 17

Diallo, 47–8, 77–8, 527–8, 530–3,551, 568–9

trend, 77–8, 167–8jurisdiction

beyond inter-State, 64consular relations, 347genocide, 146, 153individuals, 63, 83inter-State, 14, 59–63, 79, 541:

East Timor case, 63; humanrights and, 111, 139–41

interpretation of UN Charter, 173Monetary Gold principle, 63, 139party consent, 152–4raising issue, 70status, 173–4treaty or custom, 157UN actions in Kosovo, 142, 216UN Charter, 347, 467, 538

length of proceedings, 562overview, 12–18precedents and, 166provisional measures. See

provisional measuresreassertion, 2, 33rules of general international law

and, 5sources of authority, 562–6

general principles of law, 73State immunities. See State

immunitiesState responsibility

ICTY and, 52–3Nicaragua v. US, 52–3, 178, 233standard of proof, 161–2

State sovereignty and, 541, 545status, 6, 17, 147–8, 215treaty interpretation

presumptions, 500restrictive interpretations, 481

universal jurisdiction and, 83use of force, 159

International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights (ICCPR)

See also United Nations HumanRights Committee

application in armed conflict, 98,278, 279, 352




582 index

International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights (ICCPR) (cont.)

complaint mechanism, 302consular relations and, 77deportation and, 100–1, 130, 549,

551detention and

arbitrary detention, 552treatment of detainees, 552

ECHR similarities, 201ECtHR and, 194, 204–5extraterritorial jurisdiction, 96–8,

179fair hearing, 105–6free expression, 195, 306

racial speech and, 315free movement, 99liberty and security, 101nuclear weapons and, 125ratifications, 302, 467reparation, 560reservations, 92–3, 304torture prohibition, 552United Nations Human Rights

Committee and, 563International Covenant on Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR), 99, 302, 352, 467

International Criminal Court (ICC)aggression, 150–1codified law, 157compulsory jurisdiction, 71contribution to international

jurisprudence, 148creation, 66domestic courts and, 81, 154drafting process, 165Elements of Crime, 156evidence, 160–1

standard of proof, 161genocide jurisdiction, 146judicial dialogue, Lubanga, 78jurisdiction, 150–1, 154–5Kampala Review Conference (2010),

150International Criminal Tribunal for

Rwanda (ICTR)creation, 66

drafting process, 165evidence, 160–1genocide jurisdiction, 146ICJ source of authority, 563jurisdiction, 154later case law, 150legal innovation, 158precedents and, 166

International Criminal Tribunal for theFormer Yugoslavia (ICTY)

creation, 66drafting process, 165evidence, 160–1ICJ source of authority, 563inter-ethnic conflict and, 276–7jurisdiction, 146, 154later case law, 150legal innovation, 158precedents and, 166self-contained regime, 504State responsibility, ICJ and, 52–3,

142–3Tadic, 52–3, 504treaty interpretation, 481

international criminal tribunalsSee also individual tribunalscase load, 39general principles of law and, 73growth, 66–7

international economic institutions.See economic institutions

international human rights law(IHRL). See human rights

international humanitarian law (IHL).See humanitarian law

International Labour Organisation(ILO)

Administrative Tribunal (ILOAT),104

forced labour, 198ECHR similarities, 201

VCLT and, 489, 492International Law Association, 88, 375,

384, 386, 390International Law Commission (ILC)

coherence factor, 42customary law

diplomatic relations, 402




index 583

formation, 375–6, 379ICJ interaction, 538–9ICRC study and, 385identification, 383–4State responsibility, 398

development of international law,152, 538

diplomatic protection, 402,558

Draft Articles on responsibility ofinternational organisations,340

ICJ reassertion and, 2reports, influence, 156role, 152, 538State immunities, 407, 408

criminal proceedings, 417–18scope, 411UN Convention and, 426universal jurisdiction, 433–4

State responsibilitycustomary law, 398erga omnes obligations, 131–2,

554–5influence on UK jurisprudence,

419jus cogens, 439, 544knowledge, 132reparation, 137third party obligations, 138–9

Study Group Fragmentation Report,33, 187

effect of sub-systems, 297human rights, 298ICJ and, 405lex specialis, 283–4, 286systemic nature of international

law, 536treaty interpretation and conflict

resolution, 499–500unity of international law,

542–3techniques of general international

law, 533on treaty reservations, 93–4unity of international law, 6–7, 373,

507, 512, 528–9, 542–3VCLT and, 196, 487, 489

international legal order, concept, 30,459–62

International Monetary Fund (IMF),324, 337, 338

international organisationsimmunities, 135responsibility, ILC Articles, 340

International Prize Court, 56International Tribunal for the Law of

the Sea. See ITLOSinternational tribunals. See also

individual courts and tribunalscompliance with decisions, 84–6compulsory jurisdiction and, 69–71,

75–6cross-fertilisation, 77–9domestic law and, 80–2effect, 79–80

end of impunity, 67–8objective law, 79

emergence, 56–7emerging conceptions of

international judicial function,72–3

future, 82–6general principles of international

law and, 73–5growth, 46, 62–9

advisory jurisdiction, 68–9criminal tribunals, 66–7human rights, 64–6

inter-State jurisdiction, 58–9rule of law, 68

investment lawSee also ICSID; UNCITRALarbitration, 39, 53–4human rights law and, 297

investor rights, Diallo (Guinea v. DRC),558–9

Iran, Tehran Hostages (US v. Iran), 117,136, 261, 499, 527, 530

IraqUK territorial obligations, 181UNSC Resolution 1546, 188

Irelandeuro crisis, 337McElhinney v. Ireland, 184, 427

Israel, Wall opinion. See Wall opinion




584 index

ItalyJurisdictional Immunities.


Saadi v. Italy, 202ITLOS (International Tribunal for the

Law of the Sea)Bay of Bengal case, 47, 78, 270case load, 39compulsory jurisdiction, 71, 76judicial dialogue, 47, 78jurisprudence record, 46–7provisional measures, 268

Article 290, 224–6future, 269–70prima facie jurisdiction, 234–7purpose, 243–4scope, 261–3urgency, 249–52

rules of general international lawand, 5

JapanSouthern Bluefin case, 243, 251whaling dispute with Australia, 9

Jehovah’s Witnesses, 195Jenks, Wilfred, 489, 492Jennings, Robert, 32, 60, 504, 505, 520,

534, 541, 543, 566–7judicial dialogue

convergence factor, 167–8ICJ, 17, 77–8

Diallo, 47–8, 77–8, 527–8, 530–3,551, 568–9

ITLOS, 47, 78trend, 77–9

Jurisdictional Immunities (Germany v.Italy)

1944 Distomo massacre, 185–6, 187arguments, 133–5civil versus criminal immunities,

407, 408customary law, 482different understanding of

international law, 364–6human rights versus immunities,

50–1, 133–5, 147, 185, 186implementation, 343, 361–5

issues, 361–4Italian judgments, 50–1, 186, 343misapplication of doctrine, 419–21normative hierarchy, 434relevant treaties, 425–6restrictive doctrine of State

immunities, 410–11status of ICJ decision, 367

jus cogens. See customary internationallaw

Kamto, Maurice, 388Keith, Kenneth, 373Kelly, Patrick, 378Kelsen, Hans, 459, 461, 462, 464–6kidnapping, 411Kiel Canal, 499Kingsbury, Benedict, 391Klabbers, J., 517Kolb, Robert, 30–1, 473–85, 509–10Kolodkin, R. A., 407Kooijmans, Peter, 106, 112Koskenniemi, Martti, 286, 287, 318,

462, 533, 542Kosovo

hybrid international criminaltribunal, 66

ICJ jurisdiction, 142, 216independence, 122, 401–2

Kunz, Josef, 387Kuwait

State immunities, 418, 425, 453State sovereignty, 445torture, 440

La Pradelle, Albert de, 61Lasson, Adolf, 462Latvia, Kononov v. Latvia, 204Lauterpacht, Elihu, 516Lauterpacht, Hersch, 12, 61, 111, 521,

534–5law of armed conflict (LOAC). See

humanitarian lawlaw of the sea. See UNCLOSLeague of Nations

failure, 466mandate commissions, 477minority protection, 16, 113




index 585

PCIJ and, 221–2protectorates, 115United States and, 41

Lebanon, hybrid international criminaltribunal, 66

legality principle, 465Leino, Päivi, 318liberty and security

arbitrary detention, 552Diallo, 101ECHR, 287treatment of detainees, 102–3, 552

Liechtenstein, Nottebohm(Liechtenstein v. Guatemala),545–9, 566

Lindroos, Anja, 288–9Lithuania, Cudak v. Lithuania, 429litispendence, 303–5Loder, B. C. J., 14, 61Lowe, Vaughan, 292, 505–6

McKinnon, Gary, 445McNair, A. D., 12, 32, 390, 499, 500–3,

508–9, 523, 534–5Malaysia, provisional measures, ITLOS,

250Mandelstam, André, 61Martens clause, 123Max Planck Institute, 60–1Mendelson, Maurice, 384mental health, voting rights and, 107–8Meron, Theodor, 276, 540methodological fragmentation

customary international law, 9–12human rights law, 10–12meaning, 7–12

MexicoAvena (Mexico v. US), 129, 178, 343,

345–52NAFTA cases, 43

migrantsInternational Convention (ICMW),

302Sarrazin decision, 312–17, 318–19

Milanovic, Marko, 289, 291Miles, Cameron, 24, 218–71minority rights

League of Nations and, 16, 113

PCIJ case law, 113, 176Moldova, ECtHR cases, 181, 194Monetary Gold principle, 63, 139Mongolia, UNCITRAL arbitration, 247Murase, Shinya, 375–6Myanmar, Bangladesh v. Myanmar, 47,

78, 270

NAFTA, rules of international law and,43

natural law, 119natural resources, sovereignty over, 121necessity, customary law and, 4Netherlands

Iron Rhine (Belgium v. Netherlands),522, 524

provisional measures, Arctic Sunrise,263, 269

Nevill, P., 530–1, 535New Haven School, 475New Zealand

Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.France), 233

Southern Bluefin case, 243, 251Nicaragua

Costa Rica v. Nicaragua, 401, 404–5,522

humanitarian law and, 128Nicaragua v. Colombia, 270Nicaragua v. US, 52–3, 178, 233

Niger, border dispute with BurkinaFaso, 83

non-international armed conflictsGeneva Conventions and, 277ICTY and, 276–7

non-State actors, ICJ and humanrights, 142

Norman, George, 377Norway, UN Convention on State

Immunities and, 426nuclear weapons

ICCPR and, 125right to life and, 98, 125, 278–9

Nuremberg Principles, 426Nuremberg Tribunal, 38, 66, 273

occupied territories, humanitarian law,121




586 index

O’Connell, Daniel Patrick, 390OECD (Organization for Economic

Cooperation andDevelopment), 324, 338

Oellers-Frahm, Karin, 240, 248, 254opinio juris, 118, 155, 372, 394, 397,

410, 483Oppenheim, Lassa Francis, 10Orakhelashvili, Alexander, 29–30,

407–58ordinary treaties, categorisation, 520–5Owada, Hisashi, 568

pacta sunt servanda, 464, 465pacta tertiis nec prosunt nec nocent, 503Pakistan, ICSID case, 246Palchetti, Paolo, 31–2, 486–97Palestinian Liberation Organisation

(PLO), 142Palestinian Territory

See also Wall opinionrights of Palestinians, 122sovereignty over natural resources,

121Paraguay, Avena and, 345Paris Convention on Intellectual

Property (1883), 460Paris Treaty on International Telegraph

(1865), 460Pauwelyn, Joost, 283Payandeh, Mehrdad, 25–6, 297–319PCIJ. See Permanent Court of

International JusticePellet, Alain, 93, 393Permanent Court of Arbitration, 56,

461, 500, 522Permanent Court of International

Justice (PCIJ)first president, 15advisory jurisdiction, 68case law influence, 176–7compulsory jurisdiction, 69customary law and, 466, 469Danzig case, 174, 175inter-State jurisdiction, 58–9Island of Palmas (Netherlands v. US),

525Lotus case, 144, 466–7, 469

national minority protection, 113,176

origins, 56, 461petition mechanism, 174, 175provisional measures, 221–3, 231,

242, 248, 260–1restitutio in integrum, 182–3Sino-Belgian Treaty case, 222, 231,

248special regimes and, 9SS Wimbledon, 499, 524treaty interpretation, approach, 521

Peru, State responsibility, 82Pissard, Hippolyte, 378Poland

Polish Upper Silesia, 260State immunity, 51, 397

Politis, Nicolas, 61Portugal, euro crisis, 337positivism, 30, 410, 460–2precedents

convergence factor, 165–7UK State immunities and, 454–7

principles of international lawECtHR case law, 200humanity considerations, 83, 117ICJ and, 118–24relevance to international tribunals,

73–5unifying element, 43–6

prisoners, ill treatment, 102–3, 552prisoners of war, Hague Regulations

(1907), 275privacy and family life, ECHR,

provisional measures, 256property rights, Diallo (Guinea v.

DRC), 558–9proportionality, customary law and, 4protectionism, 38provisional measures

ECtHRcase law, 200–1ICJ influence, 177–8prima facie jurisdiction, 238–9purpose, 247–8Rule 39, 228–30, 268scope, 265–7urgency, 256–8




index 587

forms, 219–20fragmentation, 267–9

future, 269–70ICJ, 83, 137

Anglo-Iranian Oil, 225, 232, 237Article 41, 177, 220, 223Georgia v. Russia, 123, 137, 233,

242influence, 24, 267–9LaGrand, 178, 240, 248, 249,

258–9, 266–7practice, 231prima facie case, 231–4purpose, 239–43scope and force, 258–61urgency, 248–9

ICSIDArticle 47, 226–8prima facie jurisdiction, 237–8purpose of measures, 244–7scope, 263–5urgency, 252–6

Inter-American Court of HumanRights (IACtHR), 84

PCIJArticle 41, 221–3purpose, 242scope, 260–1Sino-Belgian Treaty case, 222, 231urgency, 248

prima facie jurisdictionECtHR, 238–9ICJ, 231–4ICSID, 237–8ITLOS, 234–7review, 231–9

purpose of measuresECtHR, 247–8ICJ, 239–43ICSID, 244–7ITLOS, 243–4PCIJ, 242review, 239–48

scope and forceECtHR, 265–7ICJ, 258–61ICSID, 263–5ITLOS, 261–3

PCIJ, 260–1review, 258–67

substantive preconditionsprima facie jurisdiction, 231–9purpose, 239–48review, 230–67scope and force, 258–67urgency, 248–58

UNCLOS/ITLOS, 268Article 290, 224–6future, 269–70prima facie jurisdiction, 234–7purpose, 243–4scope, 261–3urgency, 249–52

urgencyECtHR, 256–8ICJ, 248–9ICSID, 252–6ITLOS, 249–52PCIJ, 248review, 248–58

public interestcollective interest treaties, 114–16expansion of concept, 109

Pulkowski, D., 527

racial discriminationfree expression and, 308, 315ICJ case law, 123, 127, 179–80

Redgwell, C., 9Refugee Conventions, 193, 206–7regimes of international law

See specific regimescategorisation

categorisation of treaties, 520–5constitutional/constitutive

treaties, 515–20human rights treaties, 513–15Nuclear Weapons, 515–16terminology, 510–11three-way split, 32, 499, 508–25

consular relations. See diplomaticand consular relations

environment. See environmentallaw

EU. See European Unionhuman rights. See human rights




588 index

Refugee Conventions (cont.)humanitarian law. See humanitarian

lawoverview, 18–28self-contained regimes

concept, 498, 499–508Crawford, J. 528fragmentation and, 42ICJ and, 540–5McNair, A. 32

Reisman, Michael, 393reparation

Diallo, 102, 136, 545, 559–62, 565ICJ human rights case law, 135–9restitutio in integrum, 136, 182–3

Republika Srpska, 123res judicata, 304, 354reservations to treaties

Genocide Convention, 114, 557human rights treaties, 92–4, 109, 140ICCPR, 92–3, 304VCLT, 109, 114

responsibility to protect, 128restitutio in integrum, 136, 182–3Reuter, Paul, 387, 388, 511–12, 513–14Rhodesia, 123Rieter, Eva, 88right to liberty. See liberty and securityright to life

armed conflicts and, 282ECHR, 180, 256nuclear weapons and, 98, 125, 278–9provisional measures and, 127, 137,

256Rio Treaty (Inter-American Treaty on

Reciprocal Assistance), 41Rodley, Nigel, 15, 87–108Romano, Santi, 459Rosenne, S., 60, 63, 144rule of law

administrative law principle, 465compulsory jurisdiction and, 69international tribunals and, 68, 69,

85Russia

Bartik v. Russia, 195, 197Crimean secession and, 123ECtHR cases, 181, 194

Georgia v. Russiaextraterritorial obligations, 127,

179–80jurisdiction, 567provisional measures, 123, 137,

233, 242humanitarian law and ECtHR, 203provisional measures, Arctic Sunrise,

263, 269Yevdokimov v. Russia, 565

RwandaCERD reservations, 140DRC v. Rwanda, 140DRC v. Uganda and, 140

sabotage, 411Salamanca, School of, 460San Francisco Treaty (1945), 467Sarooshi, D., 253Saudi Arabia

discrimination, 480State sovereignty, 445torture, 440UK–Saudi relations, 444–5

Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 462–3Scelle, Georges, 61, 217Schachter, Oscar, 387–8Schlütter, Birgit, 392Scott, James Brown, 61security of person. See liberty and

securityself-defence, 4self-determination

East Timor, 139erga omnes obligations, 117ICJ case law, 119–23origins of right, 115

Senegalfailure to prosecute for torture,

103Hissène Habré case (Belgium v.

Senegal), 103–4, 131, 403, 405,552, 553–8, 567

maritime dispute withGuinea-Bissau, 241

Serbia, Genocide (Bosnia v. Serbia),136, 149, 398, 403–4, 563, 567

Shoah, 26, 306




index 589

Sierra Leone, hybrid internationalcriminal tribunal, 66

Simma, Bruno, 11, 106, 112, 135, 143,274, 317, 527

Sinclair, Ian, 451sources of authority, 562–6sovereignty. See State sovereigntySpain

Barcelona Traction (Belgium v.Spain), 111, 139, 554, 558–9

investment arbitration, 53Spielmann, Dean, 18–21, 173–90Spiropoulos, Jean, 61Stahl, F. J., 459State equality, 523State immunities

American Convention on HumanRights and, 72

civil versus criminal immunities,407

customary international law, 44,156, 183

ECtHRcase law, 426–30ICJ influence, 183–7

English law. See United Kingdomfragmentation theory and, 43–6,

48–51, 407–10human rights and, 426–32

Arrest Warrant, 44–5, 133, 134,147, 183, 437

ECHR, 426–30ICJ case law, 133–5ICJ influence on ECtHR, 183–7Jurisdictional Immunities.


torture, 43–6, 430–2ICJ case law, 147

DRC v. France, 153influence on ECtHR, 183–7Jurisdictional Immunities.


restrictive doctrine, 410–11WHO-Egypt case, 452

international organisations, 135normative hierarchy

CAT and criminal proceedings,432–5

jus cogens, 436–43survey, 432–43universal civil jurisdiction, 435–6

restrictive doctrinecomity, 424criminal proceedings, 417–18customary law and, 422–4general essence, 412–17misapplication, 418–21placing, 410–24problem, 410–11scope of practice, 411–12State practice, 29–30, 422–4

treatiesECSI, 409, 425, 450, 451, 452, 454relevance, 424–6UN Convention (2004), 407,

425–6, 429–30, 450State practice

approaches, 481–3convergence, 2identification of customary law, 40,

387State immunities, 29–30

restrictive doctrine, 422–4scope, 411–12

State responsibilityerga omnes obligations and, 131–2,

398, 554–5ICJ case law, 52–3, 161–2, 178, 233IHRL and humanitarian law, 124ILC Draft Articles. See International

Law Commissionindividual responsibility, breaches of

IHRL, 132–3Inter-American Court of Human

Rights (IACtHR), 81State sovereignty

auto-limitation, 464changing concepts, 537, 545citizenship and, 546East Timor, 63human rights and, 106, 111, 183ICJ and, 541, 545meaning, 525natural resources, 121




590 index

State sovereignty (cont.)Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v.

Guatemala), 546ordinary treaties and, 520–5restrictive interpretation of treaties

and, 520–5territorial limits, 412vexatious ICJ applications, 233

Suárez, Francisco, 61, 460substantive fragmentation, meaning,

4–6Sweden

Bryan Peace Treaties, 221–2Cruz Varas v. Sweden, 177–8, 265–6Maroufidou v. Sweden, 563UN Convention on State

Immunities and, 426Switzerland

Goppera Radio v. Switzerland, 195Nada v. Switzerland, 188–9, 193provisional measures, 222State immunities and jus cogens, 440Stoll v. Switzerland, 177UN Convention on State

Immunities and, 426

terrorism. See counter-terrorismThirlway, Hugh, 10–11, 542Thürer, Daniel, 302Tokyo Tribunal, 66torture

CAT. See International Conventionagainst Torture and OtherCruel, Inhuman or DegradingTreatment or Punishment(CAT)

ECHR prohibition, provisionalmeasures, 230, 256, 257–8

erga omnes obligations, 116, 553–8ICCPR prohibition, 552ICJ jurisdiction, 111immunities and, 43–6, 49–51, 430–2

criminal proceedings, 417, 432–5inter-State disputes, 141jus cogens prohibition, 49–50, 118,

185, 432, 442–3UN Committee Against Torture,

103–4

universal jurisdiction, 83civil jurisdiction, 435–6Hissène Habré case (Belgium v.

Senegal), 131ICJ case law, 103–4

Trachtman, Joel, 377trade law, 38, 297

See also World Trade OrganizationTrail Smelter Arbitration, 478

treaty interpretationSee also Vienna Convention on Law

of Treaties (1969)coherence in content, 526–9coherence in method, 529–33factors. See factors in

fragmentation/convergencefragmentation issue, 498–535general considerations, 473–6ICJ, 481, 500McNair, A. 500–3modulation factors, 476–9

goals, 477–8judicial activism, 478–9subjects, 476–7

North Sea Continental Shelf, 478organisational rules and, 486–97

interpretation rules, 494–6lex specialis, 491–4VCLT preparatory works, 488–91

overview, 30–3restrictive interpretation, 481, 520–5salient subject-matters, 479–84self-contained regimes, 499–508Trail Smelter Arbitration, 478

treaty-making, diversity, 40–6Triepel, Heinrich, 459Turkey

Akdivar case, 175Demir and Baykara v. Turkey, 196humanitarian law and ECtHR,

203–4Loizidou v. Turkey, 181, 207Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey,

7–8, 19, 200–1, 239, 266–7, 269,506–7

UDHR. See Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights (1948)




index 591

Uganda, DRC v. Uganda, 126, 129–30,136, 140, 179, 281–2, 548, 550

Ukraine, secession of Crimea, 123Ulfstein, G., 525UNCITRAL, 247, 253UNCLOS (Convention on the Law of

the Sea)See also ITLOSprovisional measures

Article 290, 224–6future, 269–70ICJ influence, 268prima facie jurisdiction, 234–7purpose, 243–4scope, 261–3urgency, 249–52

rules of general international lawand, 5

self-contained regime, 504United States and, 41

United Kingdom (UK)Civil Service Unions v. UK, 199extradition, 445extraterritorial obligations

Al-Jedda v. UK, 181, 188, 193, 204,216

Al-Skeini v. UK, 181, 204floodgates argument, 445–6Golder v. UK, 200human rights and UNSC

resolutions, 188Icelandic Fisheries (UK v. Iceland),

233international law dualism, 446–9,

452refugees, Chahal v. UK, 206Saudi relations, 444–5State immunities, 20

Al-Adsani, 49–51, 135, 184–5,270, 407, 408, 418, 425, 427–30,453

case law, 413–15Cristina, 412–13, 446–7English law, 443–57incorporation doctrine, 446–9Jones v. Saudi Arabia, 45, 407,

418–19, 425, 431, 438, 455,456–7

Jones v. UK, 51, 396, 407, 416, 418,428–9

Khurts Bat, 411, 417Lampen Wolfe, 409, 414, 417, 420,

426Pinochet, 44, 415, 417, 430, 432–3,

436, 442–3, 456–7policy considerations, 443–6precedent doctrine, 454–7restrictive doctrine, 410State Immunity Act, 409, 449–54CAT and, 430–2

United NationsCharter

enforcement of ICJ decisions, 343human rights, 272, 300ICJ jurisdiction, 347, 467, 538interpretation by ICJ, 173, 478,

494primacy, 188, 216, 362purposes and principles, 123racial discrimination and, 123sovereign equality principle, 523

Convention on the Law of the Sea.See UNCLOS

customary international law and,386

economic competences, 324ECtHR jurisprudence and, 187–9General Assembly resolutions

customary law and, 119self-determination, 120

human rights core treaties, 300–3Kelsen and, 466membership, 41Secretariat, 42Secretary-General, 143Security Council. See United Nations

Security CouncilSpecial Human Rights Mandates,

563State Immunity Convention (2004),

407, 425–6, 429–30, 450United Nations Committee Against

Torture, 103–4United Nations Committee on

Economic, Social and CulturalRights (CESCR), 99




592 index

United Nations Committee on theRights of Persons withDisabilities, 107

United Nations Human RightsCommittee

ECtHR and, 194, 208general comments, 91humanitarian law and, 295ICJ and, 142

extraterritorial jurisdiction, 97fair hearing, 105–6free movement, 100–1general approach, 94–6ill treatment of prisoners, 102–3judicial dialogue, 532, 562liberty and security, 101reparation, 102

juridical status of outputs, 89–91on treaty reservations, 92–3, 140voting rights of mentally disabled,

107–8United Nations Security Council

(UNSC)creation of international criminal

tribunals, 66Resolutions

1546 (Iraq), 188domestic implementation, 28human rights and, 187–9, 216interpretation, 23, 216, 483

United States (US)Alabama arbitration in Geneva, 461,

462Bryan Peace Treaties, 221–2equality of States, 523ICJ Vienna Convention on Consular

Relations decisionsAvena (Mexico v. US), 129, 178,

343, 345–52implementation, 345–52, 367LaGrand (Germany v. US), 129,

177, 178, 247, 248, 249, 258–9,266–7, 345–52, 528, 533, 568

Medellin v. Texas, 347–52status of decisions, 367

Israeli policy, 97Nicaragua v. United States, 52–3,

178, 233

Nottebohm and, 547, 566prison officials, exemption from

liability, 446State immunities, 409, 412

jus cogens and, 440Letelier, 415, 417restrictive doctrine, 423Victory transport, 413–14

Tehran Hostages (US v. Iran), 117,136, 261, 499, 503, 530

terrorism, legal black holes, 15, 144treaty interpretation, 479treaty-making, refusals, 41

Universal Declaration of HumanRights (1948) (UDHR)

free expression, 306, 315implementation, 566origins, 272Preamble, 26, 306racist speech and, 315reference point, 306, 316Tehran Hostages (US v. Iran) and,

117UNSC. See United Nations Security

CouncilUruguay

extraterritorial jurisdiction, 97Pulp Mills (Argentina v. Uruguay),

233, 243, 398–9, 526–7, 529–30use of force, ICJ case law, 159

Vatican, 468VCLT. See Vienna Convention on Law

of Treaties (1969)Versailles Treaty, 499, 512Vienna Convention on Consular

Relations (1963)Avena (Mexico v. US), 129, 343customary law and, 405Diallo, 77implementation of ICJ decisions in

domestic courts, 345–52LaGrand, 129, 528

Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties(1969) (VCLT)

Article 5, 7–8, 31, 487–91, 495,496–7, 507

Article 31, EEA Treaty and, 518




index 593

Article 31(1), 513–14Article 31(3)(c)

ECtHR interpretation, 266, 427–8effect, 537ICJ interpretation, 404, 495ILC on, 500interpretation, 197principle, 42–3unity of international law, 279

Article 48, 488Article 53, 439, 544Article 64, 544Articles 31–3, 475–6, 484

ECtHR and, 7–8organisational rules and, 486–8

ECtHR jurisprudence, 7–8, 177,506–7

flexibility, 476, 479–84impact, 534organisational rules and, 486–8

VCLT preparatory works, 488–91success, 30, 475treaty reservations, 109, 114unity of international law, 279,

512Vienna Convention on the Law of

Treaties (1986), 490, 495Vienna Treaty (1815), 511Virally, Michel, 490Vitoria, Francisco de, 61, 460von Bar, Carl Ludwig, 459voting rights, mentally disabled, 107–8

Waldock, Humphrey, 490–1, 496Wall opinion

1995 Agreement and, 122applicability of IHRL in armed

conflict, 98, 99concepts of judicial role, 358–61, 365erga omnes obligations, 117extraterritorial jurisdiction, 96–8factual basis, 354–8, 366free movement issue, 99–100

ICCPR and, 179IHL and IHRL, 279–83implementation issue, 344, 352–61proportionality, 164reparation, 137security necessity, 355–7sources of authority, 562sovereignty over natural resources,

121status of ICJ decision, 366–7UN responsibility for Palestine,

120war crimes, 50–1, 67, 133–4, 183, 204,

419–21Watts, A., 520Webb, Philippa, 17–18, 146–70Weibel, M., 534Weiler, H. H., 501, 510, 516–17, 520Wilde, Ralph, 538Wildhaber, Luzius, 20Wood, Michael

customary lawICJ and, 376, 538–9, 542–3ICRC and, 385identification, 383–4, 386Jurisdictional Immunities, 394

rules of recognition, 383–4systemic nature of international law,

6–7, 11, 373, 528–9, 536World Bank, 324, 337World Customs Organization (WCO),

330, 336World Trade Organization (WTO), 42

dispute settlement system, 338–40effect on EU law, 335ICJ and, 541, 567OECD peer review, 338origins, 324WTO. See World Trade Organization

Yang, Xiaodong, 419Yugoslavia, Legality of the Use of Force,

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