the Association of postgraduate of the UN, said that they were interes-ted in cooperating in the project that will allow students to have a place to conduct their practices and recover the school of integral formation3. 

The Santa Rosa Clinic will begin functioning in about 10 years, if the first phase of structural reinforce-ment advances advance on time said the dean of Medicine (Carlos Alberto Agudelo).

Finally agreements should have prio-rity for public universities first that the private institutions should regula-te the outsourcing of services, imple-ment politics create better conditions of the students and should be a prac-tice sites guaranteed for the univer-sity students from all areas of health, from a high quality public education and reinforcement of knowledge.

3 take from: Propuestas para el Hospital Universitario de la UN Bo-gotá D.C., dic. 12 de 2011 - Agencia de Noticias UN-Publicación de la Unidad de Medios de Comunicación-Unimedios- de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia

F or the last 12 years the Clinic Carlos Lleras has been the principal center of prac-

tice for the students of Medicine, some services were partiality closed (by a bad administration and a stu-dents’ strike, the clinic was near to be closed definitively), but the area of urgency had been reopened on July of 2011, thanks to agreements obtai-ned between the Directive Meeting of the foundation San Carlos and members of the faculty of Medicine1. In that moment the agreement “Tea-ching- Service” was reactivated with the clinic. The attention started to be given through external consultation, surgery, intensive cares and urgencies. 

The Nacional de Colombia Universi-ty operates two types of models that allow the development of activities and is present in the district hospitals and other private net, where interns-hip practices for students of all pro-grams are conducted. The minimal model of teaching service association responds to the 2376 of 2010 Decree, which renewed the legal framework of such agreements. And a superior model of academic governance that is being constructed applies to insti-tutions whose facilities are owned by the UN2.

The students protest because they don´t have a university hospital of 1 take from: Crisis del sistema de salud afecta hospitales universitarios Bogotá D.C., jul. 19 de 2011 - Agencia de Noticias UN - Publicación de la Unidad de Medios de Comunicación -Unimedios- de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia

2 take from: Clínica propia de la UN abrirá sus puertas en diez meses Bogotá D.C., feb. 10 de 2012 - Agencia de Noticias UN- Publi-cación de la Unidad de Medios de Comunicación-Unimedios- de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia

their own. The San Juan de Dios was closed since1999; from that moment the UN had to find agreements, helping to cover the situation in the few centers for practices of students of some programs of health at the Nacional de Colombia University, the situation got worse when the Clinic Carlos Lleras closed its services. It is showing a crisis on the Colom-bian system of health. Moisés Was-serman, the (back then) university’s rector, said that the clinic was affec-ted by the lack of money, it is just

IS IT POSSIBLE FOR THE “UN” TO FINALLY HAVE A

HOSPITAL OF ITS OWN?

Clinica Santa Rosa new space for the practices. Picture Unimedios

Caja de Prevención Nacional see of the hospital UN. Picture Unimedios

Structural reinforcement Clinica Santa Rosa. Picture Unimedios

part of the difficulties the Colom-bian health system has. It is causing damage to the public net of hospitals in Bogota and the medical centers in others cities.

The Nacional de Colombia Univer-sity has been doing big efforts. It is getting resources with the purpose of having its own university hospi-tal. With the incomes, the universi-ty bought the building of the Santa Rosa Clinic (of “La Caja de Preven-ción Nacional”) in 2005. An action plan was designed for the Clinic, but the money and resources are too many and they include expenses like cons-truction and operation, and the ins-titution simply cannot assume them.

In a meeting among the directi-ves, leader students and presidents of sector organization, the president of the National Academy of Colom-bian Medicine, and the president of

EDITORIAL

SCIENCE

GREEN CHEMISTRYStephanie Segura

COOLING THE ARCTICJuan David Bruce, Camilo Bello

WHAT HAS BEEN HAPPENING IN PHYSICS? AN EASY-TO-UNDERSTAND TIMELINE IN PHYSICSAlejandro Riascos

PHEROMONES IN HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIORAngélica Bustos.

LANGUAGE

THE FRENCH’S CLICHÉS… JE PARLE FRANÇAISAndrea Correa.

LIVING EXPERIENCE

ALICIA ORJUELA, A VISION OF SERVICEJuan Carlos Soto.

THE WOMAN AND THE NOBEL PRIZESNorberto Vera.

SPORTS

SUPER BOWLMateo Romero, Christian Castiblanco.

MORE THAN ONE OPPORTUNITY FOR LONDONLaura León

MUSICTHE BEBOP MORE THAN A STYLE Andrés Álvarez.TWO NEW PIANOS FOR THE UN Jhon Jairo Benavides.

JAZZ, MORE THAN MUSIC, ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK THE WORLDBrian Gómez.

CONCERT REVIEWJuliana Segura.

COLOMBIA LET'S GO CONCERT Estefanía Murcia.

ENTERTEIMENT

FILM REVIEWFabian Sarmiento.ORIGAMI: THE ART OF CREATING WITH PAPERAndrés Ramírez.

COMIC BOOKS AND LANGUAGEJuan Dávila.

ON THE THEATRE FESTIVALNatalia Ruiz

Laura Herrera & Ingrid Gúzman

SUMMARY

2

T he meeting of cultures from different points of view leads to the  growth of knowled-

ge and helps us  to get a better un-derstanding of how the world works. It also encourages us to accept  and value differences  on each person; although  with  very different quali-ties are always important and deserve to be heard and taken into account.

The intensive English class IV is part of the curriculum of National Uni-versity students. Each of us has come from a different faculty with diverse worldviews, but we all are united by a necessity or for the pleasure of lear-ning a second language.

It is very gratifying to have a space where besides learning English, you

Editorialcan meet people from other places. This is an interdisciplinary and inter-cultural meeting place.

Several students in  the areas of science, art, engineering, linguis-tics, medicine, design, writing, film, architecture, psychology, sociolo-gy, anthropology  and some more meet, creating  the  opportunity to discuss their  views on  a topic of their profession.

Discussions of the physics about the time traveling, talking about religion, telling jokes that are not fun, but you get infectious laugh because laughter from your partner’s side. It is comfor-table that the four days a week at 7:00 a.m. to learn English becomes an in-

tercultural and interdisciplinary space that transcends academics.

However, we would like to go further involving all the students at National University into the second language through a regular multidisciplinary publication. We all need an opened English publication that regards the fields of knowledge which everybody will able to access. Students, profes-sors, workers and the community in general will able to take part of this compiled information that matters to everyone.

This is a call to action. Let’s work to-gether in order to get it!

C hemistry has been a source of convenience and comfort for the human being. Somehow,

when giving rise to the various pro-ducts that each day simplify and do pleasant our life, it has won good part of the credit for the improvement of the standard of life that we enjoy today.

Previously it was considered that the technological development implied an environmental cost and a poten-tial danger for the earth. In the same way, people were not aware of the possibility of the depletion of natural resources used like raw materials for the production processes. Another problem was the inadequate disposi-tion of waste to air, water and soil.

The green chemistry is focused on the decrease or the elimination of the use of toxic chemical products and the recycling all the waste matter produ-

ced by the technological advance, in a creative way having a minimal impact on the human beings and on the en-vironment, without sacrificing the science and technology.

There are 12 principles of the green chemistry, published originally for Paul Anastas and John Warner in the book “Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice” (Oxford University Press, New York, 1998), showing how to use this kind of science:

1. Prevents waste matter2. Designs reagents and chemical products safer.3. Designs chemical synthesis less dangerous.4. Uses renewable raw materials.5. Uses catalysts accelerating the reactions.6. Avoids the chemical by-products.7. Increases the atomic economy.

8. Uses solvents and reaction condi-tions safer.9. Improves energy efficiency.10. Designs reagents to examine and to process a reaction’s products.11. Analyzes in real time to prevent the contamination.12. Minimizes the potential of accidents.

At present our planet is suffering many dangerous changes because of the contamination and the abuse of its natural resources. Therefore we need to think about any way not to increase this problem and the green chemistry is a very good option because of its ecological and econo-mic way to do science.

Stephanie Segura

Karina Castro & Felipe Rocha

The green chemistry is focused on the decrease or the elimination of the use of toxic chemical

products and the recycling all the waste matter produced by the technological advance

3

Figure 1 - refrigerating towers.

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Juan David Bruce & Camilo Bello

Cooling the Arctic

A rctic smelting could cause the emission of methane gas, a threat that worries

Scientists and that a British engi-neer wants to prevent by constructing refrigerating towers that decrea-se the temperature of the region. Several scientific studies have tried to measure the impact that the release of methane could cause on the atmos-phere. Methane gas is 26 times more contaminant than carbon dioxide.

In a reunion among the members of the Britain parliament, a group of experts, including one of the best engineers graduated from the Edin-burg University, (Stephen Salter) considered this threat as a “planetary emergency”

Salter proposed the construction of hundred refrigerating towers that will emit marine water to the atmos-phere, in order to decrease the tem-perature. Salter had already proposed a similar system on boats, but now he thinks the situation is so critical that the construction of those boats will take too much time (figure 1). 

The most appropriate place for its construction would be the Feroe islands or another archipelago between Siberia and Alaska. 

In summer time, these ten-meter towers and kept working with re-newable energy would spray salted water into the current of air and the residue of salt would be displaced in

the interior of the clouds in a few hours.

The process is based on the idea of refreshing the environment through the “whitening of clouds”. In other words, the objective is to emit salt water drops in the clouds to make them whiter and help them reflect the sunbeams better (figure 2).

In 2011, the regions of the Arctic re-gistered the highest temperatures in the last fifty years, between 3 and 4 degrees above the annual media ac-cording to the institute of investiga-tion of the arctic and Antarctica.   

However, the reduction of total mass ice has been worrying scien-tists that currently is 55% compared to the average for the 80 and 90 of the last century. The use of enginee-ring to maintain the Earth’s tempe-rature under control is a controversial topic between the scientists’ commu-nities, because some experts argue that it could aggravate the problem. Figure 2 - Eplanation of the model.

The critics argue that Salter’s propo-sal would cause the opposite effect to be achieved, if the size of droplets is miscalculated.

However, Salter hopes that the inves-tigation of different climate models helps identify the risks. “None of the potential risks of the towers is worse than the release of methane. So, that what we’re trying to do is to return temperatures and ice cover to levels as they used to be, by materials that are already there in many quantities but in different sizes.” defended the engineer.

Moreover, “if something unexpected happens, we would be able to stop the process and reverse the situation in a few days,” said Salter, who has esti-mated that the towers would repre-sent an approximate cost of 200,000 pounds (240,000 Euros) and that, they would be ready in a year and half after obtaining this budget.

Source: El Sol Diary

Wikipedia (Methane)

What has been happening in Physics? An easy-to-understand timeline in physics

T he Philosophiæ naturali, like Newton called physics 500 years before, is the science

whose purpose is to understand every phenomena of the universe, from the smallest to the largest existing thing and sees how these have been deve-loped in time.

Many times physics is explained in a parallel way to history. And it has not been worthless, this has an objec-tive. The idea is to help the student to better understand the science, and it is natural, because it is easier to learn physics meanwhile the student learns the discoveries inside history itself.

The Greeks were the first who asked about their own origin and their lo-cation in the universe. They obser-ved the stars, the planets, the sun and the moon to determine their move-

ment. After that, the large period of the obscurantism came where pri-mordially the catholic and Chris-tianity reigned for about a thousand years (400 to 1400 after Christ), and the science, mainly physics, remained on a second level of importance.

Then, in the renaissance, again the art and science took a new force. Many discoveries and stories passed. Among other things the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, the greatest works of William Shakes-peare, the music of Mozart and the birth of Galileo Galilei, our main character in physics.

Galileo, thought of as the father of physics, was the first scientist in history to measure the velocity and time of falling bodies. His studies attacked the catholic ideas of the

Alejandro Riascos

4

moment, and the Church accused him of heresy and Galileo had to refuse his “crazy ideas” in physics.

Meanwhile the Church kept losing its power, the same year Galileo died. Then, Sir Isaac Newton was born in England. He is the first se-mester nightmare for any freshman who studies physics, because he is the author of the three laws of mo-vement, and gravitation and it is very complex to get to an understanding of these laws. The gravitation was a big problem result in the moment but many phenomena couldn’t be resol-ved like the infinity velocity of pro-

pagation of gravitation but only until Albert Einstein could answer the problem.

1905 was considered the glorious year of physics because three articles were published by Einstein where three different problems in three fields of physics were resolved: Relativity, Statistical Mechanics, and Quantum Mechanics. In 1916 Albert finished the problem of gravitation and could explain the velocity of gravitation force. The General Relativity law is considered the best theory ever made. The level of complexity of the theory is notable. Only in 1920, 3 people un-

derstood it; at least that is what some historians claim.

Then around 1920 and 1930, the boom of quantum got importan-ce. The quantum’s effects never had had much importance before because these effects only appear when the di-mension of the system is really small, smaller than you could ever you imagine. The dimensions of quantum physics have to work in concordan-ce with h, the Planck constant, and its value is 6.6 X 10 -34 Js or if you prefer, 0.00000000000000000000000000000000066 so, this number is very small and the longitude compa-

rable to this number is 1 X 10 -10 m, or an Angstrom.

Crazy things appear in quantum me-chanics, and all of them are true, and these phenomena only exist at a small scale. On the other hand, the General Relativity explains the movements of big elements of matter like stars, su-pernovas, and black holes. However, the physicists are looking for one theory that can unify both theories: the quantum and general relativity.

As for now, while they do not find the theory, there will be more work for us.

M ost of the animals, spe-cially the nocturnal mammals, use the sense

of smell to find a location, food, a couple or a rival. Nevertheless, civili-zed human being doesn’t use the nose that much, at least not when he’s just walking in the city. However, it is not ridiculous at all to think that there are, somewhere else, other civiliza-tions which use only chemical subs-tances that they can smell or taste in order to communicate themselves. No matter how crazy this idea may sound, it might be considered as a valid theory.

As we can tell from behavior’s point of view, chemical sense has an essen-tial importance. It has been found that minimal behavior changes, espe-cially when they happen to members of gregarious species, depend, fre-quently on a quite big measure, on the chemical substances release,

which cause coordination reactions and guide their behavior patterns.

One of the coordinated systems of  chemical  interaction is called Pheromones.

Pheromones are airborne chemi-cal signals released by an individual which affect the behavior of other members from the same species. They are substances with low molecular weight and very volatile, also, they are strong stimulators which affect in small concentrations. The signal has a short time of action for their quickly degradation. According to the che-mical indicator, there are several action types: Alarm, aggregation, diffusion, synchronization, sexual at-traction, etc.

In human being, the sexual behavior depends on a wide variety of factors and, unlike inferior mammals, is in-dependent from hormonal changes. In the case of woman, she can co-pulate in any phase of her mens-trual cycle; maternal instinct can be shown even in absence of pregnan-cy or deliver. Human being, as any other animal, has a smell sense, but it is barely developed.

Long ago, the accepted theory affir-med that olfactory communication could happen only in a conscious level and just when the smell mole-cules (odorivectors) could reach a sa-turation level. However, recently it has been demonstrated that olfac-tory communication can happen in the unconscious level. A common example of this is when a mother identifies her children’s smell, who

Angélica Bustos

at the same time, could perceive and identify hers since the first week of age.

In 1976, Nature magazine published the results of a study, which showed that men find a woman’s smell more attractive when she is in the fertile time. The study showed too that men, who wore a shirt the whole day, could recognize it just by the smell of its sweat.

We can also relate these sensorial responses to the corporal language (defined as the group of signals sent with the body): if this corporal lan-guage exists, we can also talk about a sensorial language which can be cons-cious or unconscious and it is execu-ted trough the pheromones (chemical and sensorial signals).

Pheromones in Human Sexual Behavior

All these analyses take us to one question: if these olfactory respon-ses are natural and automatic, why does human being use perfumes? Currently, men and women, in every modern society, have the custom of using this product. Aren’t they sending chemical messages through this artificial smell?

Perfume industry continues sear-ching the most powerful perfume: the one which has a big impact on the opposite sex; even their names are related to imagine sexual sensations. Although sexual attraction is media-ted by the sense of sight, the big res-ponsibility relies on the pheromones, this unconscious and complex group of chemical signals that generates and strengthens the attraction.

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THE FRENCH’S CLICHÉS…

•  French people don’t agree at all with nobody, they’re supposed to be always in strike. We can think they are very lazy people. But that is false; they aren’t all the time in strike, so-metimes they also happen to be on vacations.

Andrea Correa.

•  A Good French always has that “French bread” on him and ham in the pocket.

•  France is the country of the human rights, the French are sweet but you have to be nice with them.

•  The basic uniform is the striped sweater and the beret of mime Marceau: if they want to perform a play of mime.

•  They like wearing a beret instead of a cap.

•  France’s First Ladies are supposed to have been top models one day.

•  The Camembert cheese is the basic element of their food.

•  The French TV series are failure, the Americans produced the best TV series ever.

•  The French ladies don’t shave their legs and armpits.

•  French remains the “tradi-tional manner” to say hello: at office, at home, with their parents, friends…

•  The French stink because they are not used to take showers.

in this section of your favorite newspaper « IMPISU », we learn French with our readers

Enjoy !!!! excuse-moi…. Profitez !!!!

JE PARLE FRANÇAIS

Andrea Correa.

Hello Hello (informal / to friends)

Goodmorning

Goodevening

How are you?

Fine thank you.

What is your name?

Bonjour (bohng-ZHOOR)

Bonjour. (bohng-ZHOOR)

Bonsoir. (bohng

SWAHR)

Bien, merci. (byahng, mehr-

SEE)

Je m'appelle ..... (zhuh mah-PEHLL......)

My name is...

Salut.

(sah-LUU)

Comment allez-vous? (kuh-mahng tah-lay

VOO?)

Comment vous appelez-vous?

(kuh-MAWNG vooz ah-puhll-ay VOO?)

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I n our life we always have some very important person. So, the person that I admire is a special

person, not just for me, but for the neighborhood where she lives too. Alicia is 65 years old, and she lives in La Dorada (Caldas). She has the ability, and the charisma to help and understand people. She has the strength to make the decisions when it is necessary. She is always happy to speak with people and enjoy the life around them.

Her good nature is good! She usually uses one phrase “You must show ha-ppiness, the storm is in you.”

She couldn’t study anything, because as a child, she needed to work a lot in the farm where she was living. Her hard childhood wasn't an obs-tacle for her to learn the basics, such reading, writing and basic mathema-tical operations.

Alicia Orjuela, a vision of service

Juan Carlos Soto

Norberto Vera

She likes to teach children everything she knows.

Also, some time ago, she took some courses and she took the tests to va-lidate her basic studies; after she applied to validate her middle and high school studies and for three years she was studying high school cycle on the night time. It was amazing when she reached her degree; she re-ceived ten of twelve possible honor mentions!

She is one small woman from one small country in one small town. She is my mother!

When I arrived at her house, people told me about the different activities that she has done. It was amazing the way she usually helps them.

I admire her effort for having the guts to live in a region like the region

where she lives, because the parami-litary and guerrilla groups have a big influence on this area. They usually have fights, little battles, close to town.

I admire her for her capacity to work, for her zest for life, for her helping people. Many times I’ve suggested her to leave the region, but she told my siblings and me that the possibi-lity for help exists; she will stay in this region!

She has a Dental Laboratory. With the profit from it she organizes parties or activities for the children during Halloween, Christmas, Saint Lucia and Saint Peter.

There are many reasons to admire her! I love her, so much! But also, I miss her!

The woman and the Nobel prizes

Marie Curie

The first woman rewarded with the Nobel prize of chemistry was Marie Curie. This already happened one century ago and, from then on, only other three women have received this important reward: French Irene Joliot Curie, British Dorothy Mary Crowford Hodgkin and Israeli Ada Yonath.

Irène Joliot-Curie

Since one believes the Nobel prize in 1901, they have been forty the women rewarded in all the catego-ries of this significant distinction. Only one of them, Marie Curie, was distinguished in two occasions. She was born in Warsaw in 1867. Marie Skodowska, she was married

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

with the French scientist Pierre Curie, she obtained the Nobel physics prize in 1903, together with her husband and Henri Be-cquerelle. Eight years later, in 1911, she received this reward again in the chemistry "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry

Ada E. Yonath

by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isola-tion of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this re-markable element" [1]. In 1935, her daughter Irene shared with her husband, Frederich Joliot Curie, they received this important prize "in re-cognition of their

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Super BowlMateo Romero & Christian Castiblanco

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

American football is a sport played between two teams of eleven with the objec-

tive of scoring points by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone. Known in the United States simply as football. But as simple as exciting it is that every single boy in the United States dream about being a football player, no matter the social class, the customs or the weather, football is the most popular sport In U.S.A.

Game's rules:

Football is played on a 360 by 160 feet field. The field is divided into 100 yards plus the end zones that have 10 yards each, each team consists of about 22 players (11 on defense, 11 on attack) . When a team is attac-king it has 4 attempts for advan-cing 10 yards toward the end zone of the opponent. While defending, the team has to prevent the other team's advance.

Football is a very physical sport but it is also about strategy and mana-ging the times of the team and this function is designed to the most im-portant positions while attacking the "quarterback", who is the only one who can pass the ball. The team mates of the quarterback can run with the ball or catch the quarterback passes trying to arrive to the end zone.

Football has also a lot of history; The Universities of Rutgers and Prince-ton played the first game of inter-collegiate football on 6th November 1869 on a ground where the present-day Rutgers gymnasium now stands in New Brunswick. N.J. Rutgers won that first game, 6-4.

The national football league (NFL) is divided into two conferences: Ameri-can conference and National confe-rence both with 16 teams, the all 32 teams face to qualify to the final of each conference and then, the Ame-rican conference's champion faces against the National conference's

champion. That final match is like the FIFA world cup final for the rest of the world and it is called Super bowl.

Super bowl is not only a final match, it is a day that paralyzes the Unites States; it is the second largest day in food consumption, after Thanksgi-

ving Day. Besides, super bowl is the most watched American television broadcast of the year, and it is also among the most watched sporting events in the world, to be more precise, it is placed in the second position behind UEFA champions league final match.

Entertainment has also an important place in Super Bowl, it is call Half-ti-me Super Bowl show with music, dance and lights. NFL always choose an important music star for singing in the half-ti-me super bowl, artists like

Michael Jackson, Madonna or Justin Timberlake have been part of this show.

For every team on NFL winning the Super Bowl does not mean only to win a championship, it also means that you have passed to the History. Individually, to play this match is a chance to reach the NFL's Hall of fame, to set a record and to be recog-nized throughout America.

There has been XLVI Super Bowls all full of show, passion, sometimes extreme weathers, and the most im-portant thing full of great players and great teams

The last Super Bowl was starred by New York Giants and the New England Patriots, the Giants beat the patriots, 21-17, it was a hard-fought match, full of passion and good plays. Eli Manning the New York Giants quarterback received the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award. It was the first time that this match was played in Indianapolis.

The top team NFL's teams of all time are:10. 1999 St. Louis Rams.

9. 1962 Green Bay Packers.8. 1991 Washington Redskins.

7. 1998 Denver Broncos.6. 1989 San Francisco 49ers.

5. 1992 Dallas Cowboys.4. 1972 Miami Dolphins.

3. 1997 Pittsburg Stealers.2. 2007 New England Patriots.

1. 1985 Chicago Bears.

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More in...

http://issuu.com/intensiveenglishI n 1908, the Olympian Interna-

tional Committee had decided that the official site of the

games of this year was going to be Rome, nevertheless, the eruption of the Mount Vesuvius volcano made them change their mind and decide to have them in the English capital. 40 years later, and only 3 years after the Second World War had finished, London assumes the challenge of or-ganizing the sports event once again. But, what relation can the games of 1948 have with those that are going to be celebrated on July 27th this year?

MORE THAN ONE OPPORTUNITY FOR LONDON Laura León

Beyond the sports thing, the orga-nization of the biggest sports event worldwide host demands big efforts on the part of the country. This year the budget, which every day increa-ses, ascends to $10.850 million, and it is destined for the construction not only of the sports scenes, but for the apartments that the different inter-national delega-tions will occupy during their par-ticipation. Never-theless, England, as the rest of the European Union at this moment there, confronts a strong econo-mic crisis, which makes its citi-zens to question the great expense that is doing to the construction of the Olympian Villa, getting to even think, that it is unnecessary.

A similar situation, but with diffe-rent results was lived by the end of WW II. the old continent was facing a costly process of reconstruction and

2012 is not the first time that

London is the official headquarters of the

Olympic Games.

an example of this was London, a city devastated by the bombardments, fires and other own misbehaviors of a warlike clash no country was in ap-titude to invest money in things that would not allow it to come back to normality. But, in spite of the diffi-culty of the epoch, England assumed the challenge of organizing the first

games after the War. With the exception of Wembley's stadium that was modified in 1948, the go-vernment didn’t spent money in any other sports scenario. The austerity was

such for this edition that the athletes who showed up for the competition slept in older and devastated trenches for the soldiers.

Let's centre our attention on Wembley, a stadium that in 1948 was extended in order to be able to receive 100.000 people. In 2002 it was

decided that this structure should be demolished and the construction of a new scene began and was finished in 2007. The new sports space not only possesses major capacity, but, it was an object of new works to highlight furthermore what we might say, it is the symbol of the English streng-th, at least as for the organization of Olympic Games concerns.

Returning to the great spectacle that we expect to enjoy in the summer of 2012, many see in this one great op-portunity for London to re-arise in the middle of important budget cuts measures adopted recently in the Eu-ropean country.

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http://issuu.com/intensiveenglish