IMPERIALISM and AMERICA

CHAPTER 10SECTION ONE

WHAT IS IMPERIALISM?

• Turn to the person next to you and answer the following questions in your notes:• What is imperialism?• Give an example of a imperialism.

(Recall on previous classes)

IMPERIALISM AND THE U.S.Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over a weaker territory

Three Reasons for Expansion:1) Military

• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan- urged the government to build a strong naval power

2) Economic• New farming equipment created a surplus• U.S. needed more raw materials from foreign countries

3) Cultural/Religious• Cultural factors justified imperialism• Social Darwinism- belief that free-market competition would lead to survival of

the fittest• Spread Christianity and Civilization to Inferior Countries

ACQUIRING ALASKA• William Seward- Secretary of State under Lincoln and

Johnson• Supported expansionism• Arranged the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million from

Russia in 1867• Many were unsure of this territory at first but…

• What is the significance of Alaska?

TAKING HAWAII• Why was Hawaii important?

• Sugar Plantations- ¾ of the wealth on the island• Duty-free was eliminated through the McKinley Tariff of 1890

• Made plantation owners pay higher taxes on selling their product to the U.S.

• Pearl Harbor built as a Naval Port in 1887• King Kalakaua- supported American business

• Dies and Queen Liliuokalani• “A Hawaii for Hawaiians”

• John L. Stevens headed a revolution with help from U.S. Marines and overthrew the government• Sanford B. Dole headed the new government• President McKinley annexed Hawaii

EXIT SLIP

What is Imperialism?

WARM-UP 2/21• What is imperialism?

• How did the U.S. acquire Alaska?

• What is Yellow Journalism?

AMERICAN INTEREST IN CUBA•1854- U.S. attempted to buy Cuba from Spain

• Spain did not accept

Group Discussion

•Why do you think the U.S. wanted Cuba?

• Discuss and write down on a piece of paper with your group- TURN IN

FIGHT FOR CUBA INDEPENDENCE• Revolt of 1886

• Unsuccessful attempt for independence but abolished slavery

• The Second War for Independence • Jose Martí- Cuban poet and journalist

who launched the revolution in 1895• Organized guerilla campaign that

destroyed plantations

• General Valeriano Weyler sent by Spain• Establishment of concentration camps-

why?

AMERICAN INTERESTS AND PUBLIC OPINION• Split opinion over the actions of the Spanish Empire

• Businessmen supported Spain- Why?• American people were enthusiastic about the rebel cause

• “Give me liberty or give me death!”- Who said this?

•Welyer’s actions fueled public opinion in America• New York Journal- William Randolph Hearst• New York World- Joseph Pulitzer

• Both published exaggerated reports• Yellow Journalism: exaggerates the news to lure and enrage

readers

ASSIGNMENT #2 (HOMEWORK)WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

Money vs. Independence

YOU are President McKinley and are being urged from two different parties to react against the recent struggle in Spain.

• Business Party: wants to support Spain and end the rebellion to improve economic relations with the U.S.

• Public Opinion Party: wants the U.S. to react against Spain and support independence.

You must write TWO paragraphs describing how YOU would approach this situation. You may decide to support only one party or find a way to make both parties happy.

•Explain how you will resolve the conflict

•Describe how this outcome will impact both parties

EXIT SLIP1. Define “Yellow Journalism”

2. Who was Valeriano Weyler and what did he do?

3. Do you understand what to do on the Yellow Journalism Project? If not, please ask a question.

MCKINLEY’S DIPLOMATIC APPROACH• McKinley wanted to avoid war and take a diplomatic approach

• Successful at first but doesn’t last long• Spain recalled Weyler

• Modified concentration policy and offered limited self-government

•De Lôme Letter- February 1898

• Private letter written by Spanish Minister to the U.S. Enrique Dupuy de Lôme

• Called and criticized McKinley for being weak and a “bidder for admiration of the crowd”

• Americans angered by insult

U.S.S. MAINE EXPLODES!

U.S.S. MAINE EXPLODES CONT.• U.S.S. Maine blew up on February 15, 1898

• Sent to bring home American citizens in danger• No one really knew why or how it exploded but journalists

exaggerated the reports• April 20, 1898- Congress agreed and declared war against

Spain•War in the Caribbean

• Naval blockade of Cuba • Admiral William T. Sampson sealed the harbors

• 125,000 Americans volunteered to fight• Rough Riders

• 1st United States Volunteer Calvary led by Theodore Roosevelt

DEFEATING THE SPANISH (CUBA)• San Juan Hill

• Most famous land battle- very strategic hill• Rough Riders played a minor role

• Roosevelt declared hero• Spanish fleet destroyed while trying to escape Cuba• U.S. invaded Puerto Rico on July 25, 1898

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES• Spanish-American War began in the Philippines before it struck in Cuba•April 30, 1898- George Dewey steamed the navy into Manila harbor and opened fire on the fleet

• Dewey gathered support from Filipinos who wanted independence

• 11,000 Americans joined rebel forces led by Emilio Aguinaldo•Spanish troops surrendered by August

TREATY OF PARIS• Spain sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million• Spain freed Cuba• Imperialism- McKinley faces the decision of what to do with the Philippines.

• Civilize and Christianize them• Filipinos had been Christian for years

• Should the Philippines be annexed?•The treaty decided that the U.S. now included Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

CUBA• Platt Amendment (1901)

• U.S. insisted Cuba should add several provisions to its constitution

• Cuba could not make treaties that threatened their independence or territory

• Cuba was not to go into debt• U.S. could buy or lease land for naval and refueling stations

• The U.S. Army would not withdraw until Cuba agreed • Put into action in 1903

• Cuba became a protectorate- a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power

• Protected American business interests

THE PHILIPPINES• Angered over annexation- Emilio Aguinaldo believed they would get their freedom

• Began a revolt in 1899• Filipinos were treated similar to how the Spanish treated them• Filipinos and African Americans- similarities• 20,000 rebels died, 4,000 American lives lost• Cost $400 million- 20 times more than what it cost to

purchase it

HOMEWORK•Assignment #3- Chapter 10.3: Page 358

• Assessment questions #1 and #2• #1- Definitions• #2- Taking Notes- Timeline

ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE• Organization established on June 15, 1898

• Battled American annexation of the Philippines as insular area

• Believed imperialism violated republicanism• “Consent of the governed”

• Typically consisted of older generations• Grover Cleveland (former President)• William Jennings Bryan • Mark Twain (author and commentator)• Andrew Carnegie (industrialist, capitalist, philanthropist)• Jane Addams (progressive social worker)

OPEN DOOR IN CHINA

•Why does the U.S. want to be in China?

• What is the Open Door Policy?

FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA• Philippines was the “gateway to China”- very strategic location•John Hay’s Open Door Notes

• Issued by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay• Proposed to other imperialist nations that the nations should

share their trading rights with the U.S.• No single nation would have a monopoly

•Boxer Rebellion in China• Boxers- underground secret society who pledged to rid the

country of “foreign devils”• Killed thousands of missionaries and converts• August 1900- Britain, France, Germany, and Japan along with

2,500 U.S. soldiers marched on the Chinese capital• Two months of conflict- thousands of people died

SECOND SERIES OF OPEN DOOR NOTES• Created to prevent the influence of European powers in China after the rebellion

• U.S. economic growth depended on exports• Felt the U.S. had a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign

markets open• Fear that closing an area of American products, citizens, or

ideas threatened U.S. survival

PUERTO RICOWhy did the U.S. want to have a presence in Puerto Rico?

What differed between Puerto Rico and other countries (Cuba and the Philippines) after the Spanish-American War?

• In terms of how the U.S. was involved after the war.

PUERTO RICO• Luiz Muñoz Rivera- Puerto Rican spokesman and publisher was one of the most vocal advocates to Puerto Rican self-rule

• Not all wanted independence, some wanted statehood (U.S.)• U.S. gave no promises after the Spanish-American War

• Military Rule• General Nelson A. Miles- soldiers took control and assured the

people that they were providing protection• Strategic location of Puerto Rico

• Foraker Act- ended military rule and set up a civil government• Gave U.S. President power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and

upper legislature• Citizens could only elect lower legislature• 1917- Congress gave the right for Puerto Ricans to get U.S.

citizenship and right to elect both houses of legislature

QUIZ 2/27

•What is the Open Door Policy?

• Name one similarity and one difference of how Puerto Rico was influenced by the U.S. compared to other countries the U.S. had influence in.

WARM-UP 2/29

What is this political cartoon saying or inferring?

William McKinley1897-1901

Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909

William Howard Taft1909-1913

Woodrow Wilson1913-1921

THEODORE ROOSEVELT• 1901: Assassination of President William McKinley

• Placed VP Theodore Roosevelt into presidency• Building on the Open Door Notes, mediated a settlement

between Japan and Russia•Russo-Japanese War

• Tsar Nicholas the II declared war on Japan over territory over Manchuria and Korea disputes

• Roosevelt had both leaders on his yacht• Agreed to terms to end the war• Allowed the U.S. and Japan to respect each other’s interests

and processions in East Asia and the Pacific

PANAMA CANAL• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901- gave the U.S. exclusive rights to build and control the canal• U.S. needed permission from Colombia who had ruled Panama at that time

• French agent who had came to the U.S. to buy the company’s route, helped organize a rebellion against Colombia

• Panama receives their independence• Agrees with the U.S. to $10 million to buy the route/land and an

annual rent of $250,000 of the Canal Zone•Building the Canal = One of the world’s greatest engineering feats

• By 1913- 43,300 people were employed• Gatan Lake

•August 15, 1914- Canal Opens for Business

PANAMA CANALMAIN POINTS

• American Business saved money when they shipped goods

• Travel between the East and the West

• It allowed for a strong military presence in Central America

THEODORE ROOSEVELTLatin America

• Many countries owed European countries for railroads• Roosevelt feared Europeans would intervene if Latin American

countries defaulted.• Monroe Doctrine: Europeans stay out of Latin American affairs• Roosevelt Corollary: was added to the Monroe Doctrine

• Any disorder would “force the U.S. to exercise international police power”

• Protecting economic interests• Big Stick Diplomacy: Latin American policy

• “Speak softly and carry a big stick”- African proverb

WILLIAM TAFT• U.S. practiced their police power•Nicaragua: After the rebellion it left the country bankrupt

• Allowed the U.S. to take over railroad systems and industries

• Dollar Diplomacy: foreign policy using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American business people

WOODROW WILSONWilson added to the Monroe Doctrine a “moral” tone

• Missionary Diplomacy: U.S. had the moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government

• Any country who was oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests

• Hope of spreading democratic government

• Mex