impact of climate change on nutritional quality of grain ... · 25 octobre 2016, alimentation,...

Hélène Gautier INRA Avignon, Plantes et Systèmes horticoles Carolyne Dürr INRA Angers, Horticulture et Semences

Impact of climate change on nutritional quality

of grain and fruits

25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique

Effects of high temperatures during grain filling

Pea 15-20°C 30-35°C Greenhouses Dijon and Angers

Oil seed rape 15-20°C 19-33°C Greenhouses Caen

Wheat 15-21 °C 23-29°C Polytunnels Clermont-Ferrand


STARCH % grain DW

PROTEINS % grain DW

LIPIDS % grain DW

WHEAT 65 12 2

OILSEED RAPE - 23 45

PEA 50 25 17

Grain : main nutritional components


Wheat Caq40

Oilseed Rape Canvin, 1967; CAQ40)

Effects of high temperatures during grain filling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

LT

HT

Protein content (% seed DW)

Pea CAQ40 AGAP, 2000)

Total protein content: overall increase Starch, oligosaccharides: stable or decrease Fatty acids: varying results


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

LT

HT

Starch content (% seed DW)

Exposure to high temperatures leads to negative changes in protein composition


Wheat gliadins

Source : Daniel and Triboï, 2000

Pea Wheat

Source INRA AGAP Final report Dijon Nantes, 2000

ω9

ω6 ω3

Negative changes in fatty acid profiles and in starch composition and granule types


Source CAQ40, Brunel-Muguet et al, 2015

Oilseed rape

Source Liu et al, 2011 (3 days, 13DAP)


Fruit specificity

Determine key periods and processes sensitive to water or HT stresses

Processes affected : transport, dilution, metabolism?

(Genetic variability to water stress)

Modeling approach to find ideotypes (G*E*P)

High water content: 80 up to 95%

Quality criteria for fresh fruit

Fruit size, color

Fruit dry matter content and taste (sweetness / acidity, …)

Nutritional quality, flavor

(secondary metabolites)

Water 80%

sugars

Organic acids Polyphenols, …

Cell wall

Dry matter

• Acidity ranging from 0.65 to 1.4 (g citric acid/ 100g juice)

• Percentage of juice > 42%

• Sugar/Acidity ratio ranging 8 to 17

• Orange color without activation > 80% at harvest

BLOQUEL EMMANUEL/ Elevage ovin et gestion de l’enherbement en agrumiculture

JOUR / MOIS / ANNEE

.08

Specifications for Protective Geographic Indication

«Corsican clementine»

Aprodec


Changes over time (1960-2012) in clementine acidity at harvest

INRA Corsica experimental orchards

Acidity at harvest and average temperature throughout the crop cycle


Acidity (week 44) (g citic acid/100ml juice)

Year


Impact of water deprivation on fruit nutritional quality: Key periods (flesh peach phenolic compounds)

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

Control S1 S2 S3

Flavanols content (mg/gMS)

catéchine épicatéchine

procyanidines

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

Control S1 S2 S3

Hydroxycinnamic acids content (mg/gMS)

3CQA 5CQA

Water deprivation impact varies according to its period of occurrence

Early water stress (during division and cell expansion) mostly increased hydroxycinnamic acids (3CQA, 5 CQA)

Water deficit during pit hardening had no significant effect on phenolic compounds

Late water deficit mostly increased procyanidins and catéchine and to a lesser extend hydroxycinnamic acids (5CQA)


Impact single or repeated periods of water deprivation on fruit taste (tomato sugars, acids, …)

Cv LA1420 +

Exprimé en masse fraiche

Ex. Fruit size: Different responses depending on fruit developmental stage when the water stress occurred

Cumulated water stress different from the additional effects of two water stresses (ex. no impact on sugar concentration)


Impact single or repeated periods of water deprivation on fruit antioxidants)

Cv LA1420 +

Exprimé en masse fraiche

Repeated water deprivation increased antioxidant compounds concentration (lycopene, Vit C)


Processes impacted by water deprivation (dilution/metabolism)

% matière sèche % masse fraiche

Cv LA1420

• Effect on fresh weight: What process involved?

• dilution or metabolism

• Expression on dry weight eliminates dilution effect linked to changes in water content


Processes impacted by water deprivation (dilution/metabolism)

% matière sèche % masse fraiche

Cv LA1420

• What process involved (water deprivation during maturation)?

• For sugars: both metabolic and concentration effect

• Reduced citric acid metabolism masked by changes in water content

• Not shown Variability between genotypes responses to Water deprivation

• Necessary to find a plant indicator of water status

• And to identify key processes affected by plant water status


PERSPECTIVES: Research of plant performance indicators and Use of model to optimize plant management

Using an integrated QualiTree-soil-root model to optimizing irrigation on different objectives to find the most appropriate amount and calendar for irrigation

The best fruit yield, quality and marketable product are not necessarily obtained in the same irrigation system.

Variation of performance indicators in relation to mean stem :c

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

1,1

1,2

-2,2 -2 -1,8 -1,6 -1,4 -1,2 -1 -0,8 -0,6

Stem potential (MPa)

Ind

ex (

vs c

on

tro

l)

Yield

TSS

Marketable product

Zéphir

Also altered Transformation process, conservation Seed production Genetic diversity to be explored (PIA) Pluriannual effects of CC on tree production Epigenetics effects Changes in crop species rather than breeding for adaptation; changes in food systems Modelling : a number of initiatives, but not yet operating results


CONCLUSIONS

Teams involved in CAQ 40 Project (MP ACCAF)

Sophie Brunel-Muguet EVA Caen Christine Girousse GDEC Clermont-Ferrand Annabelle Larmure Agroecology Dijon René Lessire , Annick Moing, Yves Gibon BFP Bordeaux Agnes Sabaté, Colette Larré, Bénédicte Bakan BIA Nantes Carolyne Dürr , Marie-Hélène Wagner (GEVES) IRHS Angers Inaki Garcia de C, Marie Launay Agroclim, Avignon Mathilde Causse GAFL, Avignon Olivier Pailly GEQA, Corse Gilles Vercambre, Nadia Bertin, Daniel Plenet, Hélène Gautier PSH, Avignon



Effets du stress discontinu pour les 8 parents de la MAGIC TOM

Interaction GxE Exprimé en masse fraiche

CD&CE

impact of climate change on nutritional quality of grain ... · 25 octobre 2016, alimentation,...

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