image processng

8/8/2019 Image Processng

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DIGITAL

IMAGE

PROCESSING

BY

M.NIKITA

3rd year

CSE

JBIET

Email:

[email protected]

Phone no:

9298406222

SONAM MODANI

3rdyear

IT

JBIET

Email:

[email protected]

Phone no:

9885594307

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INDEX

Topic Page no

Abstract

1. Introduction 1

2. History 1

3. Categories 3

4. Image Viewing & types 4

5. Digital Image Editing 6

6. Editing Programs &

Digital DataCompression 7

7. Image Editor Features 8

8.Advantages 10

9. Disadvantages 11

10.Conclusion 11

11.Referrences 11

Abstract:

By using Digital Image

Processing we enhance the digital images

and extracting information and features

from the image. Digital Image Processing

has become the most common form of

image processing, and it is generally used

because it is not only the most versatile

method,but also the cheapest. This is one

type of image processing and it used for

editing the digital images which are taken

from the digital cameras. This technology

is more useful in the investigation in Crime

Branch. Digital Image Processing has the

advantages as a wider range of algorithm

to be applied to the input data and can

avoid the problems such as build-up of

noice and signal distortion during processing. For this the NASA and US

military have developed advanced

computer software. By using this software

improve the clarity of and amount of detail

visible in still and video images.

The main feature of this technology

is Digital Image Editing. Image Editors are

provide the means for altering and

improving images in an all most endless

number of time. They accepts images in

large variety of image formats. The other

features of this technology is Image Size

Alteration, Cropping on Image, Removal

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of Noice and unwanted elements, merging

of images and finally color adjustments.

And in this paper we present

categories of digital image processing,

Image Compression, Image viewing and

image types, and digital image editing,

and finally advantages and

disadvantgages of digital image

processing.

IMAGE PROCESSING:

Image processing is enhancing

image or extracting information or features

from an image. Any activity that

transforms an input image into an output

image. The manipulation and alteration of

images using computer software.

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING :

Digital image processing is the use

of computerto perform on. Digital image

processing has the same advantages (over

analog image processing) as has (over

analog signal processing) -- it allows a

much wider range of algorithms to be

applied to the input data, and can avoid

problems such as the build-up of noise and

signal distortion during processing.

DIGITAL IMAGE :

A digital image is a representation

of a two-dimensionalas a finite set of

values, called picture elements or.

Typically, the pixels are stored in computer

memory as a or a two-dimensional array

of small integers. These values are often

transmitted or stored in a form.

Digital images can be by a variety

of input devices and techniques, such as,

scanners, coordinate-measuring

machines, seismographic profiling,

airborne radar,and more.

It is an image that was acquired

through scanners or captured from digital

cameras. The most common kind of digital

image processing is digital image editing.

HISTORY:

Because of the computational load

of dealing with images containing

millions of pixels, digital image

processing was largely of academic

interest until the 1970s, when

dedicated hardware became available

that could process images in real

time, for some dedicated problems

such as television standards

conversion. As general-purpose

computers became faster, they

started to take over the role of

dedicated hardware for all but the

most specialized and compute-

intensive operations.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coordinate-measuring_machines&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coordinate-measuring_machines&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismographic_profiling&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airborne_radar&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coordinate-measuring_machines&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coordinate-measuring_machines&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismographic_profiling&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airborne_radar&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit


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With the fast computers and signal

processors available in the 2000s, digital

image processing has become the most

common form of image processing, and is

generally used because it is not only the

most versatile method, but also the

cheapest.

DIGITAL PROCESSING OF

CAMERA IMAGES :

Images taken by popular digital

cameras often need processing to improve

their quality, a distinct advantage digital

cameras have over film cameras. The

digital image processing is done by special

software programs that manipulate the

images is many ways. This process is

performed in a "digital darkroom", which

is not really a darkroom as it is

accomplished via a computer and

keyboard.

REASONS FOR INTRODUING

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:

Few types of evidence are more

incriminating than a photograph or

videotape that places a suspect at a crime

scene, whether or not it actually depicts the

suspect committing a criminal act. Ideally,

the image will be clear, with all persons,

settings, and objects reliably identifiable.

Unfortunately, though, that is not always

the case, and the photograph or video

image may be grainy, blurry, of poor

contrast, or even damaged in some way.

In such cases, investigators may

rely on computerized technology that

enables digital processing and

enhancement of an image. The U.S.

government, and in particular, the military,

the FBI, and the National Aeronautics

and Space Agency (NASA), and more

recently, private technology firms, have

developed advanced computer software

that can dramatically improve the clarity of

and amount of detail visible in still and

video images. NASA, for example, used

digital processing to analyze the video of

the Challenger incident.

HOW CAN WE PROCESS AN IMAGE

?

The first step in digital image

processing is to transfer an image to a

computer, digitizing the image and turning

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it into a computer image file that can be

stored in a computer's memory or on a

storage medium such as a hard disk or CD-

ROM. Digitization involves translating the

image into a numerical code that can be

understood by a computer. It can be

accomplished using a scanner or a video

camera linked to a frame grabber board in

the computer.

The computer breaks down the

image in to thousands of pixels. Pixels arethe smallest component of an image. They

are the small dots in the horizontal lines

across a television screen. Each pixel is

converted into a number that represents the

brightness of the dot. For a black-and-

white image, the pixel represents different

shades between total black and full white.

The computer can then adjust the pixels to

enhance image quality.

CATEGORIES OF DIGITAL IMAGE

PROCESSING:

The Three main categories of digital

image processing are:

Image Compression is a mathematical

technique used to reduce the amount

of computer memory needed to

store a digital image. The computer

discards (rejects) some information,

while retaining sufficient information

to make the image pleasing to the

human eye.

Enhancement Image enhancement

techniques can be used to modify the

brightness and contrast of an image, to

remove blurriness, and to filter out

some of the noise. Using mathematical

equations called algorithms, the

computer applies each change to either

the whole image or targets a particular

portion of the image.

For example, global contrast

enhancement would affect the entire

image, whereas local contrast

enhancement would improve the

contrast of small details, such as a face

or a license plate on a vehicle. Some

algorithms can remove background

noise without disturbing the key

components of the image.

Measurement Extractionis used to

gather useful information from an

enhanced image.

IMAGE VIEWING:

The user can utilize different

program to see the image. The GIF, JPEG

and PNG images can be seen simply using

a web browser because they are the

standard internet image formats. The SVG

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics


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format is more and more used in the web

and is a standard W3C format.

IMAGE TYPES :

Digital images can be classified

according to the number and nature of

those samples:The term digital image is

also applied to data associated to points

scattered over a three-dimensional region,

such as produced by tomographic

equipment. In that case, each datum is

called a voxel.

TYPES OF IMAGES :

1. Binary Image :

A binary image is a digital image

that has only two possible values

for each pixel. Binary images are also called bi-

levelortwo-level.

A binary image is usually stored in

memory as a bitmap, a packed

array of bits.

A binary image is also a compiled

version of source code in Linux and

Unixes

2. Gray Scale: In computing, a grayscale

or greyscaledigital imageis an image

in which the value of each pixel is a

single sample.Grayscale images are

distinct from black-and-white

images, which in the context of

computer imaging are images with

only two colors, black and white;

grayscale images have many shades of

gray in between. In most contexts

other than digital imaging, however,

the term "black and white" is used in

place of "grayscale";

For example, photography in

shades of gray is typically called "black-and-whitephotography". The term

monochromatic in some digital imaging

contexts is synonymous with grayscale,

and in some contexts synonymous with

black-and-white.

3. Color Image: A (digital) color image is

a digital image that includes color

information for each pixel.For visually

acceptable results, it is necessary (and

almost sufficient) to provide three samples

(color channels) for each pixel, which are

interpreted as coordinates in some color

space. The RGB color space is commonly

used in computer displays, but other spaces

such as YUV, HSV, and are often used in

other contexts. Color Image

Representation : A color image is usually

stored in memory as a raster map, a two-

dimensional array of small integer triplets;

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(signal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(signal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(signal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(signal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics


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or (rarely) as three separate raster maps.

The same picture in three different colormodes. The picture on the left is the

original photograph, in full color. The

picture in the center is in grayscale. The

picture on the right is in black and white,

or monochrome.

4. False Color : For military operations

under a false flag, seefalse colors.

This "true color" image shows the

same region as the "false color" image

above, but uses true colors, e.g., the plants

are shown in green.A false-color image is

an image that depicts a subject in colors

that differ from human perception of the

same subject. Also known as a pseudo-

color image, it is derived from a greyscale

image by mapping each pixel value to a

color according to a table or function..

Although false-coloring does not

increase the information contents of the

original image, it can make some details

more visible, by increasing the distance in

color space between successive gray

levels.

For example, a photographic

negative could be called a false-color

image, since it shows the complementary

colors of its subject. However, the term

"false-color" is typically used to describe

images whose colors represent measured

intensities outside the visible portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum .False-color

images are frequently used for viewing

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A "false color" image showing the

Chesapeake Bay and the city ofBaltimore.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyscalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyscalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum


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satellite images, such as from weather

satellites.

5. Multi Spectral Image: Multi-spectral

images are images of the same object,

taken in different bands of visible or

infrared region of electromagnetic

continum. This is the main type of images

acquired by Remote sensing (RS)

radiometers. Multi-spectral is the opposite

of panchromatic. Usually satelites have 3

to 7 or more radiometers. Each oneacquires one digiral image in a small band

of visible spectra.

6. Thematic Image : Thematic images are

usually image products of

classification processing of

multispectral images of the earth

surface. The classification process

differentiates types of surface such as

land, water,forest, lake, structure etc.

DIGITAL IMAGE EDITING:

Digital image editing is the

process ofaltering digital images,

whether they be digital photographs or

other types of digitally represented images.

Specialised software programs

called vector graphics editors or bitmap

graphics editors are the primary tools with

which a user may manipulate, enhance,

and transform images. These editors are

capable of editing images in many diverse

ways.

BASICS OF DIGITAL IMAGE

EDITING:

Bitmap images are stored in a

computer in the form of a grid of picture

elements called pixels. These pixels

contain the image's color and brightness

information. Image editors can change the

pixels to enhance the image in many ways.

The pixels can be changed as a group, or

individually, by the sophisticated

algorithms within the image editors.

IMAGE EDITING PROGRAMS:

Because of the popularity ofdigital

cameras, image editing programs are

readily available. Minimal programs, that

do such operations as rotating and

cropping (image)s are often provided

within the digital camera itself, others are

returned to the user on a compact disc

(CD) when images are processed at a

discount store.

DIGITAL DATA COMPRESSION:

Many image file formats use data

compression to reduce file size and save

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multispectral_imageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap_graphics_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap_graphics_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropping_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multispectral_imageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap_graphics_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap_graphics_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropping_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression


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storage spce. Digital compression of

images may take place in the camera, or

can be done in the computer with the

image editor. When images are stored in

JPEG format, compression has already

taken place. Both cameras and computer

programs allow the user to set the level of

compression.

Some compression algorithms are

lossless, such as PNG, which means no

image quality is lost when the file is saved.The JPEG compression algorithm uses a

lossy format. The greater the compression,

the lesser the quality. The JPEG algorithm

utilizes the way the brain and eyes

perceive colour to make loss of detail less

noticeable.

IMAGE EDITOR FEATURES:

Listed below are some of the most

used capabilities of the better graphic

manipulation programs. The list is by no

means all inclusive. There are a myriad of

choices associated with the application of

most of these features.

Image Size Alteration: Image

editors can resize an image,

making it larger, or smaller. High

image resolution cameras can

produce large images which are

often reduced in size for Internet

use. Image editor programs use a

mathematical process called re-

sampling to calculate new pixel

values whose spacing is larger or

smaller than the original pixel

values..

Cropping An Image: Digital editors are

used to crop images. Cropping

creates a new image by removing a

desired rectangular portion from the

image being cropped. The unwanted

part of the image is discarded. Image

cropping does not reduce the

resolution of the area cropped.

Noise Removal: Image editors may

feature a number of algorithms

which can add or remove noise in

an image. JPEG artifacts can beremoved; dust & scratches can be

removed and an image can be

despeckled. Noise tends to invade

images when pictures are taken in

low light settings.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losslesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_croppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_croppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_croppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losslesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_croppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_croppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG


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John and Bertha

Phillips - 1910

Special Effects: Image editors usually have

a list of special effects that can create

unusual results. Images may be

skewed and distorted in various

ways. Scores of special effects can

be applied to an image which include

various forms of distortion, artistic

effects, geometric and texture

effects, and combinations thereof.

An example of some special effects

that can be added to a picture.

Change Color Depth: It is

possible, using software, to change

the color depth of images. Common

color depths are 2, 16, 256, and 16

million colors. The JPEG and PNG

image formats are capable of

storing 16.7 million colors (equal to

256 luminance values per color

channel). In addition, grayscale

images of 8 bits or less can be

created, usually via conversion and

downsampling from a full color

image.

An example of converting

an image from color to grayscale.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rgbtobandswexample11-28-200.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MomDadacp.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale


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Lens Correction: Photo manipulation

packages have functions to correct

images for various lens distortions

inclduing pincushion, fisheye and

barrel distortions. The corrections are

subtle, but can improve the

appearance of some photographs.

Contrast Change And Brightening:

Image editors have provisions to change

the contrast of images and brighten or

darken the image. Many an

underexposed image can be improved by

using this feature. only pixels below a

particular luminosity threshold are

brightened, thereby brightening

underexposed shadows without affecting

the rest of the image.

Sharpening And Softening Images:

Graphics programs can be used to

both sharpen and blur images in a

number of ways. Edge

enhancement is an extremely

common technique used to make

images appear sharper, although

many purists frown on the end result

as less natural-looking.

Color Adjustments: The color of images

can be altered in a variety of ways.

The color balance can be improved,

colors and be faded in and out, and

tones can be changed. Special

effects, like sepia and grayscale can

be added to an image.

ADVANTAGES:

1. One of the biggest advantages of

digital imaging is the ability of the

operator to manipulate the pixel

shades to correct image density and

contrast, is called Post-Processing.

And perform other processing

functions that could result in

improved diagnosis and fewer

repeated examinations.

2. Digital imaging allows the

electronic transmission of images

to third-party providers, referring

dentists, consultants, and insurance

carriers via a modem.

3. Digital imaging is also

environmentally friendly since it

does not require chemical

processing. It is well known that

used film processing chemicals

contaminate the water supply

system with harmful metals such as

the silver found in used fixer

solution.

4. Radiation dose reduction is also a

benefit derived from the use of

digital systems. Some

manufacturers have claimed a 90%

decrease in radiation exposure, but

the real savings depend on

comparisons.

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DISADVANTAGES:

There are also disadvantages

associated with the use of digital systems.

1. The initial cost can be high

depending on the system used, the

number of detectors purchased, etc.

2. Competency using the software can

take time to master depending on

the level of computer literacy of

team members. Finally, since

digital imaging in dentistry is not

standardized, professionals are

unable to exchange information

without going through an

intermediary process.

CONCLUSION:

Image editors provide the means

for altering and improving images in an

almost endless number of ways. They

accept images in a large variety of image

formats, and after changes are made they

allow the changed image to be saved in

any number of image formats, at almost

any size, and in varying degrees of

compression. Most serious digital camera

users will find the facilities of an image

editor indispensable.

REFERENCES:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_in

formation.

www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july200

1/swigt.htm.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/digitalimag

eprocessing.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_informationhttp://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2001/swigt.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2001/swigt.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_informationhttp://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2001/swigt.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2001/swigt.htm

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