Dangerous Animals 2 International Day of Families 3 Ford 4 The Brownlow Medal 6 Where Did TV Come From? 8 “O, For the Good Old Days!” 9 Ned Kelly 10 Melbourne Cricket Ground 12 A.B. Banjo Paterson 14 Origins of English Sayings 2 16

Cyclone Yasi 18 Do You Know The Rules? 19 Aust. Animal Health Lab. 20 Geelong’s Water Supply 22 The 1861 Comet 24 Zoo Animals Word Search 25 Hera 26 150 Years Ago 27 Then… & Now 28

In This Edition: Page Page

2

P A R T ONE

STONEFISH

Maybe a Stonefish would

never win a beauty

contest, but it would

definitely win the top prize

for being “The World’s

Most Venomous Fish”. Its

venom causes such severe

pain that some victims

have asked for the

affected limb to be

amputated. It has been

described as “the worst

pain known to man.” The pain is accompanied with possible

shock, paralysis, and tissue death. If not given medical attention

quickly this Queensland fish can even be fatal to humans.

POISON DART FROG

This frog is probably the most

poisonous animal on earth. The 5cm

long golden poison dart frog has

enough venom to kill 10 adult

humans or 20,000 mice. Only 2

micrograms of this lethal toxin (the

amount that fits on the head of a pin)

is capable of killing a human or other

large mammal. They are called “dart

frogs” because natives of South

America make use of their toxic

secretions to poison the tips of their

blow-darts. These brightly coloured

frogs keep their poison in their skin.

Anyone who touches or eats them

could become very ill or die.

3

May 15

This day highlights the importance of family. It aims at fostering equality, bring about a fuller sharing of domestic responsibilities and employment

opportunities.

The year 1994 was announced as the International Year of Families by the United Nations. The International Day of Families on May 15, is a juncture to ponder on the work started during 1994 and to rejoice in the significance of families, people, civilizations and cultures

around the world. It has been held every year since 1995.

In 2011 the theme will be “Confronting Family Poverty.”

Do you see a need to focus a little more on doing things as a family? Here are a few handy hints for doing family things instead of just sitting around watching television—

Sit down at meal-time as a family and talk about your day.

Go to the park or the beach.

Do some domestic chores together.

Play a board game or a game of cards.

Read to your children.

Do something kind for another person.

Tell a family member how much you love them.

International Day of Families Emblem The representation of the International Day of Families consists of a dark green circle with a picture in red. The picture consists of elements of uncomplicated drawings of a heart and a house. This draws attention to the family as the hub of society that provides a steady and supporting home for people of all ages.

4

On March 31, 1925, Ford announced that Geelong was to be the headquarters for their Australian expansion. The first

Australian-built Ford was a Model T that came off an improvised production line in a disused Geelong wool-store

in June 1925, while work started on a factory in the nearby suburb of Norlane. In 1928 the factory switched to the

Model A and was followed by the Ford V8 in 1932.

The North American Ford Falcon was assembled in Australia in 1960. The

Australian and American product lines separated during the mid 1960s when the

US Ford product proved inconsistent with

Australian desires and requirements—in fact, the initial Falcon required extensive

re-engineering beyond standard Right Hand Drive adaptation for Australian

conditions. Since its inception the Falcon has proven to be Ford Australia's most

popular car. Ford has manufactured over

three million units since 1960.

Key events for Ford Geelong:

1925 - Ford Australia founded in

Geelong, Victoria, as an outpost of the car giant's North American

operations. The Geelong plant started by assembling Model Ts.

1934 - Ford Australia invents the ute. The inventor was Ford Geelong

engineer Lewis Bandt.*

1938 - During World War II, Ford Australia stops producing cars and

Henry Ford– American founder of the Ford Motor Co.

Geelong Ford factory 1957

Ford Model T– The first model made in Geelong in 1925

*See the Jillong Pocket , February 2011 edition for Lewis Brandt’s story.

5

begins military

product ion to support the war

effort.

1945 - After World

War II, the plant

r e c o m m e n c e s a s s e m b l y o f

imported Ford models.

1960 - Ford Australia begins producing the US version of the Falcon.

1972 - Falcon is adapted to Australian requirements and road conditions

and becomes Ford's most well-known car in Australia.

1999 - Opening of the Ford Discovery Centre, an interactive showcase of Ford's manufacturing history in Australia.

2001 - Ford cuts 300 jobs at its Geelong and Broadmeadows plants due to reduced demand.

2004 - Ford begins production of the four-wheel drive Ford Territory, on

the same production line as the Falcon. The Territory becomes the most popular 4WD drive in Australia since its release.

2004 - Ford Australia announces it will spend $20 million on a new product engineering and development centre in Geelong, to be built

alongside its powertrain and stamping operations and to be completed in mid-2006.

2006 - Ford announces it will invest

$1.8 billion to build a design centre and develop new projects at its

Geelong and Broadmeadows plants. The federal and Victorian govern-

ments give the company more than

$100 million.

2006 - Ford announces it will cut 640

jobs at its Broadmeadows and Geelong plants due to falling sales of

its larger vehicles.

2010 - Ford employs about 159,000 people worldwide.

The Ford oval trademark was first introduced in 1907.

The 1928 Model A was the first vehicle to sport an early version of the Ford script in the oval badge. The dark

blue background of the oval is known to designers as Pantone 294C. The Ford script is credited to Childe

Harold Wills, Ford's first chief engineer and designer. He

created a script in 1903 based on the one he used for his business cards. Today, the oval has evolved into a

perfect oval with a width-to-height ratio of 8:3.

The sign beside Melbourne Road is well-known to Geelong residents, as well visitors going

through our great city.

6

The Chas Brownlow Trophy — better known as the

Brownlow Medal is awarded to the "fairest and best"

player in the Australian Football League during the regular season (not including finals matches) as

determined by votes cast by the officiating field umpires after each game. It is the most prestigious award for

individual players in the AFL. It is also widely acknowl-edged as the highest individual honour in the sport of

Australian Rules Football.

The medal was first awarded by the Victorian Football League (VFL) in 1924. It was created and named in honour of Charles

Brownlow. (see box on opposite page) Although the award is generally spoken of as the "best and fairest", the

award's specific criterion is "fairest and best", reflecting an emphasis on

sportsmanship and fair play (which also explains the decision to have the votes cast by the umpires), as the letter sent to the first winner, Geelong’s

Edward (Cargi) Greeves states. -see below

Mr. Edward Goodrich Greeves

Geelong Football Club

THE CHARLES BROWNLOW TROPHY

Dear Sir,

On behalf of the Victorian Football League, we desire to

place on permanent record the appreciation of your excellent

play during the Season 1924. You were selected as the

fairest and best player and we have pleasure in presenting

the accompanying Gold Medal in recognition of those

sterling qualities. Trusting that you will be long spared to

interest yourself in the advancement of the Game.

We are, yours sincerely

W. Baldwin Spencer (President),

M.E. Green (Treasurer), E. L. Wilson (Secretary)

The first Brownlow Trophy winner was notified by letter

7

But for the change of the

monogram from VFL to AFL in 1990, the design, shape and size

of the medallion itself has remained virtually unchanged from

that of 1924.

Voting Procedure

To determine the best player, the three field umpires (not the goal

umpires or boundary umpires) confer after each home-and-away

match and award 3 votes, 2 votes and 1 vote to the players they

regard as the best, second best

and third best in the match respectively. On the awards night,

the votes from each match are tallied, and the player or players with the highest number of votes is awarded the medal (as long as he has not

been suspended during the season by the tribunal).

Since the rules were changed in 1980, if two or more eligible players score the equal highest number of votes, each wins a Brownlow medal. Prior to

1980, if two or more players were tied, a single winner was chosen on a countback. In 1989, players who had

tied on votes but lost on a countback were awarded retrospective medals.

Past Geelong Winners Gary Ablett 2009 Jimmy Bartel 2007

Paul Couch 1989 Alistair Lord 1962

Bernie Smith 1951

Edward Greeves 1924

Charles "Chas" Brownlow July 25, 1861 – January 23, 1924

Brownlow was an Australian Rules

Football administrator in the Victorian Football League. He went to the Geelong

College for his schooling.

Before becoming an administrator, from 1880 to 1891 he played with the Geelong

Football Club in the VFA (before the formation of the VFL). During his career

he was also the club secretary, beginning

from 1885 and ending in 1923. In addition to this he was caretaker

president of the VFL in 1918-19. In 1997, Brownlow was inducted as an

administrator into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.

2009 winner– Geelong’s Gary Ablett

Interestingly, Geelong Football Club’s annual Best and Fairest Award is named after the first winner of the Brownlow medal—‖Cargi‖ Greeves.

8

The invention of television came after about 100 years of experimenting with electronics and electrical devices, starting from the 1830’s. The inventor of what we would today call a television is disputed, but the best two machines that could lay claim to being the first were made by American, Charles Jenkins and British inventor, John Baird.

Charles Jenkins invented a mechanical television system called radiovision and claimed to have trans-mitted the earliest moving silhouette images on June 14, 1923. Charles Jenkins publicly performed his first television broadcast transmission, from Anacosta, Virginia to Washington in June, 1925.

John Baird created the first televised pictures of objects in motion (1924), the first televised human face (1925) and a year later he televised the first moving object image at the Royal Institution in London. His 1928 trans-Atlantic transmission of the image of a human face was a broadcasting milestone. Colour television was also demonstrated by Baird in 1928.

Other notable events in the history of modern television are:

1930 Charles Jenkins broadcasts the first TV commercial. The BBC begins regular TV transmissions.

1936 About 200 television sets are in use world-wide.

1937 The BBC begins broadcasts in London.

1948 Cable television is introduced in Pennsylvania USA, as a means of bringing television to rural areas. One million homes in the United States have television sets.

1956 Robert Adler invents the first practical remote control called the Zenith Space Commander.

1962 AT&T launches Telstar, the first satellite to carry TV broadcasts internationally.

1975 Colour television comes to Australia

1996 One billion TV sets are working worldwide

2011 Over 3 billion TV sets are in use.

Charles Jenkin's Radiovisor 1923

John Baird’s face– as transmitted by his own

invention.

9

One thing, however, is

certain, that Geelong is a

very clover-field for the

residence of offenders

against the law. The Argus May 21,1849 p.1

At the last sale of town lots [in

Geelong], quarter acre allotments

sold as high as £26 [$52]. The Sydney Morning Herald December 6,

1847 p.2

There were some more disgraceful scenes enacted In the public

streets [of Geelong] yesterday, arising out of the open-air

preaching of the Beardies, or Wroeites*. Two open breaches of

the peace were committed - one party getting a black eye, and

the other a broken mouth. Dead rats, mud, and even stones,

were thrown at the members of that sect, and a most

disgusting Sunday broil resulted. The Argus July 8, 1863 p.6

*Zealous followers of self-proclaimed Yorkshire prophet John Wroe, who

had died earlier in February 1863 in Melbourne. His followers still exist,

calling themselves Christian Israelites.

Some idea may be formed of the state of our roads in the interior,

when we mention that two drays came into town, yesterday after-

noon, with average loads, each dray having fourteen bullocks yoked.

The drivers informed us that, even with this unusual draught power,

they experienced much difficulty in bringing their teams into town.

The cattle exhibited the appearance of having been drawing belly

deep through mud and water. Geelong Advertiser July 27, 1849

The majority of the shopkeepers in Geelong wish to allow their

assistants some chance of needful recreation by closing at 7 p.m.,

but there are three dissentients who hinder the act of grace, and

against these the shopmen have appealed to the public. South Australian Register, November 13, 1847 p.3

10

1855—1880 Edward (Ned) Kelly, was born in June 1855 at Beveridge, Victoria. He was the eldest son of John (Red) Kelly and his wife Ellen (nee Quinn)*. At eleven years of age Ned’s father died. Ellen Kelly and her seven children (aged 18 months to 13 years old) moved to a hut at Eleven Mile Creek, about half-way between Greta and Glenrowan in northern Victoria. Becoming well known to the police in the district, the Kellys, Quinns and other relatives, were suspected of stealing horses and cattle. In 1870 Ned, now aged 15, was convicted of a summary of offences and impris-oned for six months. Soon after release he was then sentenced to three years for receiving a stolen mare. After he was discharged from prison in 1874 Kelly worked for two years as a timber-cutter but in 1876 joined his new stepfather, George King, in stealing horses. Although the Kelly family saw themselves as victims of police persecution, the Kelly boys were undoubtedly affected by the lack of respect for authority shown by their mother, other relatives and criminal elements around them. Long-suffering honest members of their community became regular victims of Kelly misbehaviour. It was only a matter of time before further illegal activities brought the attention of the police. Ned’s brother Dan (1861-1880), was sentenced to three months imprison-ment in 1877 for damaging property, and soon after his release in 1878 a warrant was issued for his arrest for stealing horses. On April 15, 1878 a police trooper by the name of Fitzpatrick went to Mrs Kelly’s home to arrest Dan. Fitzpatrick then claimed that Ned Kelly shot him, although Ned was allegedly not there at the time. The true facts have never been satisfacto-rily established. Mrs Kelly, her son-in-law, William Skillion, and a neighbour, William Williamson, were arrested and charged with aiding and abetting the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick. The Kelly Gang Rewards of £100 were offered for the apprehension of Ned and Dan Kelly, who went into hiding in the Wombat Ranges near Mansfield. They were then joined by friends Joe Byrne and Steve Hart. On November 15, 1878 the Victorian govern-ment issued a Proclamation of Outlawry and offered rewards of £500 each for the members of the Kelly gang—dead or alive! On December 9, the Kelly gang stormed a sheep station at Faithfull’s Creek, about 6km out of Euroa, locking up 22 persons in a store-room. While Byrne guarded the captives, the other three went to Euroa and held up the National Bank, taking £2000 in notes and gold. The reward for their capture was doubled.

*For Ellen Kelly’s life story see the Jillong Pocket: January 2011 edition, page 20.

11

On February 8, 1879, the gang struck again, but this time at Jerilderie, a town about 48km north of the Murray River. They locked up two policemen and took possession of the police station. Wearing the police uniforms, they held up the Bank of New South Wales for £2141 in notes and gold. The Glenrowan Shoot-out The Kelly Gang arrived in Glenrowan on June 27, 1879 equipped with armour that was tough enough to repel bullets. They forcibly took about seventy hostages at the Glenrowan Inn. The gang knew that a passenger train carrying a police detachment was on its way and ordered that the rail tracks be pulled up hoping to cause the train’s derailment. However, the attempt failed when schoolmaster Thomas Curnow convinced Ned to let him go. As soon as he was released he alerted the authorities. The police then stopped the train before it derailed and laid siege to the inn at dawn on June 28. Police testimony disagrees with that of Kelly as to who fired first. Superintendent Hare stated that at least 5 shots were fired at police before they returned fire. Kelly testified in court that he was dismounting from his horse when a bolt of his armour failed. While he was fixing the bolt the police fired two volleys into the inn. Kelly claimed that as he walked towards the inn the police fired a third volley with the result that one bullet hit him in the foot and another in the left arm. It was at that moment he claimed his gang began returning fire. Kelly now walked in what the police called a “lurching motion” towards them from 30 meters away. Because of the restrictions of his armour, and now being able to only hold his rifle in one hand, he had to hold the rifle at arm’s length to fire, and claimed he fired randomly, two shots to the front and two shots to the left. Consta-ble Arthur fired three times, hitting Ned once in the helmet and twice in his body, but despite staggering from the impacts he continued to advance. Constables Phillips and Healy then fired with similar effect. Kelly’s lower limbs were unpro-tected, and when 15 meters from the police line he was shot repeatedly in the legs. As he fell he was hit by a shotgun blast that had injured his hip and right hand. The End Despite strong agitation for a reprieve, Kelly was hanged at the Melbourne gaol on November 11, 1880. His mother came to see him before his execution. He met his end without fear. Reportedly, his final words were “Such is Life.”

The Kelly Gang Armour All four suits consisted of a breast-plate, back-plate and

a helmet. Joe Byrne’s suit was the only one without an

apron to protect the groin and thighs, and as a result he

died from a shot to the groin. Ned’s suit was the only

one to have an apron at the back. All four men wore

dustcoats over the armour. Each man’s armour weighed

about 45 kg.

12

The Early Days Founded in November 1838 the Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) initially played at a number of different sites around Melbourne. One site was ear-

marked for Botanical Gardens, another was subject to regular flooding from the Yarra River, and a third was abandoned after being claimed for a railway expansion.

Finally, in 1853 the MCC selected the current site after Governor La Trobe offered it to them as one of three choices. Before being taken over by the MCC, Yarra Park as it is called, was used by the aborigi-nes up until 1835. From 1835 until 1853 it was used as a paddock to feed trooper horses.

Grandstanding The first grandstand at the MCG was the original wooden members stand built in 1854, while the first public grandstand was a 200m long 6000-seat temporary structure built in 1861. Another grandstand seating 2000 and facing one way to the cricket ground and the other way to the park where football was played, was built in 1876 for the 1877 visit of the English cricket team. It was during this tour that the first Ashes Test Match was played. In 1881 the original members stand was sold to the Richmond Cricket Club for £55. A new brick stand, considered at the time to be the world’s finest cricket facility, was built in its

MCG in 1864

The highest attendance at the MCG was around

130,000 for a Billy Graham evangelistic crusade in

1959, followed by 121,696 for the 1970 VFL Grand

Final when Carlton defeated Collingwood.

13

place. It was also in 1881 that a telephone was installed at the ground, and the wickets and goal posts were changed from an east-west orientation to north-south. In 1882 a scoreboard was built which showed details of the batsman's name and how he was dismissed.

In 1927 the second brick members stand was replaced at a cost of £60,000. The Southern Stand was then added in 1937. It was in this stand that the famous Bay 13 was located.

The MCG became home to Australia’s first full colour video scoreboard in 1982. In 1985 light towers were installed at the ground, allowing for night football and day-night cricket games

In 1988 inspections of the old Southern Stand found concrete cancer and thus needed to be replaced. The new Great Southern Stand was completed in 1992 at a

final cost of $150 million. The 1928 Members' stand, as well as the 1956 Olympic stand and the 1968 Ponsford stand were demolished one by one between late 2003 to 2005. They were replaced in time for Melbourne to host the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Redevelopments have now limited the maximum seating capacity to just over 100,000. This makes it the tenth largest stadium in the world.

The MCG holds the world record for the highest light towers at any

sporting venue.

The MCG and Australian Rules Football Although the Melbourne Cricket Club members were instrumental in founding

Australian football, there were understandable concerns in the early days about

the damage that might be done to the playing surface if football was allowed to

be played at the MCG - after all it was a cricket ground. Therefore, football

games were often played in the parklands next to the cricket ground.

It wasn’t until 1869 that football was played on the MCG proper, even though it

was only a trial game involving a police team. It was not for another 10 years, in

1879, after the formation of the Victorian Football Association, that the first

official match was played on the MCG and the cricket ground itself became a

regular venue for football. Night matches were even played that year using

specially erected light towers.

The first of nearly 2200 Victorian Football League/Australian Football League

games to be played at the MCG was on May 15, 1897 with Melbourne 9.10.64

defeating Geelong 3.1.19.

The famous Bay 13

14

1864—1941 Andrew Barton ―Banjo‖ Paterson was an Australian bush poet, journalist

and author. He wrote many ballads and poems about Australian life,

focusing particularly on the rural and outback areas, including the district around Binalong, New South Wales where he spent much of his childhood.

Paterson’s more notable poems include ―Waltzing Matilda,‖ ―The Man from Snowy River‖ and ―Clancy of the Overflow.‖

The Early Years

Banjo Paterson was born at the property ―Narrambla,‖ near Orange, New South Wales. He was the eldest son of Andrew

Bogle Paterson, a Scottish immigrant from Lanarkshire and

Australian-born Rose Isabella Barton, related to the future inaugural Prime Minister of Australia Edmund Barton. The

family moved to the isolated Buckinbah Station in the Monaro District until his father lost his wool clip in a flood and was

forced to sell up. Then, when Paterson’s uncle died, his family took over the uncle’s farm in Illalong, located 5km (3 miles)

from Binalong and close to the main route (Hume Highway)

between Melbourne and Sydney.

Bullock teams, Cobb and Co. coaches and drovers were famil-iar sights to the young, impressionable Paterson. He also

witnessed horsemen from the Murrumbidgee River and Snowy Mountains country take part in picnic races and polo matches,

which led to his fondness of horses and inspired his writings.

Paterson’s early education came from a governess, but at age 5 when he was able to ride a pony, he was taught at the bush Primary

School at Binalong. Five years later in 1874 he

was sent to Sydney Grammar School, performing well both as a student and a

sportsman. At this time, he lived with his grandmother in the suburb of Gladesville.

A Solicitor and Poet

After completing school at 16, Paterson started work for a Sydney firm of solicitors,

Spain and Salway. He was admitted as a

solicitor in 1886 and formed the legal partner-

Binalong

Binalong is located 37km north-west of Yass in NSW.

15

ship, Street and Paterson.

During these years Paterson began publishing verse in

the Bulletin and Sydney Mail. Paterson’s poems

mostly presented a highly

romantic view of rural Australia. His work is often compared to the prose of Henry Lawson, a contemporary of Paterson’s.

Popular poems ―The Man from Snowy River,‖ (which inspired a

movie in 1982 and a TV series in the 1990s), and ―Clancy of the Overflow,‖ (the tale of a Queensland drover) were pub-

lished in the 1880’s. Banjo Paterson’s poem ―Waltzing Matilda,‖ was published in 1895 and later set to music. It has

became one of Australia’s most famous songs. In 1905 he

published a collection of bush ballads entitled Old Bush Songs. Copies sold out quickly. In fact, in his heyday at the end of the

nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth, Paterson was second only to Rudyard Kipling in popularity among living

poets writing in English.

In 1902 Banjo left the legal profession, and sought work as a journalist and war correspondent. All this time, he continued

to write poetry. In 1903 he married Alice Walker in

Tenterfield. Their first home was in Woollahra, Sydney. The Patersons had two children, Grace born in 1904 and Hugh

born in 1906.

In Later Years During World War I Paterson sailed to Europe hoping for an

appointment as war correspondent. Instead, during the course of the war he was attached as an ambulance driver to the

Australian Voluntary Hospital in France and was commissioned to the 2nd

Remount Unit of the AIF. He was eventually promoted to Major. At the end of the war he returned to

journalism, finally retiring in 1930.

Paterson died of a heart attack in Sydney on February 5, 1941 aged

76. Paterson’s grave, along with that of his wife, is in the Northern

Suburbs Memorial Gardens and

Crematorium, Sydney.

Why is Paterson’s nickname ―Banjo‖? It was a name Paterson chose for himself. In 1885, Paterson began publishing his poetry in

the Sydney edition of The Bulletin under the pseudonym of "The Banjo", the name of a

favourite horse.

Banjo Paterson’s reputation as an Australian icon is celebrated on the Australian $10 note.

16

SAVING/LOSING FACE The noble ladies and gentlemen of the late 1700s wore much makeup to impress each other. Since they rarely bathed, the makeup would get thicker and thicker. If they sat too close to the heat of the fireplace, the makeup would start to melt. If that happened, a servant would move the screen in front of the fireplace to block the heat, so they wouldn't "lose face." COLD ENOUGH TO FREEZE THE BALLS OFF A BRASS MONKEY On war ships the cannon balls were of iron and the plate they were stacked on beside the cannon was made of brass, the plate was known as a monkey. In extreme cold the two metals would contract differently and the iron balls would fall off the monkey. DEAD AS A DOOR NAIL Nails were once hand-tooled and costly. When someone tore down an aging cabin or barn he would salvage the nails so he could re-use them in later construction. When building a door, however, carpen-ters often drove the nail through then bent it over on the other end so it couldn't work its way out. When it came time to salvage, these bent "door nails" were considered useless or "dead." GETTING NAILED A few centuries ago in Britain, 'justice' was meted out mostly by hanging or flogging. However there were some crimes for which you could be 'nailed' for. For these crimes you would be taken to the hangman's gibbet and nailed through the earlobe until night. You had two options: you could either stand all day, nailed to the scaffold or else tear your ear from the nail. Women could also be nailed through the tongue for spreading malicious gossip.

*For more “Origins of English Sayings” see the website: www.goodwords.com/sayings

17

IN THE LIMELIGHT In the 1800s/early 1900s the spot lights used in theatres were created by burning lime in an oil or gas flame. The colour of this light (of course) was a little green. People who were getting a lot of attention were said to be “in the Lime-light.” SAVED BY THE BELL When our ancestors realized that they were burying a great deal

of people before their time had actually come, they came up with

a solution. They tied a string onto the "dead" person's hand,

buried them, and tied the other end of the string to a bell and

then tied it to nearby tree branch. If the person revived enough

to ring the bell, people would

rush out and dig them up.

Hence... "saved by the bell"

This is also the origin of the

term “Graveyard Shift.” The

person from the mortuary who

was assigned the task of sitting

at the new gravesite to listen

for the bell to ring was said to

be “working the Graveyard

Shift.”

SCREW (PRISON GUARD) In Britain it is a prison term for a guard. Around a century ago it was common to give convicts pointless tasks like smashing rocks, digging holes and then filling them in or walking on treadmills. One ingenious device was a handle attached to a wheel with cups around the edge. As the handle was turned, the cups would scoop sand from the bottom and tip out back at the top. In many prisons each cell had one on the wall. The machine had a counter and each prisoner was given a set number of revolutions to complete per day. If a prison guard wanted to make life hard for a prisoner, he would use a key to turn a screw on the machine which increased the drag of the wheel. In time these prison officers became known as screws.

18

FACTS: Category - 5

Cyclone eye: 35km across Main body: 500km across

Associated weather: 2000km Maximum wind speed - 290kmph Yasi began as a tropical low off Fiji,

3,500 kilometres east of Australia in

late January 2011, and intensified to a

severe Tropical Cyclone as it swept

across the Coral Sea.

Yasi became the most powerful

cyclone to hit Australia in a century.

The cyclone caused coastal storm

surges of more than six metres.

Yasi hit the Australian coast at around

midnight on Wednesday, February 3,

2011 at Mission Beach, between the cities of Innisfail and

Cardwell in Queensland.

Tropical Cyclone Winds Typical effects

Category 1 Strongest gust

less than 125 km/h

Negligible house damage. Damage to

some crops, trees and caravans. Craft

may drag moorings.

Category 2 Strongest gust

125 - 170 km/h

Minor house damage. Significant dam-

age to signs, trees and caravans. Heavy

damage to some crops. Risk of power

failure. Small craft may break

moorings.

Category 3 Strongest gust

170 - 225 km/h

Some roof and structural damage.

Some caravans destroyed. Power

failure likely.

Category 4 Strongest gust

225 - 280 km/h

Significant roofing loss and structural

damage. Many caravans destroyed and

blown away. Dangerous airborne

debris. Widespread power failure.

Category 5 Strongest gust

More than 280 km/h

Extremely dangerous with widespread

destruction.

19

So, you think you know the rules of Australian Rules Football? Our questions on the rules published in the June edition of Jillong Pocket last year created much heated debate... so let’s do it again! How would you answer:

1. Apart from the blood rule, does a field umpire have authority to order a player off the field?

2. What does an umpire do if a player refuses to leave the field when requested?

3. Due to a variety of reasons play may have to be suspended and players leave the field until it is safe to return and continue the game. If play is unable to recommence within 30 minutes of being stopped no further play is permit-ted and the game is concluded. What happens if the game stops (a) before half-time? (b) after half-time?

4. After a behind has been scored a defender kicks the ball back into play from the goal square. Is he allowed to put his foot on the chalk line as he kicks the ball?

5. As the defender is about to kick-in after a behind has been scored, is an official from any team allowed inside the 50m arc at that same end of the ground?

Answers 1. A field umpire can order from the field any player wearing jewellery or any other

unapproved item. An interchange player can replace him and the player can come back onto the field after the offending item has been removed.

2. The field umpire warns the player that a free kick will be awarded against his team and that he may be reported if he does not leave the ground immediately. If he still refuses a free kick is awarded to the opposing team where the warning was given. If he continues to ignore the instruction to leave the ground he is to be reported for misconduct; the match immediately ends and his team forfeits the match to the opposing side.

3. (a) If the game stops before half-time the match is drawn and the points shared by both sides. (b) If the match is suspended after half-time the team that is in front on the scoreboard is deemed the winner. In both cases any points scored by the teams will be used to calculate percentage for/against averages.

4. No. His foot must be completely behind any of the lines that define the goal square. 5. Only medical staff attending an injured player are allowed inside the 50m arc if the

ball is being kicked back into play after a behind has been scored. Any other team official (e.g. Team Runners) inside the arc will incur a free kick being awarded to the opposing side from the back end of the centre square.

20

The Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), located on Portarlington Road in Moolap opened in 1985 at a cost of $185

million dollars.

Operated by the CSIRO*, the AAHL is a front line defence – helping to protect Australia from the threat of exotic and emerging animal diseases. AAHL plays a vital role in maintaining the health of Australia's livestock, aquaculture species and wildlife and ensuring the competitiveness of Australian agriculture and trade.

AAHL plays a vital role in maintaining Australia's capability to quickly diagnose exotic and emerging animal diseases, collectively known as emergency animal diseases.

AAHL also undertakes research to develop new diagnostic tests, vaccines and treatments for both exotic and endemic animal diseases of national importance. Major diseases of livestock, aquaculture animals, and wildlife, are all studied.

The facility is funded by the Australian Federal Government, via CSIRO and the Australian Federal Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. It is also generates revenue from industry organisations and commercial companies.

AAHL has produced new diagnostic tests, vaccines

and treatments for both exotic and endemic

animal diseases

*The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

21

The facility has seven national responsibilities: Diagnosis of emergency animal

diseases, which includes index case confirmation, national emergency response capability and use of accredited and validated tests.

Research and development. Supporting national surveillance

activities to improve animal disease risk management strate-gies.

Providing technical advice and support to the Australian Federal Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and other stakeholders, both nationally and internationally.

Training and education in support of pre-border, border and post-border quarantine.

Providing technological support to national and international networks of veterinary laboratories, including quality assurance.

Providing expert biosafety and biosecurity advice.

Equine Influenza*

An outbreak of equine influenza (EI) occurred in Australia in August 2007. EI is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease that can cause rapidly spreading outbreaks of respiratory distress in horses, donkeys, mules and other equine species. The disease is not generally fatal to horses, however fatalities may occur in old or infirm horses or young foals. Equine influenza poses no threat to people, however it can be spread from horse to horse via contaminated people and clothing. If EI were to become established in Australia it would have a major, ongoing impact on the country’s multi-billion dollar horse racing and recreational industry.

When discovered here in 2007 EI was an exotic disease to Australia, meaning it had never been present here before. It proved to be the largest exotic animal disease event in Australian history. The AAHL played a central role in helping to eradicate it from the country. On June 30, 2008, Australia was able to declare itself officially free from the disease because no new cases had been found in six months.

*Commonly called ‘horse flu’.

22

In the 1830s, when Europeans first settled in the Geelong region, the Barwon River was identified as a possible source of drinking water. Unfortunately, its quality was poor. The river was influenced by tidal activity and was brackish and muddy upstream as far as Buckley Falls. The situation improved when the breakwater was built by convict labour in 1841. However, as a result of the growing population, the Barwon River, as well as Corio Bay became polluted by industrial and domestic sewage by the 1850s. Geelong's first reticulated (grid or network) water supply came on-stream on September 11, 1873, from Stony Creek Reservoir in the Brisbane Ranges. In 1929 Geelong's water resources were greatly enhanced when the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission began supplying the Bellarine Peninsula with water from the Barwon River. The system incorporated an earthen channel from the Barwon River near Forrest to a new storage reservoir at Wurdee Boluc and an earthen channel to Waurn Ponds. Wurdee Boluc Reservoir was enlarged in 1956 and a new reservoir, West Barwon, was built near Forrest in 1964. The Wurdee Boluc water treatment plant was commissioned in 1990 and the reservoir enlarged to 40,000 million litres. Currently, plans are underway for a pipeline connecting Geelong's water supply grid with Melbourne's, thus linking Geelong with the new desalination plant being built at Wonthaggi which will supply 150 billion litres of water to Victorian users every year.

Geelong's first permanent water source, the Lower Stony Creek reservoir, in 1873

23

In 1908, the Victorian Government handed over its water supply role to the Geelong Municipal Waterworks Trust for £265,000. Two years later, the Trust's role expanded to include the collection and disposal of sewage and the Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust was formed. In 1916 the first home was connected to the sewerage system, and the system commenced operation in 1917. In 1923, the Colac Sewerage Authority was established and Colac became the first Victorian country town to be sewered in 1927. In 1964, the first trade waste agreements were signed that meant factories were no longer allowed to discharge waste into the Barwon River. In 1968, machines were built at Black Rock to break up sewage before discharge to sea. However, swimmers and surfers at nearby 13th beach constantly complained of swimming among raw sewerage with terrible odour. Finally, In 1989 the shoreline outfall at Black Rock was replaced by a screening plant and ocean outfall. The Black Rock sewage treatment plant was significantly upgraded in 1996 to include biological treatment of sewage, and the first agreement to provide recycled water (to a flower farm) was signed in 1997. In 2005 preliminary work began on a new plant adjacent the Black Rock facility to treat and recycle biosolids; a valuable by-product of sewage treatment. Currently, the biosolids drying plant is undergoing final commissioning of equipment and should be operating fully within the next few months.

Source: http://www.barwonwater.vic.gov.au/about/corporate/history

Black Rock Sewerage Treatment Plant

Dried biosolids make excellent fertiliser

24

“The comet has been visible here for the last few nights.” The Geelong Advertiser, June 5, 1861

The Great Comet of 1861 was a long-period comet that was visible to the naked eye for approximately 3 months. It was categorized as a Great Comet, one of eight sighted in the 19th Century. It was discovered by John Tebbutt of Windsor, New South Wales, Australia, on May 13, 1861, a month before it reached its nearest point to the sun (June 11). It was not visible in the Northern Hemisphere until June 29. The comet of 1861 interacted with the Earth in an almost unprecedented way. For two days, when the comet was at its closest (0.1326 AU*), the Earth was actually within the comet's tail, and streams of cometary material converg-ing towards the distant nucleus could be seen.

By day the comet's gas and dust even obscured the Sun. By the middle of August the comet was no longer visible to the naked eye, but it was visible in telescopes until May 1862. An elliptical orbit with a period of about 400 years was calculated, which would indicate a previous appearance about the middle of the 15th century, and a return in the 23rd century. As of 1992 this Great Comet had travelled more than 100 AU from the Sun, making it even further away than dwarf planet Eris. It will reach its furthest point from our sun in 2063.

*AU—Astronomical Unit. 1 AU = 150 million kilometres, the distance from Earth to the sun.

What is a comet? A comet is a ball of mostly ice that moves around the sun in a huge elliptical orbit. A comet's tail does not trail behind it, but points directly away from the Sun, because it is blown by the solar wind.

25

Zoo Animals Word Search

X D Z L A J M O N K E Y C S Z C H Z Y E

U P N I O S K A P Q X I F X V N W J L M

L A D V G Z D M I F D K L S V Z A Z S Y

E N D W I D U G H A K E K A N G A R O O

M Y Q R R H C I W U U A O N T V A E X E

A I F L A Y I F M Z B U Q P X S Q R W C

C Y N Y F Z U P K J A G Q M K F N O I L

F C L D F L I B P Y C D J X N R L A H U

B E A H E P W L U O U Y F N E A F M K J

E J E S K B K B M Z F R U S T R X T I E

T S S C R N M B A D A K U P E M T X B E

A Q R B E A R X R L E L E P H A N T P M

B E O O S T X R B O C A E V C D I A V O

E B X T H U L O E I Z N G K C I B O A L

A U U X R G D N Z D G V I R G L I G Q C

T I G E R N Y X R U I D N D N L Q L G F

I O S O L A T F I V G P H O I O Q R Y W

O V A C J R N N N O B D S S Y Q K P K A

X T A O Q O M K A D O L P H I N O K J C

R L V D W B W T U K N C Q J T M V Z Z D

APE

ARMADILLO

BAT

BEAR

CAMEL

DOLPHIN

ELEPHANT

GIRAFFE

GOAT

HIPPO

HORSE

KANGAROO

LION

LIZARD

MONKEY

ORANGUTAN

PENGUIN

SEAL

SNAKE

SPIDER

TIGER

ZEBRA

26

Hera was the wife and one of three sisters of

Zeus in the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology. She was described as the

most beautiful of the goddesses. Her chief function was as the goddess of women and

marriage. In Roman mythology, Juno was the equivalent mythical character. Hera’s mother

was Rhea and her father, Cronus. Her symbol

was the peacock.

The legitimate offspring of her union with Zeus are Ares (the god of war), Hebe (the

goddess of youth), Eris (the goddess of discord) and Eileithyia (goddess of childbirth). Enyo, a war goddess

responsible for the destruction of cities, is also mentioned as a daughter of Zeus and Hera.

Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature, most notably

against Zeus’s lovers and offspring, but also against mortals who crossed

her. For example, Paris offended her by choosing Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess, earning Hera’s hatred. Hera also hated the great hero

Heracles since he was the son of her husband Zeus and a mortal woman. When he was still an infant, she sent snakes to attack him in his crib.

Later she stirred up the Amazons against him when he was on one of his quests. On the other hand, Hera aided the hero Jason, who would never

have retrieved the Golden Fleece without her sponsorship.

Hera was worshipped throughout Greece, and her importance in early

Greek mythology is attested to by the large building projects undertaken in her honour. The temples of Hera in the two main centres of her cult,

the Heraion of Samos and the Heraion of Argos, were the very earliest monumental Greek temples constructed, in the 8th century BCE.

At Olympia, Hera’s seated cult figure was older than the warrior figure of

Zeus that accompanied it. Zeus is often called Zeus Heraios ―Zeus, (consort) of Hera.‖

This Goddess continued to be worshipped in some form down into

historical times. Her worship is sometimes described as a ―fertility cult.‖

27

Geelong– 150 years ago this month

“The crime of perjury is becoming

terribly frequent at the police-office,

and the magistrates should certainly

exert to the utmost any authority that they

may possess to check it.

Week after week—sometimes day after day—

the most reckless swearing is indulged in; and

as no attempt is ever made by the Bench to

check it, those parties who feel inclined to

sacrifice their oaths seem to begin to view false swearing as a

very ordinary and commonplace affair. Their consciences being

very easily appeased, and no

punishment being ever inflicted

for the offence, their proneness to

shield themselves or their friends

at the expense of the truth is

indulged in to the fullest extent.

(The Argus: Thursday, May 9, 1861 p.7)

During the last summer, ... meat had been sold freely at

Geelong, of the best quality, at 3½d. and 4d. per lb., while in

Melbourne and Ballarat it had reached as high as 6d. and 7d.*

(The Argus: Wednesday, May 29, 1861 p.7) *Today 3½d/lb. = approximately 8c/kg while 7d/lb. = 16c/kg.

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future brochures within the Geelong area please write to: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre.

Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000

I know

I did it!

It wasn’t

me, Your

Honour!

28

Malop Street

The modernisation of Geelong’s retail sector is clearly seen with the comparison of these two photographs. The recently completed Westfield Shopping Centre now dominates the street scene providing air-conditioned comfort for shoppers instead of the dusty streets of 145 years ago.

1866

E. de Balk. Alfred Deakin Prime Ministerial Library