index [] formed steel design...see also effective design width elements 72 see also effective design...

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Index Abbreviations 664 Acronyms 664 AISI specification: allowable strength 80 allowable stress design (ASD) 1 22 25 79 80 147 bolted connections 479 bracing requirements for beams 297 combined axial load and bending 360 363 365 compression members 334 cylindrical tubular members 417 definitions of general terms 71 design basis 80 design strength 80 development of 1 22 effective design width 75 101 113 122 126 129 137 140 142 240 see also Effective design width elements 72 see also Effective design width flexural members 147 252 297 load and resistance factor design (LRFD) 25 79 82 148 load factors 84 loads 79 81 materials 39 nominal strength 79 81 83 85 resistance factors 77 80 86 safety factors 77 80 81 stiffeners: edge 127 intermediate 125 135 shear 252 transverse 252 special tests 36 tension members 361 wall studs 550 welded connections 444 462 Allowable loads: bolted connections: bearing 484 shear and tension in bolts 487 spacing and edge distance 480 tension in connected part 481 thickness limitations 479


compression members 334 cylindrical tubular members in compression 420 tension members 361 wall studs in compression 551 web design: bearing stiffeners 252 crippling strength 276 279 282 shear strength 261 266 welded connections: arc seam welds 454 arc spot welds 448 fillet welds 455 flare groove welds 458 groove welds 446 thickness limitations 444 Allowable moments: cylindrical tubular members 422 flexural members 147 wall studs 554 Allowable stress design (ASD) 79 147 Appendices 622 Applications see also Cold-formed Sections Arch 4 9 10 14Area factor, Qa 331 Aspect ratio 92 113 Beam-columns 365 AISI design criteria 376 amplification factor 367 coefficient Cm 367 379 381 coefficient CTF 374 critical moment 374 design of 382 flexural buckling 365 interaction formulas 365 374 378 shapes: doubly symmetric 365 singly symmetric 369 371 torsional-flexural buckling 369 Beams 146 see also Flexural members Bending brake 15 see also Forming methods Bending coefficient, Cb 199 208 Bending strength 147 combined with shear strength 268


combined with web crippling 283 inelastic reserve strength 177 initiation of yielding 148 Bend radius-to-thickness ratio 56 58 Bolted connections see also Connections Bolts: high-strength 466 487 unfinished 466 487 Box sections 3 76 107 144 219 239 346 382 Bracing members 301 Bracing requirements for beams: Continuous bracing 309 I-sections 309 single channels 297 Z-sections 307 Bridge forms 5 599 Buckling: distortional 133 138 of beam-columns: flexural 365 torsional, and torsional-flexural 369 of compression members: flexural 313 torsional 317 torsional-flexural 317 lateral: of box sections 220 doubly symmetric sections 195 207 of I-beams and channels 195 207 point symmetric sections 206 207 singly symmetric sections 29 195 207 unbraced compression flanges 221 of Z-shaped sections 206 235 238 local: cylindrical tubes 410 effect of, on column strength 329 stiffened compression elements 28 71 72 89 unstiffened compression elements 28 71 72 117 of webs: bending 111 267 combined bending and shear 268 combined web crippling and bending 283 crippling 32 271 shear 257 Buckling coefficients 91 94 113 114 118 125 141


Building codes 26 27 Buildings, industrialized housing 9 13 modular systems 13 panelized systems 13 standardized buildings 9 Channels see also Cold-formed sections Cold-formed sections: advantages of 1 applications of 1 3 depth of 3 4 7 18 design considerations of 28 development of 1 22 619 framing members 3 619 method of forming 15 shapes: angles 3 313 321 box sections 3 72 76 108 116 219 239 346 383 C-sections see also Channels channel sections 3 19 36 72 74 76 123 127 133 142 155 207 217 235 238 255 291 297 321 326 337 352 371 399 corrugated sheets 5 588 cylindrical tubes 3 408 hat sections 3 76 89 106 149 164 180 207 276 321 369 I-sections 3 72 76 149 195 207 211 239 249 282 309 320 348 390 panels and decks 4 11 603 T-sections 3 321 tubular sections see also Box sections Z-sections 3 19 76 see also Z-sections thickness 1 3 4 7 32 35 42 75 types of 3 Cold roll forming 17 Cold work of forming: effect on mechanical properties 37 54 utilization of cold work 58 176 333


Columns 312 see also Compression members Combined axial load and bending 360 see also Beam-columns Combined compressive axial load and bending 365 Combined web crippling and bending 283 Compact sections 59 200 313 360 Composite design: advantages 600 composite beam with steel-deck-reinforced slab 7 602 steel-deck-reinforced slab 601 Compression elements: multiple-stiffened 73 125 135 stiffened 28 72 89 subelement 73 125 135 unstiffened 28 31 72 117 Compression members 312 AISI design criteria 334 design of 312 346 distortional buckling 341 doubly symmetric shapes 320 346 effect of cold work 333 effect of diaphragm-bracing 357 546 effect of local buckling 329 effective length factor 342 Euler formula 313 flexural buckling 313 effect of local buckling 329 elastic buckling 313 inelastic buckling 315 nonsymmetric sections 328 one flange fastened to deck 337 point symmetric sections 75 328 Q-factor 330 singly symmetric shapes 321 slenderness ratio 314 340 torsional buckling 317 torsional-flexural buckling 75 317 unified approach 332 wall studs: attachments for 357 non-load bearing 357 yielding 313 Computer-aided design 615 Connections 31 430 bolted 31 466 AISI design criteria 479 design of 488


shear lag effect 482 spacing and edge distance 480 thickness limitations 479 types of failure 467 for I-beams 514 for I- or box-shaped compression members 512 press-joints 509 riveted connections 507 rosette-joints 509 rupture failure 510 screws 502 spacing in compression elements 521 types of connections 430 welded 31 53 430 AISI design criteria 444 arc welds 431 arc seam welds 440 454 arc spot welds (puddle welds) 433 448 design of 450 456 461 fillet welds 441 455 flare groove welds 442 458 groove welds 446 welding symbols 433 projection welding 462 resistance welds 31 462 shear lag effect 465 spot welding 462 Conversion table 666 Corners: properties and dimensions 34 151 yield point 54 58 Corrosion protection 32 Corrugated sheets: applications 5 588 arc- and tangent-type 589 design of 589 599 section properties 589 trapezoidal-type 588 599 Cross-sectional property _y 644 Cylindrical tubular members 408 applications 3 AISI design criteria 417 bending strength 422 column buckling 409 design of 423 local buckling 410 417 axial compression 411 420 bending 416 422


combined loading 417 423 torsion 416 transverse shear 416 postbuckling behavior (snap through buckling) 414 type of 408 fabricated tubes 408 manufactured tubes 408 Decision table 617 Decks 2 4 27 Deflection of flexural members 189 Depth of sections 3 4 7 18 Design basis: Allowable stress design (ASD) 80 Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) 82 Design formats: for ASD method 81 for LRFD method 83 Design manual 26 66 Design specifications: in foreign countries 27 in the United States see also AISI specification Design strength 80 81 85 Doubly symmetric sections 76 149 195 207 320 336 360 Drainage structures 588 Ductility 50 54 Economic design 37 Edge stiffeners see also Stiffeners Effective design width 75 95 111 120 125 135 140 beam webs 113 due to shear lag (for both compression and tension flanges) 239 elements with more than one intermediate stiffener 135 elements with one intermediate stiffener 125 influence of: impact loading 110 initial imperfection 109 stiffened elements under uniform compression 31 95 stiffened elements with stress gradient 113 uniformly compressed elements with an edge stiffener 127 uniformly compressed elements with circular holes 140 unstiffened elements under uniform compression 31 120


unstiffened elements with stress gradient 124 Effective length see also Compression members End bearing see also Flexural members, webs, web crippling Equivalent column see also Flexural members

Factor of safety see also Safety factor Factor of safety for shear diaphragms 538 Flange curling 249 Flat width 73 Flat width-to-thickness ratio 28 31 33 73 Flexural members 146 AISI design criteria 147 177 207 219 226 236 238 240 249 252 261 266 270 279 allowable stress design (ASD) 147 bending strength 147 economic design 188 effect of cold work 176 lateral-torsional buckling strength 195 one-flange through-fastened to sheathing 235 one-flange fastened to a standing roof system 238 section strength 148 bracing requirements 297 deflection of 189 design of 146 distortional buckling 234 equivalent column 228 inelastic reserve capacity 177 initiation of yielding 148 load and resistance factor design (LRFD) 148 lateral-torsional buckling 195 laterally unbraced compression flanges 221 local buckling see also Buckling multiple-stiffened flange 31 170 shear center 298 625 shear lag 239 stiffened flange 155 164 182 torsional analysis 310 625 types of cross-section: box sections 108 116 219 245 channels 123 133 142 155 195 217 255 274 297 306 see also C-sections


hat sections 106 149 164 180 182 274 I-sections 149 150 195 211 242 280 288 309 U-sections 221 Z-shapes 206 274 290 307 unstiffened flange 150 185 unusually short spans 239 unusually wide flange 239 webs: bending 111 267 combined bending and shear 268 combined web crippling and bending 283 effect of holes 142 266 276 shear 255 stiffeners 252 web crippling 32 271 Floor panels 4 11 see also Cold-formed sections, shapes, panels and decks Folded plate roof see also Shell roof structures Form factor, Q 333 see also Compression members, flexural buckling, local buckling Forming methods: bending brake 15 cold roll forming 15 17 20 press brake 15 21 History: cold-formed steel construction 1 22 specification 1 22 27 Housing see also Residential construction Hyperbolic paraboloid roof 5 13 526 575 see also Shell roof structures Impact loading 110 Industrialized housing 13 Inelastic reserve capacity of beams see also Flexural members Initial imperfection 109 551 Initiation of yielding 148 Interaction formulas: for bending and shear 268 for compressive axial load and bending 365 for cylindrical tubular members 408 for shear and tension in bolts 486


for tensile axial load and bending 361 for web crippling and bending 283 I-sections see also Cold-Formed sections Joists 4 605 Large deflection theory 95 Lateral-torsional buckling of beams 195 see also Buckling Laterally unbraced compression flanges 221 Length-to-width ratio of plate 92 113 118 125 240 260 273 Limiting flat-width-to-thickness ratio: stiffened compression elements 74 unstiffened compression elements 74 webs 74 Linear method 33 Load 81 Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) 79 82 Load combinations 81 84 Load factors 84 Local buckling: compression members 71 117 144 329 cylindrical tubular members 410 perforated elements 139 266 279 550 stiffened compression elements 28 71 89 unstiffened compression elements 28 71 117 uniformly compressed elements with stiffeners 125 webs 111 Materials 39 Mechanical properties: Bauschinger effect 56 ductility 40 50 54 effect of strain rate 68 effect of temperature 65 elongation 42 50 fatigue strength 40 54 influence of cold work 37 54 58 modulus of elasticity 40 41 65 proportional limit 48 67 residual stress 67 shear modulus 49 164 177 263 strain aging 54 56 strain hardening 48 54 56 stress-strain characteristics 40 48 54 58 67 tangent modulus 40 48 315


tensile strength 40 42 50 54 58 65 68 toughness 40 54 weldability 40 53 yield point or yield strength 40 42 48 50 54 58 65 68 Metal buildings, pre-engineered 9 Modular systems 13 Moment: bending moment 147 critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling 196 plastic 177 200 yield 148 177 200 Moment of inertia: of compression members 314 333 of flexural members 150 189 195 minimum requirements for: edge stiffeners 127 intermediate stiffeners 125 135 shear stiffeners 254 Moment redistribution of continuous beams 296 Moment-to-weight ratios 189 Multiple-stiffened element 73 Neutral axis 149 Nomenclature 646 Nominal load 79 Nominal moments: flexural members: beams having one flange through-fastened to deck or sheathing 147 235 beam having one flange fastened to a standing seam roof system 147 238 lateral-torsional buckling strength 147 195 207 section bending strength 147 148 Nominal strength: bolted connections: bearing strength 473 484 shear and tension in bolts 478 486 shear lag effect 482 tension in connected part 475 481 compression members: flexural buckling 313 334 torsional buckling 317 336 torsional-flexural buckling 317 336 cylindrical tubular members in compression 420 flexural members: web crippling 271 274 280


web shear strength 257 261 266 tension members 361 welded connections: arc seam welds 454 arc spot welds 448 fillet welds 455 flare groove welds 458 groove welds 446 resistance welds 462 Noncompact sections 339 Nonsymmetric sections 328 336 Optimum properties 37 Panels 2 4 52 Perforated members 139 266 279 550 Plastic design 33 177 200 Plasticity reduction factor 93 413 416 611 Plate buckling: long plate 94 259 rectangular plate 90 259 square plate 90 93 Point symmetric sections 75 206 328 Poisson’s ratio 90 250 258 261 272 411 416 Polar radius of gyration 203 209 319 329 369Postbuckling strength: perforated elements 139 stiffened compression elements 28 95 unstiffened compression elements 28 120 web element subjected bending 113 Proportional limit see also Mechanical properties Purlins 51 236 238 297 307 Reduced modulus method 315 References 667 Reliability index 86 Research: foreign countries 27 the United States 22 Residential construction: AISI residential manual 620 applications of 619 framing standards 621 prescriptive method 619 Residual stress 67 Resistance factor 77 80 83 86


Roof deck 2 4 Rupture: shear 510 tension 511 block shear 511 Safety factor 77 80 81 88 see also Flexural members, Compression members, Cylindrical tubular members, Connections, and Shear diaphragms Screw connections see also Connections St. Venant torsion constant 196 209 319 Section strength: inelastic reserve capacity 177 initiation of yielding 148 beams having one flange fastened to deck 235 beams having one flange fastened to standing seam roof 236 Sectional properties 31 33 150 151 154 164 169 Serviceability 88 Shear buckling: perforated plates 139 rectangular plates 93 Shear center 298 625 Shear diaphragms: AISI design criteria 537 applications of 526 deflection 530 540 design of 537 factor of safety 538 research 527 shear strength 528 536 special consideration 540 stiffness 530 536 tests 530 Shear lag: effective width 239 bolted connections 482 welded connections 465 Shear modulus see also Mechanical properties Shear strength combined with bending 270 webs with holes 266 webs without holes 261 Shear yielding 257


Shell roof structures 5 567 folded plate roof 5 567 advantages of 567 analysis and design of 569 deflection of 571 research 573 truss type 575 types of 568 Williot diagram 571 hyperbolic paraboloid roof 5 analysis and design 579 applications of 5 575 curvilinear grid frame type 586 research 585 types of 578 Singly symmetric shapes 3 see also Channels Slenderness ratio, maximum limit for compression members 340 Space frames 3 8 9 Specifications and recommendations: American Institute of Steel Construction 25 48 59 American Iron and Steel Institute see also AISI specification American Society of Civil Engineers: composite slabs 27 602 stainless steel structural members 26 94 610 American Society for Testing and Materials 39 42 624 American Welding Society 53 431 462 Australian 27 Austrian 27 British 27 Canadian 27 Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute 13 21 27 Chinese 27 Composite slab design 27 Czechoslovakian 27 Dutch 27 European Convention for Construction Steelwork 27 Finnish 27 French 27 German 27 Indian 27 Japanese 27 Metal Building Manufacturers Association 10 19 27 Metal Construction Association 27 New Zealand 27 Rack Manufacturers Institute 27


Research Council on Structural Connections 466 Romanian 27 Russian 27 South African 27 Stainless steel design 26 607 applications of 607 design criteria 26 610 stress-strain curves of stainless steels 607 612 Standing seam roof system 7 Steel Deck Institute 27 Steel Joist Institute 27 Swedish 27 Spring constant 224 226 309 Standardized buildings 9 Stiffened compression elements see also Compression element Stiffeners: edge stiffeners: effective width and area 127 other than simple lip 30 129 simple lip 30 127 insufficient stiffeners 135 intermediate stiffeners 30 125 135 effective stiffeners 136 effective area 138 minimum moment of inertia 135 multiple-intermediate stiffeners 135 web stiffeners 252 Stiffness 189 see also Flexural members deflection of 189 Strength: design strength 80 83 85 nominal strength 79 81 85 required strength 79 81 83 Stress, definitions of 75 Stress factor, Qs 331 Stress-strain curves 40 48 58 68 608 613 Structural economy 125 188 Subelement see also Compression element, subelement Successive approximation 150 165 563 Tangent modulus method 315 Tension members 59 361 combined tensile load and bending 363


nominal tensile strength 361 Tests: confirmation 79 flat elements 66 full sections 66 performance 79 shear diaphragms 530 special cases 36 Thickness: base metal 75 622 coating 32 624 galvanized sheet 594 623 uncoated sheets 594 623 Tolerances 18 Torsion 525 Torsional analysis of beams see also Flexural members Torsional buckling 317 Torsional-flexural buckling 75 317 Torsional rigidity 29 319 Truss-panel system 4 15 Types, cold-formed sections 3 Unstiffened compression elements 28 30 72 117 150 185 Unsymmetric shapes 328 336 Virgin steel 79 Virgin steel properties 40 42 54 79 Virtual hole method for C-section webs with holes 142 Wall panels 2 4 11 16 18 see also Corrugated sheets; Shear diaphragms Wall studs 357 547 Warping constant 196 319 329 628 Warping rigidity 319 Wavelength 92 93 distortional buckling 234 lateral buckling 234 local buckling 92 93 Web crippling 32 271 webs with holes 279 web without holes 274 280 Weld connections 430 see also Connections Weldability 53 Welds: arc 431


resistance 462 Width-to-thickness ratio see also Flat-width-tothickness ratio Wind load: load factor for the LRFD method 84 reduction of resulting force for the ASD method 82 Yield point or yield strength 40 42 48 50 54 58 65 68 75 reduced yield point for multiple-web configurations 52 Z-sections 3 19 76 206 235 328 337 238 290 307

index [] formed steel design...see also effective design width elements 72 see also effective design...

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