oxygen deprivation
TRANSCRIPT
LUNG COMPRESSION
Oxygen Deprivation
Objectives
Describe complications of lung compression and chest trauma across life span
Describe clinical manifestationsApply nursing management principles and
measures
Chest trauma
Can occur alone or in combination
BluntPenetrating
Blunt Trauma
Sudden lung compression or positive pressure inflicted to chest wall.
Symptoms may be generalized or vague so difficult to identify
Patient may or may not seek immediate medical attention.
Diminished breath sounds
Common Causes
MVAFallsHitting the chestPatient being thrown into an object
Compression e.g. crush injury
Results
Hypovolemia from massive fluid lossHypoxemia from disruption of airwayCardiac failure Injuries are often life threateningImpaired ventilation and perfusion leading
to acute respiratory failureTime crucial when treating because of
location and possible injury to great blood vessels
Determine
Time since injury occurredLevel of responsivenessSpecific injuriesRecent drug or alcohol useMechanism of injuryEstimated blood lossAirway obstructionBreath sounds symmetry
Diagnostics
Chest x-rayCT scanCBCINR, PT, PTTType and cross matchPulse OxArterial blood gasesECG
Goals
Evaluate patients conditionInitiate aggressive resuscitationO2 supportPossible intubation and ventilator supportReestablish fluid volumeReestablish negative pleural pressure
Pneumothorax
Parietal or visceral pleura in breached and pleural space is exposed to positive atmospheric pressure
SimpleTraumaticTension
Simple
Air enters pleural space, lungs collapseRupture of a bleb (fluid filled sac)There is usually only partial collapse of a lungTrachea is midlineS/S include
Chest pain that can be dull, sharp, or stabbing. Pain starts suddenly and becomes worse with
coughing or deep breathing. Shortness of breath Tachypnea Cough.
Traumatic
Air escapes from lung lacerationCan occur during invasive procedures e.g.
biopsyOften accompanied by hemothoraxLung and structures of mediastinum (heart
and great vessels shift towards the uninjured side with each inspiration and the opposite way with expiration
Requires emergency intervention
Traumatic Signs and Symptoms
SOBAnxious patientTachypneaSucking sound heard because of the
rush of air through the wound in the chest wall e.g. sucking chest wounds
Tension
Air is drawn into the pleural space from a lacerated lung or through a small opening or wound in the chest but does not leave, it gets trapped in the pleural space
Any condition that leads to pneumothorax can cause a tension pneumothorax
As the amount of trapped air increases, pressure builds up in the chest pushing the heart, major blood vessels, and airways toward the other side of the chest.
Trachea shifts away from the affected side. The shift can cause the other lung to become compressed, and can affect the flow of blood returning to the heart.
Tension Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms occur very suddenly and are very severe. The patient becomes extremely anxiousSOBChest tightness Easy fatigueBluish color of the skin due to lack of oxygen TachycardiaLow blood pressure Decreased mental alertness Decreased LOCTachypneaBulging (distended) veins in the neck
Hemothorax
Common cause chest traumaCollection of blood in the space between the chest
wall and the lung (the pleural cavity).S/S
Chest pain SOB Respiratory failure Tachycardia Anxiety and restlessness
Goals of Treatment
Stabilize the patientStop the bleedingRemove the blood and air in the pleural space
Pleural Effusion
Collection of fluid in the pleural space
Rarely a primary diseaseMay be complication of heart failure, pneumonia, TB, neoplasm, PE
Pathophysiology
Normally the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid which acts as lubricant
However with pleural effusion fluid is excessive.
Fluid types are:ClearBloodyPurulent
Clear
Can be transudate or an exudateTransudate are caused by systemic factors
that alter the balance of the formation and absorption of pleural fluid e.g. left ventricular failure, PE, cirrhosis
Exudate are caused by alterations in local factors that influence the formation and absorption of pleural fluid e.g. bacterial pneumonia, cancer, and viral infection
Signs and Symptoms
Many people have no symptomsThe most common symptoms, regardless of the
type of fluid in the pleural space or its cause, are: SOB Chest pain (pleuritic) felt only when the person
breathes deeply or coughs, or it may be felt continuously but may be worsened by deep breathing and coughing.
The pain is usually felt in the chest wall right over the site of the inflammation.
Management
Small pleural effusions may not require treatment, although the underlying disorder must be treated.
Larger pleural effusions, especially those that cause shortness of breath, may require drainage of the fluid (thoracentesis).
Usually, drainage dramatically relieves shortness of breath.
If effusion is related to malignancy it tends to recur within a few days or weeks.
Talc
Used to prevent malignant pleural effusion (buildup of fluid in the chest cavity in people who have cancer or other serious illnesses) in people who have already had this condition.
Talc is in a class of medications called sclerosing agents. It works by irritating the lining of the chest cavity so that the cavity closes and there is no space for fluid.
Nursing Care
Prepare and position patient for thoracentesis
Offer support through procedureNeed to make sure amount of fluid drained is
recorded and sent to lab for testingChest tube may also be inserted for larger
amounts of fluid to be removed.Evaluate pain levelAdminister analgesicsEducation re: care of chest tube
Empyema
Complication of bacterial pneumonia or lung abscess
Collection of pus in the cavity between the lung and the membrane that surrounds it (pleural space).
Puts pressure on lungsRisk factors include:PneumoniaLung abscessTraumaThoracic surgery
Signs and Symptoms
Similar to an acute respiratory infectionDry coughFebrile and chills Excess sweating, especially night sweats MalaiseWeight lossChest pain which worsens on deep inhalation
(inspiration) Decreased or absent breath sounds
Diagnostics
Chest x-rayThoracentesis Pleural fluid gram stain and culture CT scan of chestDrain pleural cavity to achieve full lung
expansion Thoracentesis Chest drainage tube Thoracotomy
Administer antibiotics
Nursing Management
Help patient cope with long process
Educate regarding lung expansion exercises
Depending on type of drainage, nurse supports patients
Flail Chest
Life threatening emergencyOccurs when a segment of the chest wall
breaks under extreme stress and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall.
It occurs when multiple adjacent ribs are broken in multiple places, separating a segment, so a part of the chest wall moves independently.
Presentation
Inspiration: as chest expands, the detached part of the rib segment (flail segment) moves in a paradoxical manner. It is pulled inward during inspiration, reducing the amount of air that can be drawn into lungs.
Expiration: flail segment bulges outward impairing the patients ability to exhale. Mediastinum shifts back to affected side.
The constant motion of the ribs in the flail segment at the site of the fracture is incredibly painful, and, untreated, the sharp broken edges of the ribs are likely to eventually puncture the pleural sac and lung, possibly causing a pneumothorax
Management
Vent supportClear secretions from lungsControl painSevere flail requires endotrachial intubation
and mechanical ventilationCareful monitoring of chest x-ray, arterial
blood gases, pulse ox