U.S. II 5a; 1f, i

IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA

What is Imperialism:

• Practiced by European nations and Japan

throughout the 1800s and early 1900s. U.S,

Early 1900’s. In every case, a nation would

experience industrialization prior to practicing

imperialism on a foreign nation or region. This

was due to the nearly insatiable (always

needing) demand for cheap raw materials and

the need for markets to buy manufactured

(finished) goods.

AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE

IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA

• Throughout the 19th century America expanded control of the continent to the Pacific Ocean

• By 1880, many American leaders felt the U.S. should join European nations and establish colonies overseas

• Thus began America’s jump into Imperialism – the policy in which stronger industrialized nations take control over weaker nations

WHY IMPERIALISM?

1) Desire for Military strength – strong navy

2) Thirst for new markets – to raise economy & trade

3) Belief in Cultural Superiority – a belief that “Anglo-Saxons” were superior

4)Feed the machine, get raw materials-the Factories

Political Conflict

Imperialist

Argument

• Goal to get

colonies for raw

materials and

markets

• Establish a

strong presence

in Asia and Latin

America

Anti-Imperialist

Argument

• Violates right to

independence and

self-government of

countries

• Too costly

• Some Americans

did not want more

non-Europeans in

the U.S.

“We are raising more than we

can consume…. We are

making more than we can use.

Therefore, we must find new

markets for our produce, new

occupation for our capital, new

work for our labor.”

-- Senator Albert J. Beveridge

(Indiana), 1899

THE U.S. ACQUIRES

ALASKA

• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million

• Some thought it was a silly idea and called it “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly”

• Alaska is rich in timber, minerals, oil and gold.

Became a state on

January 3, 1959

U.S. TAKES HAWAII

• Hawaii had been economically important to Americans for centuries

• To avoid import taxes (tariffs), sugar growers pleaded for annexation (to join the U.S.)

• The U.S. knew the value of the Islands – they had built a naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887

• Led by Sanford Dole, American annexed Hawaii in 1898 and it formally became a state in 1959

Spanish American War

THE SPANISH AMERICAN

WAR

• America had long held an interest in Cuba

• When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in the late 19th century, American sympathy went out to the Cuban people

• After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba in 1886, Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar

Cuba is just 90 miles south

of Florida

CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR

INDEPENDENCE

• Anti-Spain feelings in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence

• Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895

• Marti deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention

Marti

WAR FEVER ESCALATES

• Newspaper

publishers William

Randolph Hearst

(New York Journal)

and Joseph Pulitzer

(New York World)

exaggerated

Spanish atrocities

and brutality in

“Headline Wars”

What was

Yellow

Journalism?

Exciting but

untrue stories

printed by a

newspaper to

attract more

readers and

sell more

newspapers

U.S.S MAINE EXPLODES

• Early in 1888, President McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba in order to bring home American citizens in danger

• On February 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana

• More than 260 men were killed

WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN

• There was no holding back those that wanted war with Spain

• Newspapers blamed the Spanish for bombing the U.S.S. Maine (recent investigations have shown it was a fire inside the Maine)

• “Remember the Maine!” became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba

Causes or Reasons for War

1. Protection of American business or

economic interests in Cuba

2. American support of Cuban rebels

to gain independence from Spain

3. The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in the

Havana Harbor of Cuba, raising

tensions between Spain and the U.S.

SO… under pressure

from American

public opinion,

President William

McKinley

declared war on

Spain in 1898

THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN

• A naval blockade

of Cuba was

followed by a land

invasion

highlighted by

Roosevelt’s Rough

Rider victory at

San Juan Hill

•17,000 troops were sent in wool with out-

dated weapons

•The “Rough Riders” took San Juan Hill

outside Santiago – led by Teddy Roosevelt

•They were a group of athletes, cowboys,

miners, etc.

The War in Cuba

Theodore Roosevelt was the leader of a

special army unit called the Rough

Riders.

With the help of the 10th Cavalry, they

defeated Spanish troops at the battle of

San Juan Hill.

The Spanish-

American

War was also

fought in the

Philippines…

THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

• U.S. forces surprised

Spain by attacking

the Spanish colony

of the Philippines.

• 11,000 Americans

joined forces with

Filipino rebel leader

Emilio Aguinaldo.

The United States attacked and

destroyed Spain’s Pacific fleet in the

Philippine Islands

THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

• By August, 1898

Spain had

surrendered to the

U.S. in Manila.

ACQUIRING NEW LANDS

• The U.S had to decide how to rule the new lands.

• Puerto Rico wanted their independence– but the U.S. had other plans.

• Puerto Rico was important to the U.S. strategically.

• The U.S. set up a civil government, full citizenship, and a bicameral system.

THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN

• The American

Navy destroyed

the Spanish fleet

and paved the way

for an invasion of

Puerto Rico

(Spanish colony).

…Now the

U.S. controls

the Pacific

island

of Guam

Puerto Rico

and the

Philippines.

NOTE: Puerto Rico & Guam remain

territories of the U.S. today.

U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF

PARIS

• The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war.”

• The war lasted only 16 weeks and 500 died.

• Cuba was now independent.

• U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and “buys” the Philippines for $20 million .

Treaty of Paris, 1898

CUBA AND THE UNITED

STATES • The Treaty of Paris granted

full independence to Cuba.

• The U.S signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment in 1903.

• Key features of “Platt” included the right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.

• Cuba had become a “protectorate” of the U.S.

Today, the U.S. has a

prison in Guantanamo

Bay, Cuba.

FILIPINOS REBEL

• Filipinos reacted with rage to the American annexation.

• Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vowed to fight for freedom and in 1899 he led a rebellion .

• The 3-year war claimed 20,000 Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and $400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S. paid for the land).

The United States was now seen as a

world power.

Remember the WAR

Causes

– U.S. SAW Cuba needed help

– U.S. SAW the Maine explode

– U.S. SAW Yellow Journalism

Effects/Results

U.S. SAW Guam, Puerto Rico and the

Philippines become ours

U.S. SAW Cuba independent

U.S. SAW World Power

AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER-

Their foreign policies

• Two events signaled America’s continued climb toward being the #1 world power

• 1) Roosevelt negotiated a settlement between Russia and Japan who had been at War – his successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize

• 2) Construction of Panama Canal

Economic interests and public opinion

often influenced U.S. involvement in

international affairs.

“Speak Softly and

Carry a Big Stick”

Panama Canal

• Begun by French in

1880s

• US purchased the

project for $40m from

the bankrupt French

canal company:

– gaining access to a

six mile wide canal

zone

THE PANAMA CANAL

Big Stick at Work

• By the early 20th century,

many Americans

understood the

advantages of a canal

through Panama.

• It would greatly reduce

travel times for

commercial and military

ships by providing a

short cut between the

Atlantic and Pacific

oceans.

“The shortcut”

BUILDING THE PANAMA

CANAL 1904-1914

• The French had already unsuccessfully attempted to build a canal through Panama

• America first had to help Panama win their independence from Colombia – which it did in 2 days

• Construction of the Canal stands as one of the greatest engineering feats of all-time

Cost- $380 million

Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died)

Time – Construction took 10 years

Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the canal,

which became sole property of Panama in the year 2000.

Roosevelt adds to the Monroe

Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine

• Europe stay out of our backyard

“the America’s” and we will stay

out of yours “Europe”

Roosevelt Corollary: We

acted as police.

Teddy Roosevelt-”Big Stick”

Diplomacy • Roosevelt Corollary (addition) to the

Monroe Doctrine (1904)

• Pres. Monroe said to Europe stay out of our backyard and we will stay out of yours. Teddy added we have the right to interfere in economic matters of the Americas.

• Roosevelt added the right of the U.S. to intervene in their backyard if security threatened. International POLICE

• Painted ships white, sailed around world

The United

States expanded

its interest in

world affairs…

Cuba gained independence from Spain.

The United States gained possession

of territories overseas…

• Guam

• Philippines

• Puerto Rico

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U.S. II 5a; 1f, i