his 122 ch 22 modern america & imperialism fall 2013
TRANSCRIPT
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MODERN AMERICA: CH 22SEIZING AN AMERICAN EMPIRE
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QUESTIONS???
• What motivated American’s “new imperialism”
• What was the role of religion as a motive for American territorial expansion?
• What were the causes of the war of 1898?
• What did America gain from the War of 1898?
• What were the main achievements of President Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy, “Speak softly and carry a big stick”?
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AMERICAN IMPERIALISM IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT• 2nd Industrial Revolution
• New markets
• Raw materials
• European Imperialism in Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, Spain• Africa
• Asia
• Missionaries• Bring Christianity and Civilization to inferior races around the world
• Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis by Josiah Strong (1885)• The Anglo-Saxon race embodied 2 great ideas
• Civil Liberty
• “a pure, Spiritual Christianity”
• Anglo Saxons ; “divinely commissioned to be, in a peculiar sense, “his brother’s keeper”
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NAVAL PRESENCE PARAMOUNT
• Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (1890)
• Modern Economic Development required:• Powerful navy
• Strong merchant marine
• Foreign commerce, colonies, naval bases
• American Destiny• Control the Caribbean
• Connect the Caribbean & Pacific Oceans with an isthmus canal
• Spread Western Civilization in the Pacific
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RACIAL SUPERIORITY AND IMPERIALISM
• Western Industrial nations including the U.S. used Social Darwinist arguments to justify economic exploitation and territorial conquest
• Among nations just as among individuals, only the fittest, survive
• Superior character of Anglo-Saxon peoples and institutions
• Protestant work ethic: reform the less civilized races through hard work and Christianity
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SECRETARY OF STATE WILLIAM SEWARD
• Believed that the U.S. had to remove all foreign interests from the northern Pacific Coast to gain access to valuable ports
• Sought to annex British Columbia
• Learned that Russia desired to sell Alaska in 1866
• Purchased Alaska for 7.2 million “Seward’s folly”
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SEWARD’S FOLLY
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HAWAII
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CHEAP LABOR IN HAWAII
• Sugar and Missionaries
• 1875: Reciprocal Agreement
• Hawaiian sugar was duty free
• Hawaii guaranteed that no other power would have access to its territory
• Hawaiian Minority by 1890
• McKinley Tariff of 1890 reimposed tariff on Hawaiian sugar and granted subsidy to sugar producers in the U.S.
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QUEEN LILIUOKALANI• 1891 attempted to overturn the existing Hawaiian Constitution and give
veto rights to the monarchy and voting rights to native Hawaiians
• 1893 American planters revolted and seized power
• U.S. Ambassador called in the marines to support the coup
• Planter’s committee called for annexation of Hawaii to the United States
• Blount Report commissioned by President Grover Cleveland found the coup was engineered illegally by American planters with help of the U.S. Ambassador
• December 18,1893 demanded the reinstatement of the Queen
• Provisional Government refused and Cleveland sent the issue to Congress
• Morgan Report of 1894 commissioned by the U.S. Senate found American planters innocent
• July 4, 1894 Republic of Hawaii: Sanford B. Dole inaugurated as President
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QUEEN LILUUOKALANI & SANFORD B. DOLE
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THE WAR OF 1898
• “Cuba Libre”• Cuban drive for independence from Spain
• 1895 Spanish governor placed all members of Cuban opposition in jail
• U.S. sugar and mining interests traded more with Cuba than did Spain
• February 24, 1895: popular uprising
• Pressure for War• Joseph Pulitzer New York World
• William Randolph Hearst, New York Journal• Yellow Journalism
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Frederic Remington, 1896 (PD)
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REMEMBER THE MAINE!
• U.S.S. Maine docked in Havana Harbor on January 25, 1898
• February 15, 1898 the Maine exploded
• 260 sailors died
• Rush to Judgment
• Claims of sabotage supported by the media
• True cause: accidental
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BREAKING NEWS
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THE “SPLENDID LITTLE WAR”
• 114 Days
• The Finale of Spain’s overseas empire
• Philippine Theatre - April 30: Commodore George Dewey destroyed Spanish flotilla in Manila Bay
• Relied on Filipino guerillas to hold the islands against Spanish troops
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THE “SPLENDID LITTLE WAR”
• Cuban Theatre
• Spanish Navy stationed at Havana
• American Navy blockaded Spanish Navy while American troops transported to Cuba
• Teddy Roosevelt & The Rough Riders
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“PEACE”
• August 12, 1898
• Spain must relinquish Cuba
• Puerto Rico
• Manila
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THE WAR OF 1898
• The Debate over Annexation• Location: next to Asia
• Natural resources
• Opportunity to Christianize
• The Philippine-American War• 1899 American soldier fired on a group of Filipino nationalists
• Guerilla war lasted 3 years
• Insurgents turned against Americans
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Filipino Insurgents
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THE WAR OF 1898
• Religion and Empire
• Protestant ministers supported war as opening up opportunities for evangelism
• Protestants favored annexation of Philippines
• Roman Catholics opposed
• Could Filipinos be converted or did evangelization make matters worse?
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THE WATER CURE
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THE WAR OF 1898
• Organizing the Acquisitions• Philippines added as Territory of U.S.
• William Howard Taft: 1st Governor
• Puerto Rico• Organized to provide a buffer against European aggression
• Guard post for future Isthmus Canal linking Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
• Cuba• Constitution
• Platt Amendment
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IMPERIAL RIVALRIES IN EAST ASIA
• The “Open Door”• 1853 Commodore Perry forced Japan to open markets to U.S. goods
• 1895 Japanese expansion
• 1st Sino-Japanese War
• Islands
• Revealed Chinese weakness against foreign aggression
• The Boxer Rebellion• Chinese nationalists opposed to foreign encroachments
• Germany, France, Great Britain divide China into markets for Western goods
• Boxer Rebellion defeated by British, German, Russian, Japanese and U.S. forces
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THE OPEN DOOR
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U.S. TROOPS IN CHINA
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EIGHT NATION ALLIANCE
Britain, Unite States, Australia, British India, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, Japan, 1908 Historica Yamagawa Shuppan
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BIG-STICK DIPLOMACY
• Roosevelt’s Rise
• Governor of New York
• Vice President (1900)
• President (1901)
• The Panama Canal
• Opened in 1914
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“President Teddy Roosevelt on a SteamShovel,” New York Times, 15 November 1906
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BIG-STICK DIPLOMACY
• The Roosevelt Corollary• If a foreign nation had an issue with a Western Nation, it should deal with the
U.S. first and the U.S. would handle it
• The Russo-Japanese War• Japan attacked Russia in 1904
• Japan destroyed Russian fleet
• Roosevelt sponsored meeting between Russia and Japan
• Treaty of Portsmouth: status quo ante
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BIG-STICK DIPLOMACY
• Relations with Japan• Japan disavowed claims to the Philippines in return for U.S. recognition of
Japanese control of Korean Peninsula
• San Francisco ordered Japanese students to attend separate but equal schools
• In response to Japanese government protest, Roosevelt forced city to change policy and Japan agreed not to issue any visas for citizens to visit U.S.
• The United States and Europe• 1907 Roosevelt and the Great White Fleet
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Waterman, C.E. “Ships Steaming in Column from Hampton Roads, VA December 1907 (Public Domain)
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Wainwright, Richard “Teddy Roosevelt on USS Connecticut” 22 February 1909 (Public Domain)
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1908 Australian Postcard Welcoming the Great White Fleet
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Rogers, W.A. “Welcome Home,” New York Herald, February 22, 1909 (Library of Congress).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTE
• All images are in the Public Domain or Licensed under a Creative Commons License.
• Attribution has been given where known.