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I LLJNO I SUNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
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University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign LibraryBrittle Books Project, 2012.
COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION
In Public Domain.Published prior to 1923.
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THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS
LIBRARY
From the library ofCharles Melville Moss
Professor ofClass ics
Presented by Mirs. Moss
881S51861
AJAX
CAMPBELL AND ABBOTT
Vlarenan rselV ss strites
%onbon
HENRY FROWDE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE
AMEN CORNER, E.C.
SOPHOCLESIN "SINGLE PLA YS
FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS
EDITED
WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND ENGLISH NOTES
LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D.Professor of Greek in the University of St. Andrewa
AND
EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A., LL.D.Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford
AJAX
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1890
[All rigits reserved ]
PRE FACE.
THE present edition of the plays of Sophocles has been
compiled from the larger edition of the Plays and Fragments
published by Prof. Campbell', with such alterations and addi-
tions as seemed necessary to adapt the work for use in
schools.
The text is almost identical in the two editions, and the
same marks are used. A departure from MS. authority is
distinguished by an asterisk, and a word or phrase which,
though retained from the MSS., is almost certainly corrupt,
is distinguished by an obelus.
In the notes, the critical part of the larger edition bearing
on the text has been omitted. Here and there, it is true,
various readings have been given, but no attempt is made to
present a connected account of the text. And little or
nothing is said about the metres. Whatever light may have
been thrown on Greek music and metre by recent researches
in Germany, the results have not been such that they can
1 Sophocles. By Prof. Campbell. Clarendon Press, i879-81.
63667
with any advantage be embodied in an English School
Edition1.
In the illustration of grammatical constructions the smaller
edition is sometimes more full than the larger. It is obvious
that knowledge which may be presumed in an older reader
can be profitably enough imparted to one who is reading
Sophocles for the first time, and reading him principally
with a view to improve his knowledge of Greek. But, in
order to save space, references are sometimes given to
grammatical works, especially to Professor Goodwin's
'Moods and Tenses.' In the larger edition the most im-
portant facts of the language of Sophocles have been
collected, analysed, and arranged, in an introductory essay:
in this edition the matter of that essay has been embodied
in the notes on various passages. This change seemed
necessary in a work which is intended to facilitate the
reading of the author without aiming at a general criticism
of his language. But a use of the indices will enable any
one who wishes to construct for himself a fair conspectus
of the leading features in the style of Sophocles.
It will be observed that in many passages more than one
rendering is given, and it may perhaps be thought that such
alternatives are merely a confession of ignorance. But
although it is true that the writer's meaning is one and one
only, it is often scarcely possible to express this, even when
1 Brambach has published ' Die Sophocleischen Gesinge fiir denSchulgebrauch metrisch erkliirt.' Leipzig, 1870.
vi PREFA CE.
PREFA CE.
perceived, by a single English version, and there are some
passages in which the grounds of interpretation are so nicely
balanced, that the charge of ignorance would rather be
applicable to a dogmatic rendering. Beyond doubt, many
passages admit grammatically of two interpretations, either
of which is possible in the context in which the words occur.
There may be a preference in favour of one or the other,but to exclude either would mark this preference too strongly.
Moreover in a work of joint authorship there will necessarily
be some difference of opinion; and although there are but
few passages over which the editors have felt themselves to
differ seriously, this should be noticed as another cause of
the alternative renderings.
The lines of the plays are quoted according to the notation
of Dindorf, which is now almost universally adopted. The
numbering of the fragments is that of Nauck, in his 'Tragi-
corum Graecorum Fragmenta.'
Though the present edition has been compiled mainly from
the larger work, the notes of other scholars have of course
been consulted. The most useful commentaries in German
are those of Schneidewin-Nauck, Gustav Wolff, and Weck-
lein. Of those with Latin notes the most important are
the editions by Hermann, Dindorf, and Wunder, to which
perhaps Linwood's should be added, though most readers
will regret that so able a scholar did not give the world a
more elaborate work. The chief English editions have also
been consulted. It is needless to enumerate them, and it
would be out of place to criticise them here.
Vi,
viii PREFACE.
Some pains have been taken to make the introductoryanalyses, prefixed to the notes, a real help to the young
reader in mastering the structure and the leading motivesof each play. But for further information on these pointsthe student is referred to the Introductions in the largeredition.
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NOTES.
INTRODUCTORY ANALYSIS.
TII fate of Ajax in life and after death, which is the subject of tthis tragedy, had an intense interest for the Athenians. He was theEponymus and reputed ancestor of one of their ten tribes and thepatron and defender of Salamis. (Hdt. 8. 64, 121.) Both Athens,therefore, and all Hellas had reason to hold dear the honour of the sonof Telamon; and to this feeling we owe much of the picturesquenessand beauty of colouring which the poet has thrown around his work.The chorus of Salaminian mariners, the hero's' co-mates and brothersin exile,' could not fail to enchain the sympathies of the loversof Salamis, who were also lovers of the sea. If the home-affectionis less personal here than in the Oedipus Coloneus, it is not less vividand has a wider range. It is partly on the same account that the chiefcharacter is treated so lovingly. Ajax is at least a foster-son of Athens(1. 861). But Sophocles has other and deeper reasons for the carewhich he has spent on this grand figure. To him the end of Ajaxseemed typical, (I) of the effect of repulse and failure on a nature formedfor great achievements; (2) of the truth that the magnanimous andfaithful spirit, though error and shame may overcloud it for a day(1. 756), shall at last be justified; (3) of the lesson of moderation, aslearnt by Ajax through suffering, viz. that the self-confidence ofpassionate strength leads men to ruin unless chastened and subdued;(4) of the corresponding lesson, as taught to Odysseus by inspirationof Athena, viz. that enmity nmust not be pushed beyond the grave, sinceour reverence for nobleness and pity for misfortune ought to be showneven towards an enemy when he can no longer do us harm (advavTaywiehr
46 AyAX.
rvoiga T7reitTrat, Thuc. 2. 45). This was so hard a saying that theactual sight of Ajax' ruin is needed to impress it even on Odysseus.
I. In his conception of the character of Ajax, Sophocles has taken
many hints from earlier poetry; but he has given us, nevertheless, anoble creation, inspiring in a peculiar manner at once affection and awe.
The hero's enemies and detractors may see in him the huge man-mountain, a tower of strength in the field, but useless in counsel (11.1250 foll.) Those nearest him are most aware what depth of protecting
tenderness lies beneath the rugged fierceness of his nature. To his
younger brother, accustomed to creep behind his shield 'as a childtaking refuge with his mother' (I1. 8. 271), to his captive bride,related to him as Briseis to Achilles, to his island comrades, his fierymood, though it may break forth on them, is only a source of pride.
They cling with growing fondness to the noble personality, ' whoseworth's unknown, although his height be taken.' They would claim for
him, as he claims for himself (1. 424), the highest place in all the host.
Even Odysseus acknowledges that none except Achilles can justly bepreferred to him. (Cp. Hom. Il1. 17. 280, Alcaeus, fragm. 48, etc.)
On this character, rough and impetuous, but profoundly sensitive, the
blow of repulse has suddenly fallen. A representative court of theAchaeansiuenc y e Atridae (not without suspicion of factitiousvotes, 1. 1135) have adjudged the arms of Achilles to Odysseus as the prize,of merit. They have preferred farseeing wisdom before valour. Ajax,like Achilles in the Iliad, broods during many days and nights in sullenand fierce inaction beside his ships, muttering curses against the chief-tains (11. 930 foll.) and lamenting over the loss of the prize, on whichhe had counted to commend him to his father's eye (11. 462 foll.) Atlength his passion completely masters him, and he goes forth at mid-night alone and armed intending to assassinate the chiefs. He has justreached the generals' quarter, when Athena, ever watchful to protectthe Argives, appears beside him, and causes his wrath to culminatein madness.
Having found, as he supposes, such an ally, he rushes forth, impelledby illusion, into the meadow where sheep and oxen, the commonproperty of the whole army, are grazing or at rest. Imagining themto be the Argives, he falls upon them, and, when weary of slaughter,drags the remainder as captives to his hut.
Before morning the alarm is raised: suspicion falls on Ajax; he is,
NOTES. 47
convicted by Odysseus with Athefia's help, and his career is over. He,who had saved TiHie s now committed against them an unpardon-able sin.
We see him for a moment in his madness; and all our pity is stirredby the sight at which his enemy is moved'.
Then we hear of the rumour from the Salaminian mariners. Theylearn the truth of Ajax' madness from Tecmessa. She learns from themthe extent of the disaster, and tells them that the worst is yet to come,since Ajax in his grief and shame is evidently bent on suicide.
He is discovered amidst the slaughtered sheep, and in broken utter-ances makes us feel something of his agony. The poet, with rare skill,allows some traces of his past disorder to mingle with the wildness ofhis passion. As yet, the fierceness of his towering spirit seems onlyaggravated by his misfortune. He is full of the desire of vengeanceand of resentment against the gods (11. 387, 589). But amidst thetumult of his first rage there already sounds the clear note of one fixedresolve, one deeply felt necessity. Ajax knows that he cannot outlivehis honour; and because of this, while he hails his comrades withunreserved affection, he treats Tecmessa with an abrupt harshnessthat ineffectually veils the wounded spirit within him. (Cp. Ant. 548,Shak. Hamlet 3. I, III foll.)
Then follows a soliloquy, in which injured pride contends with thelove of home. He cannot meet his fatheli annot serve the Atridae;he can but die. Next he calls for his son, whom he fondles proudly asa soldier's child, commending him to the Salaminians and throughthem to Teucer and to his parents. One word of kindness to Tecmessais allowed to escape by the way (1. 536). But when she weeps he againgrows impatient, and at his own request is withdrawn within the hut.Tecmessa also withdraws with her child.
The Chorus then give vent to their feelings of mourning over Ajaxand of longing for their glorious home.
After this, Ajax comes forth with a bright sword in his hand, not thatwith which he had slain the cattle, but the gift of Hector (I1. 7. 303) neverbefore used by a Greek. He is now perfectly self-possessed, althoughan undertone of suppressed excitement is still discernible (see esp.
1 It is to this scene only (11. 91-133) that the word .aoaryopo'por canproperly be applied.
48, AyAX.
11. 667, 8). His resolution is firnier than ever, but is to be carried outin the calm of solitude, not in the heat of passion. He, therefore, with
the instinctive craft of one bent on suicide, successfully dissembles hisunalterable purpose, the more easily because the Chorus interpret him bytheir wishes, and Tecmessa cannot suspect him of deceiving her. (See11. 693, 807, 8, 911.) But Ajax, like Deianira (Trach. 436 foll.), even indissembling expresses a real feeling. He has found a deep necessityfor dying, of which, in his more passionate mood, he had been onlyimperfectly conscious. He is aware that he has broken through thesacred bounds of rule, and that he can only clear himself by death.He cannot submit, whilst he is Ajax-that is ethically impossible-buthe can go where his enemies cannot come, and his debt to Athena willthus be paid. The rigour of the situation is threefold: he cannot bravethe chieftains and Athena, for he is in the wrong; he cannot undergo
disgrace, and live; he cannot yield homage to his enemies,-he canonly pass beyond the limits of their sway.
His manner to Tecmessa is now quite softened, and he gives to herand to Teucer through the mariners his last injunctions, of which themeaning is apparent afterwards.
When he is gone, the Chorus burst into a strain of wild hopefulness,such as elsewhere (Ant. '115 foll., O. T. Io86 foll., Trach. 205 foll.) pre-cedes an unforeseen disaster. But their delight is checked by a messagefrom Teucer, who has been warned by Calchas, and they set forth indifferent directions to look for Ajax. Tecmessa also goes, after amoment's piteous glance at her child. The messenger returns to hastenthe coming of Teucer. (See below, pp. 49, 50.)
The solemnity of this moment is marked by three most exceptionalcircumstances, the absence of the Chorus, a complete change of scene (1.815, note), and the death of the hero on the stage1. The suicide of Ajaxcould only take place in solitude and on a desert spot, and Sophocles haschosen to present it to the eyes of the spectators, because only thuscould he sufficiently mark the deliberateness of the act, which, unlikethe rash suicide of Haemon, had been planned with the clearest fore-thought, and was executed with iron determination and sustained
1 Other peculiarities in the dramatic structure of the Ajax, are the O8esdrb I rxav in the opening scene and the suspension of the action towardsthe end of the play.
NOTES* 49resolve (1. 926o rrpE'pov). It is essential for the poet's purpose thatthe loneliness should be complete-no witness seeing unseen-and thatthe spectator should himself watch narrowly the working of the hero's
mind until the end. The real Ajax can only now be made manifest;
and there is less in this scene to shock an Athenian spectator than in the
colloquy with Athena or the disclosure of the bleeding sheep., To a
Greek apprehension
Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail
Or knock the breast; nothing but well and fair,And what may quiet us in a death so noble.
Ajax is never so much himself as at the last, unfaltering, but full of
feeling. As one whose mind has been preternaturally exercised, he
is conscious of the minutest circumstances I. But he has passed beyond
excitement, and knows himself to be on the verge of lasting rest. Tothe gods he speaks a few necessary words, more as demanding a right
than as craving a boon. To the Furies he utters one brief impassioned
cry, unforgiving here as in the Odyssey (II. 543 foll., cp. Aj. 1395),
but committing his cause to those to whom vengeance belongs. And,side by side with this vindictiveness (cp. the end of Electra), he gives free
utterance to his natural tenderness, till at the thought of his mother
he checks himself, and addresses himself to death. But caught by an
irresistible impulse he takes one last look at the world he is leaving.
All that has ever done hitm kindness, animate or inanimate, even the
Trojan plain that hates him, is comprehe-nded in his warm farewell.
Then, at a bound, the proud spirit passes to the Underworld.2. The indirect intervention of Calchas, mentioned, above, is not only
an important link in the chain of circumstances, but, like the direct
1 'Strange, that the mind when fraughtWith a passion so intense
Should, by being so overwrought,Suddenly strike on a. sharper sense.
When he lay dying thereI noticed one of his many rings. . and thought,It is his mother's hair,' (Tennyson.),
50 , AyAX.
'action of Teiresias in Ant. 987 foll., and 0. T. 300 foll., throws anindispensable light on the ethical motive of the drama.
When the wrath of the Achaeans against Ajax is at the height, andhis brother is met with universal outcry of abuse, the holy prophet, who' feels the future in the instant,' rises calmly from the excited council of athe chiefs and lays a friendly hand in Teucer's. The anger of Athenahas had sufficient cause, but he knows that it will pass like a summercloud. This is the key-note of what follows.
The forest scene remaining, the Chorus enter severally from vainsearch, and Tecmessa catching sight of Ajax raises a shrill cry. She hadnot gone far; but with the instinct of affection she has been the first,to find him, though too late. They lament for him, and she covershim tenderly with her mantle (cp. El. 1468)'.
Then Teucer comes, sends Tecmessa back for the child, and makeshis lament. He has been brought, not by the direct interposition ofZeus in answer to the prayer of Ajax, but by natural means. Theprayer had been already heard, when, after the prophecy of Calchas,Ajax was found to have left the tent, and those who believed theprophet concluded that he was dead. The rumour would be spreadby the returning messenger, as well as by those sent by Tecmessa
(1 804)... Hardly has he drawn the bleeding corpse from the planted sword
before Menelaus arrives and forbids the burial. In every play ofSophocles there is a part where the action is suspended (e.g. O. T.630-862). In the Ajax, as in the Trachiniae, this comes unusuallynear the end. But this would hardly be felt to be a fault by theAthhnian spectator, to whom the question whether their hero should befinally disgraced or honoured had a thrilling interest, and whose excite-ment probably rose to the highest pitch at the moment when Teucerdeclares himself, Tecmessa, and Eurysakes ready to die for his brother'sburial. It must be admitted, however, that the poet, perhaps relying onthe intrinsic interest of the situation, has spent less labour on this thanon the former part of the drama. The inequality is so manifest thatanother hand has been suspected here. But the other hand is the lefthand of Sophocles.
. 00 The supposed breach in the unity of action is apparent merely.
a 'So enabling the actor to personate Teucer.' (Schneidewin.)
NOTES. 51The fate of Ajax is still the centre of interest; and to the spectators,1as to himself, his honour was more important than his life. Hisdeath and the dark hour preceding it make but a middle point inhis passage from glory to glory. The solution of the supposed diffi-culty in this case is the same as in the parallel case of Shakespeare'sJulius Caesar, whose power is felt most after his death. ('O JuliusCaesar, thou art mighty yet:' J. C. 5. 3, 94.)
But while the unity of the Ajax is unimpeachable from this higherpoint of view, the fact remains that in point of structure it is more likea condensed trilogy than any other of the seven plays. The OedipusRex, Antigone, Trachiniae, end with a fatal catastrophe. In the Electrathe catastrophe is the desired end. The Oedipus Col. and Philoctetes,like the last plays of Shakespeare, are dramas of reconciliation. But,the Ajax in so far reflects the Aeschylean handling1, as the embroil-ment, the catastrophe, and the reconcilement proceed continuously, andmake a beginning, middle, and end. Considered in this aspect, the actionis threefold, containing, i. the madness of Ajax; 2. his death; 3. hisburial. The theme of the latter part of the Ajax, the redemption (notof all men but) of the heroic soul, which may be clouded but not
-stained, forms a partial anticipation of the Oedipus Coloneus.3. The passion which pervades the Ajax is dominated by a profound
and exalted spirit of moderation. This is the lesson which Athenateaches to the hero through his own suffering, to the wiser and morefortunate Odysseus through the suffering of another. Ajax does notforgive the Atridae (any more than Oedipus forgives his sons, orAntigone her judge), but he submits to them by going out of their
jurisdiction (ieaararaL). In a more perfect sense he submits himselfto the gods, though his haughty manner towards them never disappears.He is reconciled to the world in leaving it. HIe does his utmost toprovide for those of his own house. And he is entirely possessed of hisown spirit, and deeply conscious of his true situation, at the moment ofdeath. It is significant that he dies in the full sunlight, and not, asdescribed by Pindar, in the gloom of night (Isth. 3. 54 (4. 35) Ai'avroraxlaz 'oLVLOV, TaV 0L E V VXI TL wayV 7rEpi Cp qaay'q, c ov, yo/v X E
7rais8anv 'EAXXdvo'v boot TplavS' /3av).
* ' Other resemblances to Aeschylus are, I. the anapaestic parodos; 2. thecomparative frequency of lines without caesurae, as 855, 994 ; 3. the numberof Epic words and expressions: see p. 53.
Eg2
AyAX.
4. Thus Ajax learns obedience in the only way compatible with hisnature. But a yet higher note in this respect is struck through thecharacter of Odysseus. The man that is not passion's slave can seldombe the protagonist of tragedy. But: the greatest tragic artists, 'who sawlife steadily and saw it whole,' have felt the need of such (Horatio,Banquo, Kent, Creon in O. T., Theseus, Odysseus), not only for con-trast, but to fill up the conception of ideal excellence, and to correctthe imperfection which for the time 'subdues to its own scandal'the grand lineaments of the principal figure. Odysseus here doesmore. He'brings the element of just kindliness which can aloneoverrule
'Action and re-action,The miserable see-saw of our child-world,'
and thus he solves the knot which seems inextricable. He upholdsthe divine law of equity, and prevents the requital of wrong with wrong.
Odysseus, acknowledging the nobleness of his enemy (1. 1340),Deianira touching the Athenians with pity for captive Heracleids(Trach. 3o3-5), Theseus praising Thebes (0. C. 919, 20), Neoptolemuspreferring faithfulness to ambition (Phil. I230 ff.), these give so manyglimpses of the 'Heavenly Aether,' in which the genius of Sophoclesbreathed freely, and into which his poetry tended to lift his countrymen.
The impression of peace left on the mind after so much agitation:must have struck the spectators, as it strikes the Chorus (1418-20),-with surprise.
Many points are necessarily left unnoticed in this brief survey. Itmust suffice to mention two; (I) the dramatic use made of hints fromearlier poetry, and (2) the character of Tecmessa.
i. The wrath of Athena was, no doubt, a dark reality in the tra-ditional fable. ' Odysseus she had loved, but Ajax she had hated.' Andthis point of view is held by several of the persons, including Ajax inhis ' first rage' (450, 952-3). But what, according to Sophocles, hadAthena really done ? She had, perhaps, inspired the adjudication of thearms; and in this she was justified by the pride of Ajax, which neededchastisement, and by the proved wisdom of Odysseus. She had preventedthe consequences, fatal no less to Ajax than to the host, to which the painof repulse, acting on the character of the hero, must have otherwise led.In this she had put forth her power to save the Argives, ' as a motherflicks away a fly from her sleeping child,' and her wrath was upon
NOTES. 53,Ajax for the day. He had provoked it, in the way which Calchasrelates, or, to speak the poet's mind more accurately, it had fallenupon him through the necessity of his nature, which could not other-wise attain to piety and peace.
The comparison of the Philoctetes, and of Euripides, shows that twodifferent conceptions of Odysseus were prevalent in the time of Sophocles,the higher one being continued from the Odyssey and the lower probablyderived from some of the later Epic poets. In the Odyssey (II. 548),Odysseus regrets a victory which lost Ajax to the Greeks. This couldnot be repeated with dramatic propriety in this play, but has suggdstedthe motive for the character of Odysseus as here conceived by Sophocles;-not, however, by the persons of the drama, for by them he is misunder-stood, and imagined to be laughing over his rival at the moment whenhe is most impressed with pity for him. Even Agamemnon accuses himof being guided .by self-interest, an imputation which he ironicallyaccepts. The scene with Athena has for once enabled the spectator todistinguish without possibility of mistake between the intention of thedramatist and the opinions attributed to his characters.
By suppressing all allusion to Achilles beyond what was absolutelynecessary, Sophocles has given greater prominence to Ajax as thesavioui of the Greeks (see esp. 11. 1275 foll.), while some attributes ofAchilles are transferred to Ajax. And-still in the interest of his plot-the poet differs from all who precede and follow him in crediting thishero with forecast in his talmer moods (1. 119). He has also modified thestory of the death of Hector, or selected one which suited his purposebetter than that in the Iliad (11. 1029 foll.). The relation of Teucer toAjax and.to Telamon has also probably been modified, though we areless able to judge of this than we might have been if the ' Teucer' ofSophocles had been preserved.
Another point that deserves notice is the use made of Epic words and.expressions, which are more than usually frequent in this play, e. g,(apEYvs, ro'aaov, 'E'Xle, CXVhytds, Jev? 7P7vdsd,drELpTLos, ToLos, o oVALOS, othlX)
tCd7E'os, ';77hos, Eibp~Jes. The exact meaning with which some of these
are employed by Sophocles is difficult to determine.2. Sophocles has two chief types of female excellence, the heroic, and
the simply feminine. For, while it is a crude judgment that denies truewomanhood to Electra and Antigone, itis a rash one that would ignoreDeianira, or even Tecmessa, who, although the least of these figures,
54 AyAX.
has rarely been surpassed. She may have been suggested by theThracian handmaidens who formed the chorus of the Aeschyleancentral play, and she bears a certain resemblance to Briseis andAndromache. But she has traits of character which are all her own,and must win for her universal sympathy. Her relation to Ajax is notmerely that of a captive to her master. He has been tender and true toher in the better times, making her envied of the other captive women,and while she fears him her love is stronger than her fear. When he ishimself endangered by his passion, she can strike in boldly with her,word, and she can expostulate freely with him that the memory ofkindness ought to be indelible. Since the day she was united to himshe has been entirely his, though it was he who had destroyed herfatherland. The house of Telamon, which she has never seen, is thecentre of her thoughts. She is at one with all those who love him, andhas adopted his hatreds. Though she is awestruck at his impiety,(1. 591) she has learned from him to resent openly the apparentcruelty of the gods (11. 952, 3). Ajax is honoured by such devotion, noless than by the admissions of Odysseus. All the insight which mereaffection gives she has in full measure, though she is not allowed toenter into the depths of the hero's soul. In this it is partly thesimplicity of her affection that blinds her. Though she was quick todivine Ajax' first intentions, yet when he seems to recall them shecannot think that he whom she loves is deceiving her; neither canshe fully realize the agony of wounded honour, or understand how
'The soul and body ive not more in partingThan greatness going off .'
The first intimation of the truth presses from her the cry that shehas lost his favour; but she utters no reproach, and no complainingmingles with her lament for him, when, being unable to lift the corpse,she has veiled him tenderly from human eyes.
Tecmessa is also a true mother. When Ajax, still hardly sane,calls aloud for Teucer (1ic irai, wai), whose presence is so needfulfor the purpose he has already formed, she thinks that he is callingfor the child; and when he really calls for Eurysakes, to take fare-well, and to bequeath to him his shield, it is with timidity and
'1 She knew right well What the rough sickness meant, but what thismeant She knew not.' (Tennyson.)
NOTES. LINES 1-5. 55reluctance that she brings him. But she at last complies, for Ajaxis 'more to her than ten sons;' and, in the supreme emergency, whenshe flies to the forlorn hope of saving him-after one look at the child,as if he could tell her what to do, she leaves him unguarded on thecamping-ground.
Where can be found a clearer image of the affection of the less for thegreater; of the love that gives itself without reserve, yet can pleadits own reasons and its own rights too, that trusts wholly, but is,pained by the defect of trust, that is not paralysed by crosses, butshines brightest in the night of sorrow ?
Lines 1-133, Prologue. Athena informs Odysseus that Ajax is theauthor of the raid on the cattle. She summons Ajax from his tent andconverses with him in the presence of Odysseus; when he has retired,she warns Odysseus of the danger of pride. The scene is before thetent or hut of Ajax.
Line I. &el as first word qualifies the whole sentence. &delt V . . KatvOv. For this (not uncommon) coordinate form cp. Aesch. Ag. 587-598 advwXoXv~a yi' . . sai zv r B5EI X'yev ; 0. T. 413 Oi'b cal 86bopas,ie. . A. Aaprlov, Sophocles (and Euripides also) uses both Aaprt'ov andAaEpriov= A'prov. The form is not to be regarded as a possessiveadjective =' the Lartian,' but merely as a variation of the name.
1. 2. rretpa . . O7p Lpevov, i. e. Oy7pL eov 7r6pda' TVa EX0pcv CarEAprdaaL abTrv. 'Hunting after some attempt upon the foe, so as toput it in action suddenly,' i. e. ' seeking to make some swift attemptupon the foe;' such as the night-sortie in which the horses of Rhesuswere taken, 1. 10. 465. O7p'Vlvov suggests the image of a huntsman,which recurs below in 11. 5, 6 ; and in 11. 7, 8, 19, 20, 32, seems to passinto that of a hound. For the extension of the use of the cognateaccusative, cp. alXudEat XEpa (97), Er/7TrinrTELw 3datv (42), dpopAv nr?-pav (290), etc. Others (I) join aprriaat closely with Oipr6lEvov, or (2)translate 7rcip&v rw', i.-r.. 'to snatch (i. e. " to forestall," " catch in itscareer,") some attempt on the part of the enemy.'
14. 4.4v & rXdX'rlv Xet, i. e. 'o-XaTros rETaIrfat, sc. 6 Ai'as. Theperiphrasis of the substantive with fXet is frequent in this play, cp. 11. 193,203, 320, 564, 88o. Ajax and Achilles had their tents at the two endsof the Grecian fleet, which was drawn up in a semicircle between thepromontories of Sigeum and Rhoeteum (I1. II. 8).
1. 5. KVVr lETo~iVC. See on 1. 2 Oisp Cevov. Ear oin EVO in a eneralsense scanning:' The middle form is very -rre; in the simple verb,
not equally so in the compounds; cp. O. T. 795 ao.rpots r AotitvfJCueTrpoV'j.E os XOOva. For the use of the middle cp. infra 1. 45.
1. 7. EE'PCEP , 'leads to the oal' Flat. Phaedo . 66 B ctv5v vedVErosL ijbep d-rpardos TiS JAs 1CiKPpELv, and intransitively, 0. C. 1424 T770WU' is 6pOb' icqpe pavrEvaaa. Odysseus (led by his own sagacity)
is here himself compared to the hound, whose keen-scented movementbrings him close on the game.
1. 8. Eipwvos. There is a doubt whether this word is the nom. or gen.case. The nom. is preferable in point of construction, as it gives amore even balance to the clauses tvv0s Aacalvs.. Ev
6pros 8ias, EV ircppf4
E .Eipwos IcaLts, and 6aos rts without an adjective in the nominativeis bald; on the other hand it is not certain that the form Epwvos (nom.)was in use in old Attic. The Spartan hounds-said to be bred from adog and a fox-were renowned for their keen scent: cp. Shak. Mids.Night's Dream, 4. i, 124:
'My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind.'1. 9. ap-L, ' recently.' Cp. Eur. Med. 85 rapTL YL'cYWUCEs Trde;
v~vov rvyX&VEL. Porson would join rUTXaVEL oardowv. But theparticiple is omitted with rV-yXivE , /cvpEfv, etc., when accompaniedwith an adverb of place, as here. Otherwise such omission is rare,though it is sometimes found, e. g. El. 46 E'trCTos ab-rots -rYadvEL
opvfCvwv, and several times in Plato. See Ast. Lex. Madvig, Synt.
§ 17 7 b, R. i.1. io. LSpGT^rL must be taken with iaipa only, and some word such as
a/LaTr combined with XE'pas. Sweat in the head etc. is discussed byAristotle, Problem. bk. 2.
1. 13. ov. For the ' subjective' middle= ccas dbr3 aravrov cp.
O. T. 134 TW v a' f*r bi'-7'poc v, 1460, infra 1. 536 lrp6voLatv tOov.
1. 14. J 40yR'. It is the voice of Athena which makes the firstimpression upon Odysseus, but the use of the word must not be pressedso far as to assume that he does not see her (though perhaps dimly).Cp. El. 1225 & 09E'Y', alpixov; where Orestes is present. The voiceis strongly associated with personal feeling. tr(rr -lE ZLo'I OEicv. Thespecial friendship of Athena for Odysseus appears continually in Homer,e.g Od. 3. 221 ; 13. 291. Cp. also Phil. 134-
1. 15. cs, 'how.' &iworrros, ' far removed from the eye,'' seen at adistance.' Cp. Phil. 467 i~t drd-rroou xxov ) '-yyViEv. Otherstranslate 'unseen,' cp. El. 1489 aiTrorrov i~pWv : but it is unlikely thatAthena should continue speaking so long, and be invisible. Theapparition is spoken of by Tecmessa as ambi Is (infra 1. 301), whichmakes it probable that she was seen, though dimly, at least by Ajax.
1. 17. KccWvos is the bell-shaped mouth of the trumpet. For the
epithet Tupo7VLKsW cp. Aesch. Eum. 567, Eur. Phoen. 1377.
56 AYAX.
NOTES. , LINES 7-3z. 57
1. 18. Kat vOv, with the aorist, adds an instance to the impression offrequent intercourse conveyed by the presents d&couw . . awap-'cw.
.' detted discovered in l , er the commission of theact. Cp. Thuc. I. 132 vraparotlavtpervos appay-?a i'va . pir rtytc(Pausanias). Ant. 960 IeE vos inlyEvw y pavials pa'iwv rv Oedv.
1. 19.f3Ira'OLV KUKkOVr V .' The language is meta-phorical, borrowed from the movements of dogs in search of a scent.Xen. Cyn. 4, 3; 6, 21. A'L'avCL r a cKecr 6 p, as opposed to Ajax theson of Oileus, Il. 13. 709-718; ib. 7. 219 4,pwv adaos 7,-E 7irTipov.
1. 21. VVKT6S, gen. of time, less definite than the dative, giving aspace of time within which the action lies, not the precise point.doKorov, ' beyond thought.' The word has two meanings in Sophocles,(i) 'not to be seen,' 0. C. 168o dIowo ro rXdC Es, (2) 'not to be com-prehended,' ' mysterious,' or ' vast,' as here. Cp. El. 1315 i'pYacaL 5 'acora, Tr. 246 - v iaircoov (' vast ') Xpdovov p 3pds Pv 7F p v dv lptOlov.
1. 22. E'LpyTrrcM, sc. 6 A'las.
1. 23. &C~Ec40a, 'we are bewildered.' So ravaar is used, Hdt. 6.37 irXavwcjcvv B ri&v Aa/as voP .. 76 OXEl 7r iEros LrZas. O. T. 727
~vxis 7rXad r7/Aa.1. 24. r8~ . . wr6v, ' to the labour of search, which, as you see, I am
pursuing.' bweg'y-qv, 'have put myself in harness to,' i. e. ' haveundertaken.'
1. 26. Xdias. The plural is perhaps used because different kinds ofspoil are meant, or spoil taken at several times. Cp. infra 1. 145
ord /caL Xdav.1. 27. EK XELP 6S. The preposition ei is not uncommon in this sense
of the source whence destruction comes. Cp. O. T. 811i vvrdEs be rT'o-ieXetpOs, and (with a person) El. 526 i po9 I rie'vK~ycev. The oxen wereslain 'by hand' of man, not struck by lightning or devoured by beastsof prey. aroLtv[(yv mir o-'rats, 'shepherds.' Cp. O. T. 1028 orCLPriots
i raTTTf1ovY, infra 1. 232 Jo7pa inrov&p'.ar, and Il. 18. 529 ICTElvov
8' 6ZTi /ArlhoSorT7pas.1. 28. iEKEl . . VELEL, 'apportions to him.' The use of vu Av in a
bad sense is somewhat rare, but cp. Aesch. Suppl. 403 ZEbs vi'Pwv EdLICUTO
dlrca iv d5icots, 'ata b' i'vvdpots, infra 1. 513. Another reading, morestrongly supported by MSS., is 'rp 'It (' turns against him' like aweapon ? uiedivp being = ir' hdceiv,).
1. 30r. rrl8^vra rreSLa, 'bounding over the plains.' For the acc. ofI he sphere of motion cp. infra 1. 845 rav alrbv obpavv &B~p77AarTWv.
1. 31. 4p&(EGL 7E KC&8'XorEV, 'tells the story and pointed out thetracks.' For a similar combination of tenses cp. Ant. 406 sal 7r&^s
-6p3'rat ici rthi-r'rs upplOq;1. 32. KCUT' IXVOS qa-co, dart upon the track.' Here again the
58 AyAX.
language is suitable to a hound. rd plvy o'lvaL.volL. For the middlecp. O. T. 916 Ta atLvi rots raca TfeKpaipETraL. 'In art I fin ttraces, but in part I am bewildered.' &d Iv . . ra Tn are better takenas adverbial accusatives than as accusatives of the object (rfiv ixyvy).acr/alveai at seems to have been used technically of a hound, Opp. C.454 (L. and S.).
1. 33. WKXyryFtL. The perfect is used as in re qdptqpat and the like,infra 1. 252. Ko K.. ~rrov, ' and cannot discover where the quarry lies.' Cp.infra 1. 103 'i&pov I' 6irov, 890 di erYvbv dlv'pa Ig XEVaoetyv wirov. 0. T.
925. Odysseus had followed the track (1. 32) as far as the gates of Ajax'tent, but here the marks became confused, and he was like a houndat fault. He is speaking of his state of mind before Athena gave himinformation (1. 9). For this cp. O. T. 359, 60o, and note on O. T. 1025.
Against the other reading, irov, it may be objected (I) that the ellipseis unusual and somewhat harsh; (2) that it has been supplied in threedifferent ways, (a) rb 'p'Yov, (b) Tl i'LX, (c) obf "oXW (rwa) bTrovpaoivy Exw.
1. 34. KaLpaV is adverbial=els icatpdv cp. infra 1. 1316 capbyv 'o0'iXnXvObs, Eur. Hel. 487 iacp3v yac ob'v' JXOEs, and r~v ppv in Hdt.2, 2. rra Y-&, K. T. X.' For in all things, as heretofore, so hereafterI submit myself to be guided by thy hand.' Cp. Ant. 61I rTo 7' irELTaial 7 y4XXov iat 7rpIV, Irc. T..
1. 36. 'yvcov, ' I observed it,' viz. ' that you were at fault.' The orderof words is 'rqv l's 68y (pvXa rpd0Ovos r ocv rav'yia, ' I came forth aguardian zealous for thy chace.' For the dative after rpdOvyos cp.Xen. Hellenic. 2. 3, 40 o0 7rpdOvYo T^ ?ehe -ye-yEsrpLVot.
1. 37. KVVVay'@. For the Doric form cp. XoXais. (L. and S.)1. 38. 4 Kai; This formula may be compared with rr&s cal; (carefully
to be distinguished from cxa? Irs;) Tis eal; etc. It asksfurther information, on a subject of great moment.
4s0 has been interpreted (I)=nam, taking up a suppressed 2wphsIPasp yrov EL, (2)='that,' with i'a0s supplied. The second is probablyright. Cp. Eur. Med. 609 cus ob jcpvovpas rv TW vo ThrXEiova, O. C.861 &s Tro0ro v6v rsrpdcETas. ro, ' for your satisfaction,' ' in answer toyour inquiry.'
1. 40. Join 8vur6ywoarov with Xipa. Cp. infra 1. 230 vrapav ArXC7n
XEPL. Xfpa . . 7Ev. The acc. is not unlike ri'tpav apridat in 1. 2. Itis not necessary to consider 7pev as transitive, and Xipa as acc. of theobject, if Xipa is taken as it should be=' violent action.' 'What hadhe respect to, when he rushed forth in an act of such ill-reasonedviolence. Others wrongly join irp3s 7'i 8vaXo6-yaTo; 'for what un-intelligible reason?' For 8varX 'yw ov cp. WvaCE'ptros, 8vUOp'Tros,
vaoovpwros.
NOTES. LINES 33-58. '591. 41. XXcY Papv0Es, K. r. X. For the gen. ='because of,' cp.
Il. I. 429 Xwl6
evos. . yvvaTaus (and passim), Eur. Ale. 5, Soph. Ant.
1177, and even Thuc. 2. 62 XaXErWi s opipEv aVWrv. The gen. is hereassisted by the collocation Xo'Acp Brwv. O. T. 698, and note.
1. 44. ' Can it be that his intention in this was aimed at the Argives ?Cp. note on 1. 38.
1. 45. itErrpd ar'. The subjective middle is significant. ' He wouldt e de n of himself,' 4 avTo0 t&rpa$v. Cp. El.
13 IkEOpE0c61v, ib. 349 7tuVwpovtdvs. For Sophocles' uses of the middlecp. uETrpodVIEVov 1. 5, arlalvoyat 1. 32, 1XVo0rcro1oT/1Ev0os 1. 997. It is to
be preferred here to the v. r. Airpatev as the more difficult reading.1. 46. T6 X6 aLs. The plural is ' concrete,' i. e. it expresses i-uAla put
in action, ' deed of daring.' Cp. Ant. 962 iv ICEproLAlots yXciovars.
-ratoSE, 'of which this is the issue.' Cp. infra 1. 1392.
1. 47. 86XLos 6p&ar a must be taken closely together. Cp. Phil.1328 KpdtLos olIrovpv bPs.
1. 49. rpa'rGq-YlLvw 'Tr6Xas. Cp. infra 1. 71 alxtaari3as xfpas.1. 51. svcr b ovs vi aos, 'overpowering imaginations.' This is better
than ' mis ea fg.' The irresistible nature ~ aMffliction is one of thepathetic points of the situation. Cp. 11. 187, 223, 403, 951.
1. 52. -rgT Avr)KCE'TOV Xap&s. These words must be taken withd7nipyw, not with yzvc'as, 'his baleful joy '= his joy in the slaughterof the Atridae, which would have been an dIcErTov icacbiY to thearmy. &ldwpy, historical present.
1. 53 OFaLJAKT' TE, K. r.X. (I) ' The minled chares of the herd-Se t ;f' or (2)' The mingled spoil, yet un-
divided, and in the keeping of the herdmen.' The gen. XEaas is difficult.It may be taken directly with dSaaa, 'undivided out of the spoil,' or itmay go with ppovppara as a gen. of description, as we might say dyAyrls3orc yara for dyEXafa Oor/x4aTa (Tr. 20 dy~7va p y ls). But the latterconstruction weakens the force of diaoara. Cp. infra 1. 146 rKep Upi-XAprros Er' ifv AotrL, which is an echo of this passage.
1. 55. For (KELPE 46vov cp. supra 1. 40. woXVJKgPOV b6vov,' hornbdcarnage,' i. e. 'carnage of hornbd cattle.'
1. 56. KV'KXC PaX tcv, 'hewing them round about him.' Paxiawv isstrictly' cleaving the spine.'
1. 57. i4Xwv, 'having them in his ower.'1. 58. 3T' adXor' dhkov. Strict grammar would require h5E U, an-
swering to .iav (aO' 'rTE (1. 56), but the adversative 5E seems to berendered unnecessary by the adversative ahXov. (We find d Xo = S in,O. T. 605 ro70r' AXho answering to roTro 1 v in 603). Thus instead of theregular 7rE 8 a'XXov Tva, the whole meaning is summed up in dXXor'rlAov. ' And now-in short now one and then another,' There is a)
do A AX.
similar accumulation of words with a similar effect in Ant. 139 Eixi 8'aXhha iAEv a'xa .. " aS' b rUs rTEvos 'jAla Trv~ObEXtcCV, I. T. X.
1. 59. cfOLT rvTa is perhaps used in a literal and also in a metaphoricalsense. At once 'ranging' and 'raving.'
1. 60. els 'pKiq KCaK, 'into the net of ruin.' The asyndeton givesforce to the verbs, as often, cp. El. 719-
1. 61. wr6vou =' the labour of killing.' The MS. authority is infavour of qdvov, which also furnishes a stronger opposition to (~CvUras inthe next line. But 7rdvov is preferred as the more general and poeticalword, and as giving more point to the demonstrative. Cp. 1. 28.
1. 64. dypcLv Xcv= ' possessing a spoil, or quarry,' but 607pav fXYOV in1. 564 is 'engaged in hunting.
1. 66. IrEptcavf', 'in open day.' By thus summoning Ajax fromthe tent the poet obtains two advantages, (i) he makes more forciblethe contrast between ' Ajax mad, and Ajax sane,' (2) he exhibits him inhis degradation to Odysseus, his enemy, who by Athena's counsel is thusprepared to use moderation after his death.
1. 68. avriopcv, i.e. 's 6vra avp&po.pd. Cp. O. C. 142 pI P',lICErEVc , 7Tpoeisr' avopov, and infra 1. I297.
1. 69. ycJ yap airpco abyds 6b/Clrcov drooTrpo'dovs (objre abir3rv po))
ltat Ev Arv 7Tpdaoa1v. &aro s is prOUT s isrlpticj . LJ t
rays of his eyes, that they shall be turned awa 1 .' With Et aLSE6 the,/negative motion contained in dreipco must be repeated; tp is, always
omitted after i pyw in Sophocles, and almost always, in all writers, aftero Avco. Bd7rpyw (pres. for future) has MS. authority.1. 7r. For oi-'ros cp. O. C. 1627, infra 1. 89. For atXlako'icas cp.
supra 1. 49.1. 72. SEOTLOs &rev6ivoVTa, (1) ' straightening behind them,' i e. ' bind-
ing back.' Cp. O. T. '154 o'X doS rTXos Ts T70o' 1rnoa rpE~Et xpas.Or 2) (reducin zto order.' O. T. 104, note.
1. 73. 8 ~arOV. Cp. infra 1. zo8 4plceiov orEtrls. However the tentor hut of Ajax was actually, represented, in his madness he imagined itto be a palace (0. T. 951).
1. 75. SewM\( ,.RASa Elowcowardice to rise.' Cp. Eur. I. A. 1598rpis rara n rs ves Odpros alp ,avfdry7s (Jebb), infra 1. lo66 p 5i, SeLJvb,
a'ipps pivos, O. T. 914 yo ydp a'p.Et Ovby Olpriovs. So in 1. 674 iolue1is' allows to rest.' This use of the verb corresponds to the Germanuse of the inf. with lassen. The middle would mean 'take upon yourself,'as in 1. 129. Distinguish between apw^ from aipcw (d) and dp^3 fromadEpco (a). (Elmsl. Heracl. 323).
1. 77. ' Fv1 YEV rataL; 'lest what should happen' (lit.), i. e. ' What isyour fear?' The same phrase occurs Eur. Suppl. 544. aviP is used in anemphatic sense, as in O. C. 393 br' oIICET' EltA, TrvIairT' d'p' E'Ap.IaV1 dp
NOTES. LINES 59-106. 61
'Is he now for the first, time a (brave) man?' The shrinking ofOdysseus is not really cowardice, as Athena ironically insinuates, buta natural horror in which humane feeling has a large share.
1. 79. yEhav is to be taken with ~~68oros as epexegetic inf.1. 81. rrEpL avGs is to be taken with 1aEV, 'in the open daylight.'
Cp. 1. 66 reptpav^, 229 wrepuqaTros.
1. 82. 4povovvra. This acc. with ki~rgv is found in Dem. p. 460, iov8Eva VTf4oTE CivLvvoV E& Trrcav. Compare also O. T. 31, O. C. 584-
1. 86. ie'vroL corrects the doubt expressed in line 84. For &v cp.Hdt. 4. I95 d' 8' av rraV.
1. 88. .Evoty.' Av, ' I suppose I must remain '= force PEVEvEov JTva(Plat. Rep. 328 B). For this use of the optative with av to express anintention imposed on the speaker by another cp. O. T. 95 XElyoqL' ''y,O. C. 507 Xwpor' lv.
1. 90. For the actual relation of Ajax and Athena cp. infra 11. 770 foil.It is part of his madness that Ajax regards the goddess as his ally, andpromises offerings to the deity whose help he had so scornfully rejected.
1 9. 94. K#aks '~Eas. The formula implies that Athena wishes tochange the subject. Cp, O. T. 859 /aXws vot LEs, & AX' b'wcos, IC. 7. X.
Einevo. Obs. the pronoun. ' Not this, but that.'1. 95. Hp0s . . orpar. This construction is due to the metaphorical
sense of 4reamwv (= ' Have you been successful in your attack on - ?'),1. 96. O6iros, sc. 'rov BIdcat, m.r.7. KOU'K &rapvoj0cLL To 4J. Cp.
Ant. 44 3 mat 471 1 Bpaaat KOvIC amapvoUatL 7r3 I0A.
1. 97. XJico-as Xpa, 'Didst thou make an armed onset?' Xpa is to betaken as in 1. 40. Cp. Tr. 35. aixkhryat ralEE, 'to make this armed raid.'
1. 98. oLS'. He has them in the tent, close at hand.1. Ioo. For the 'oxymoron,' expressing bitter scorn, cp. Ant. 7 7 brTiots
l . Alhaatv vavTri ras, ib. 308 foll. obX /y.'v "Ars . .Kpdl'Ev ptXdv.1. Ioi. The ydp is due to elev, ' enough of this, for I,' etc1. o02. iroO o-oL, Kr.h. X. How stands his fortune with thee?' 'In
what position (as regards his fortune) have you got him ?' roL impliesthat Odysseus is in the power of Ajax.
1 3.103. 'ro'lrpLTroV KVaLOS, (I) 'the cunning fox;' ilrper'rov hasthe sense of 'worn down,' 'fine,' cp. rpiPw'o, ,repirTpi/pL' dyopas Ar. Nub.447. Elsewhere (infra 1. 381) Odysseus is termed ealcorm4aTrarov d/lArparTparoV. Or (2) 'The accursed fox,' the verbal having here the unusual
sense of 'deserving to be crushed' (cp. fn rptfi7t s Arist. Av. 1530). Cp.infr. 1386 and the poetic use of the present for the future.
1. 104. ive'r&rv, 'rival,' o nent. Odysseus 'stood in the way'of Ajax' preeminence being acknowledged.
1. io6. The ram, supposed to be Odysseus, had been made to sitagainst the pillar.
6 I AyAX.
1. oS8. Ajax in his madness imagines the tent or hut to be a houseSwith a peristyle (supra 1. 7.). Hence the grandiloquent expression ApKOL'U<'riTiys. rrpds K ovG. Infra 1. 240 lcoveL aas, we have the dative, andthe same variation is found elsewhere.
1. IO. Odvq is of course irregular after Oavely ob O~Aw opiv dv. Theprominent idea is contained in PpoivIXOEls p/oTyl. ' I would not havehim die till he is whipped to death.' Cp. Phil. 1329 ravav '&OGt 7rij EPj7or' ' vXELV s o'Yov v apEas . . "7pv ..r ^P rap' ?1L^v iv7vX'rv 'A-
tcArlpnm&v vorov paaxO-s 7Ta3E. Ant. 308 (quoted on 1. Ioo).1. I12. XapELv, ' to have thy way.' EiO4l'Rac is here followed by the
acc. and infin. in preference to the dative (infra 1. II6).1. 114. T pIpLs '8E aoL r' 8Sp&v is a refined way of saying 70276 iGaT
TEprvdv rao, r pactv (16E). For the article cp. O. T. 1417 AX' Av ia,-TELs is B~ov rapECO' b'56 KpIowv rb piaaEVty ical ra fovaEv'Er. Phil. 620;
Ant. 78, and 664.1. 115. With XpS XEltp cp. Hdt. 9, 72 oic iXpefaYro 7r Xetpt.1. 117. Ajax now returns within the tent, and Odysseus is left alone
with Athena. The conversation which follows enables us to understandOdysseus' action at the end of the play (11. 1332 foll.). His moderationthere is inspired by Athena.
11. 119, 120. 'Whom could you have found?' The aorist refers to thepast time, before Ajax had been afflicted with madness. rpovoerTEpos.
This has been thought to clash with the Homeric description of Ajax,ATav da/apT
6rEVs 1Sovyd'FE, 1. 13. 824. But even in the Iliad Ajax is notwanting in practical intelligence and promptitude (cp. Wunder, p. 14,who quotes Il. 7. 288 Aary, i7rdi TO iW^E Gi E OE pLYE'S TE 1 rlqv TE ic alIrtvvri7v, 7TEpt 8' lYXEt 'AXaoiv ' (E'prar& i'ot); and deliberate forethoughtand decision are essential elements in the Sophoclean conception ofhim.
i. 122. 'p lwrj must be joined with brotcrEpco, cp. infra 1. 563.1. 123. Ajax is yoked with a demon of disastrous infatuation which
drags him helpless to his ruin. Cp. Plato, Phaedrus 254 A (of the darkhorse) radvra rpda'tyara 7rapiXWv 7W av'y.
1. 124. akkov rov o 6
v,'so muc s my own case.1. 123. hl&s, i.e. mankind in general. Cp. El. Io58 foll. ri robis 'voO ev
a .765' obC I 'i 'fas rEXoeAEv;
1. 128. Ajax had spoken such words, cp. infra 11. 767 foll.1. 129. 'pP, 'take u on th self a loft bg ing;' the middle is in place
here. Cp. supra 1. 75.1. 130. IaKpoO ,rXorov Pd0Et. Lit. 'in depth of (vast) treasure.'
The words are used in a metaphorical sense without strict reference tothe original meaning. Cp pa6arXovros.
1. 131. For the sentiment cp. O. C. 567. {lxpipa is not to be limited
NOTES. LINES IO8-143.
strictly to 'a day,' it means 'the passing time.' Cp. the common ex-pression Is 7O' 3 s jl- Fai1iara i-Tbrew rliel to the feeling of thisplace 6p. ' The Lord bringeth low, and lifteth up.'
11. 134-200. Parodos, of which 11. 134-171 are in anapaests, the re-mainder in lyric measures.
1. 134. ' Entrance-anapaests' are thought to be a mark of antiquity inthe construction of a Greek drama: they occur more frequentlyin Aeschylusthan in the other tragedians. The Chorus pace anxiouslyinto the orchestra(round the thymele) before the tent of Ajax, giving utterance to theirfeelings first in anapaests, and then more excitedly in the lyric strain.They have heard of the slaughter of the cattle, and of the suggestionthat it is the deed of Ajax, but they hope that the rumour may be false,the work of the Atridae or Odysseus. If true, it is some visitation ofmadness which has carried Ajax from his true self. TEhalxjv6 = Tta-pwvos, as in Homer piyhas TEXap', wtos Alas. Such uses of the adjectiveare common in Sophocles, cp. O. T. 267, 400, 451, 1216.
1. 135- &YXt Kov, ' close on the sea.' An additional attribute, addedafter the subst., is characteristic of Sophocles, cp. infra 1. 219, O. T. I 199;so Eur. Heracl. 750. (Elmsley). Salamis is by the sea, as if a part of themainland, and the town was on the seaward side of the island. Linwoodexplains, ' Insulae enim pars omnis non longe a mari distat, unde ettota insula mari vicina dicitur.' Cp. Aesch. Pers. 888. The inhabitedpart of an island was always near the sea. ]WaXaRtvos P3&pov =
the firm pedestal of Salamis, cp. infra 1. 860 7raTrpov i orias 60Opov,Phil. 1000 -yis 768' ahTErLVby 8cipov.
1. 136. acr. The 'Attic' acc. is assisted by the antithesis of ai 8'7wra, K.T. A. Cp. El. 147. Eur. Hipp. 1339 0oV EbcpErsaf3E OEv? vrcov-
"ra ob Xalpovatv.1. 137. Japvi X,6yos i Aava.v, ' a malignant tale, arising from (or
set about by) the Danai.'1. 138. KaK6 0pOS is best taken with inrtp8. 'Assail thee with evil
murmurings.'1. 140. The most expressive part is taken for the whole, the eye being
that by which fear is chiefly shown. Cp. Eur. Hec. 337 raas ort'd,6dvos ar6.pa 00oyy77s 1Eo a, O.C. 794 rb aV 0 ' pchLpZTas e6pL br6ATYrovaT6ra. rrrqvqs = ' fluttering.'
1. 141. VUKTOS is (I) a gen. of time,' in the course of,' see on 1. 21 ; but(2) passes into a' gen. of possession or of origin, ' tumults pertaining toor arising out of.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. 278 (roiov Xpdvov 8c cai 1. 7r.)". /r7s Y1V TEcodq7aS qpws 766' Erbppys AlyWc.
1.4.3. 14 r b 8vcrTKXCEL, 'tending to our shame and thine.' tirwoavw4.The word has caused much difficulty. It seems to mean ' the meadowwhere horses run wild,' or ' prance wildly.' Schol. ' 4p ol irnoit aiVovrTa.
64
64 AyAX.
1. 144. Above in 1. 54 there is an apparent distinction between the7rolAvas and the XAia. Schnd. (on 53 foll.) supposes that the flocks keptfor the use of the army generally were distinguished from the spoilwhich was distributed to individuals. But it is more probable that thesame flocks and herds are spoken of at once as cattle and booty.There is a similar 'hendiadys' in 1. 1o6i nphs 4.da lai rolpvas iraiv.
1. 147. aiL'ew, 'flashing,' an Homeric epithet, cp. E"AlcEara BOo~t;hXVTrols alroMo s, davevrYvbv avSpa, Trcqpov epc;EvTa.
1. 148. Framing such whispered tales Odysseus brings them to the earsof all.' Cp. the Virgilian phrases 'spargere voces ambiguas,' 'fandifictor Ulysses,' and infra 1. 189 el ' brroaXkhd vot icXElrTovaC Itw'ovs.
1. 151. srELOr-a, 'de quibus facile persuadetur,' Dind. The wordis predicate, E6irEftIrc iart v ' b-~ s Y, IC. r.:. Ajax by remainingat his tent made it easy for Odysseus to persuade the Danai whensaying anything to his injury. And they would be especially inclined tobelieve that some outbreak of his had followed his repulse.
1. 152. 'ro0 MXavTros is not Odysseus. The sentiment is general. Eachis more ready to be persuaded than his informant to persuade him.
1. 153. Supply aE, 'insulting thee on the occasion of thy woes;' orthe verb may be used absolutely as in O. C. 1535. The participleadheres closely to Xalpe.
1. 155. a"p'prot. Supply rts, from the next clause. The omissionafter a participle is regular. Others read adiprots, which has alsosome MS. authority; cp. Eur. Med. 191. But the third person suitsbetter here.
I. 157. ' For envy aims her assault against the powerful.' rdv ~'ov'ra,in the sense of' the powerful,' is uncommon, the plural being usual, ase.g. Eur. Alc. 57 rpos rbV XdoVTOJ, ' oIoE, bv vb60Pov rirq0s. But cp.Dem.1123, 25 4.XOvr a ical lrovro0vrTa. For 'p'ret in this sense (with dative),cp. Ant. 618 EiSd6Tt 8' ob5Ev 'Ep.reL. The word implies a stealthyadvance.
1. 159. There is some doubt whether Tripyov (Oa is a ' defence ofa tower,' or 'a tower of defence.' The first is free from tautology.Cp. O. T. 57 obNirv Esotv oV-rTE rFpos of T vaes EiP?7ros avspiv. Onthe other hand, Ajax is called in Od. I1. 555 rripyos 'Axcl&v, and themore metaphorical expression is better suited to the colour of thepassage. Cp. Alcaeus, fr. 23 "Avipes 7drcios rvpyos lpev'tot. p1.ua is'means of defence,' as Op ta in Plat. Polit. 289 B is 'means of,nourishment.'
1. 16o. Observe the change in the prepositions Er~ ... ,r6d, 'incompany with,' - 'subserved by.' And for this use of pe-rZ cp. Thuc.2. 63 7b ydp d7payL0ov o oVr 'raL .5it PL ET' 70 ro paor 7 plov TEra-TyAvov.
1. 162. ' It is not possible to instruct the foolish in knowledge of this,
NOTES. LINES 144-179. 65
i. e. 'in knowledge of what has just been said.' The preposition in7rpo&bcdracELv is not otiose, but means' gradually,' ' step by step.'
1. 164. rot~ol'roV . Sc. & E l7 7rpoitaXi Vat. For this use cp.infra 11. 218, 251, 327.
1. 165. ' To meet these things and make defence,' i.e. rp'is Ta^,a, ca7rediaXEa'aerOa abTrd.
11. 167 fol. ' But it matters not, for,' etc. It is only in the absence ofAjax that his enemies dare to speak; when he appears they will behushed. *8' after aiyutLb- v is due to correction; but the alteration isslight, and both sense and metre require some change. Others omitbrosElEavTes.
1. I70. i~acrws must be taken with (pcvlit's. Alcaeus 27 Erraaor &r'
OpYLOES Uvv aY'erov airivas pi'rv'ra.
1. 172. Tavpo6Xca. Cp. Eur. I. T. 1449 foll. The: epithet is insome way connected with Artemis, as inspiring frenzy. (Artemis, asworshipped under this name at Brauron in Attica, was believed to beidentical with the cruel goddess of the Tauric Chersonese. Lobeck.) Onsome coins we find this deity represented as riding a bull. Observe thefem. form in the compound adjective. The regular TavproXos is morecommon.
1. 173. p.Ey&XcL has the sense of 'overwhelming,' ' terrible,' cp. infra1, 226 6 p1 yas v^dOos, Od. 3. 275 bvrEexE'as 1.pya tpyov.
L. 174. jaTEp OaTrXV VaS jt&S, ' fountain of my shame,' is explanatoryof& i~dE yiXAa pCires.
1. 15ravSdpTovs, i. e. the property of the whole host. Hence Ajax
was in danger from the anger of the army.1. 176. X&pw is the usual adverbial acc. 'For the sake of a victory
from which she gained no reward.' But the sense of Xdpw = ' favour,' isperhaps not wholly absent: Xcdpt dcap7nr'rrov vi as, being confused withat' dCaiprroTov Xadpl vltcas, 'because of unreturned kindness in conferring
victory.' Cp. El. 134 7avTroias pth6rTyTos dA1E136EYrat Xd6 pv. In the first
rendering the epithet &K&prrwrov must be given in sense to vicas.
1. I78. *&d8pots is a correction. The MSS. have ftevErOEa &pots.The dative marks at once the occasion and the cause-: cp. Ant. 691
0yots roT00rots, ic r. .
1. 179. The MSS. have 7 Tv', which makes a distinction between
XaXicoOepa and 'EvvdAtos. Even if this can be maintained it is out of
place here. Other suggestions are VTlv ' T, Od' r', o rv', a TIv'. Better
than any of these is j rw', in which the repetition of the strong in-
terrogative particle may be defended by the keen interest and curiosityof the Chorus. 'Evvdhos. Schnd. observes that there was a templeof Enyalius on the island of Salamis according to Plut. Sol. 9. Pindar
also (Isthm. 5. 54) associates this name of the war-god with the prowessIF
of Ajax. Sophocles adapts the Homeric epithet (vvas 'EvvdXtos c'7E ICTaviovra rarT Era, II. 18. 309) to a different meaning. Cp. Eur.Phoen. 1572, where Iow3v 'EvvdAtov= strife between brothers.
1. 180o. uvo Sop 6 s,' for an associated spear,' i. e. for help given inbattle.
1. 181. IpaXavcts. For the plur. cp. supra 1. 46; and for the notion:of 'contrivance' in a god infra i. 1037. iCTal-ro X4av. Acvav is acc.of the internal object, as in repav apndaoat, cp. 1. 2 and note;' tookvengeance in disgracing thee.' Cp. infra 1. 217 (rneXc 40q.
1. 183. cpev6Ev, ' from thine own mind.' Cp. Ant. 584 OedOev, 0. T.528 k$ 6pOis ppPvds, and the Homeric expressions, i- Ovtvo q(ixEov, 1cqp6t0
'aXXov (I. 9. 343, 300). ir' &pLcrra'p&, 'to the leftward.' So ECelts is'right-minded.' A still more vague expression for 'wrong' is Od-rEpov.
1. i8. e v rrovaCLLS irVWc^v, ' as to fall upon the flocks.' For the:participle cp. Ant. 752 acda arnsX&v ' ,' TEEfpX L Opaabs; Join i'asTrocrov 67' aptrEPa.
1. 186. ' A plague from heaven may have come.' This is a reasonwhich the Chorus give to themselves to account for Ajax' conduct.&v with the optative is used to express various degrees of probability.The ' suppressed protasis' is here Ei ovrTC TVXot. This interpretation isconfirmed by what the Chorus say afterwards 11. 278, 9 545otca lA 'IC 0soV
7rXa7 7Ts 7l. Cp. Aesch. Pers. 706 dvOpc'rrta 5' dv 01o 7iTw/aTr' vroX01 8poroT^s. v6oros is used vaguely by Sophocles for any distress ordisease of body or mind.
1. I87. KacKdv. .'Apydov &'L. Viz. the rumour that Ajax is theguilty man. Ajax may be mad and have done what the Argives say,but Heaven forbid i
1. 189. KXE rrova' 60ovsU, ' spread rumours with secret guile.' Cp.infra 1. I1137 dnr ' dv /caXwis XdOpa ab /A. "EaS cand. ' The mighty kings'are the Atridae.1, 19o. 'Or he' (6 supplied from ol) ' of the abandoned Sisyphid
stock.' For the gen. cp. infra 1. 202 yEvEiS. For Odysseus as the supposedson of Sisyphus cp. Phil. 417 obWroX'bs BtaoqPov Aaep-ri p Observethat Ajax himself never stoops to this imputation. The patronymicis used as e~oEL&tv 0. C. io66, by a sort of anachronism; the modernname of the family being carried back to the first generation.
1. 191. If R' is for ye and not for pot, the acc. is due to the verbalnotion (injuring, or the like) conveyed in KcaKav 'IVrTv &py,. 'Wrong menot so far as to,' etc. (Cp. Herm. in loc.)
1. 192. (I) ' Thus fixing thy gaze on the tents by. the sea,' i.e. notlooking beyond the Salaminian encampment, where he has sullenlyremained since the judgment of the arms: or (2) ' Thus keeping thine,eye within the tent by the sea.' Cp. supra 11. 167 foll.
66 AA X.
NOTES. "LINES 1 8C--2o7.
1. 195. iro - must be taken with b'rov.&ycov{<, o*XoX. This is usually translated, 'rest from contests;'
but it is rather ' an intermission which is both contentious and perilous.'Ajax strives with the chiefs by refraining from combat; and this in-action is full of danger to himself. Thus his crXoX is an adc'jv, aScontest full of peril.' For the kind of orXoxh see infra 1. 929 o70a
pjoL, .T.X., and for similar oxymora cp. &Cp7rwrorov Xdp supra 1. I 76,EICTOs 6O~Lth infra 1. 640, and Shakespeare's ''Tis sweating labour, towear such idleness so near the heart' (Ant. and Cleo. I. 3, 93).
1. 196. 64'rav o1pavlav 4MXyov, 'making calamity blaze to thesky.' The image of the conflagration is continued in the followinglines.
1. 198. eavei'ots is not ' windless' (though it may have that meaningelsewhere), but 'having a favourable wind.' The insolent rage of theenemies of Ajax goes forth like a fire carried by the stream of airin a mountain glade, and meeting with no check from any counterblast.The text of this epode is uncertain.
1. 200. ' Grief has become a settled thing for me.'1. 201-262. Tecmessa comes from the tent to meet the Chorus. From
her the Chorus learn that Ajax has slain the oxen: from them she learnsthat the'oxen were part of the Grecian spoil. Thus the full extent ofthe calamity is made known among those who have most reason to beafflicted at it. The Chorus would hasten homeward to Salamis; Tec-messa informs them that the rage of madness is now over, and Ajax isnow recovering, only to feel new sorrow. Tecmessa and the Chorusare united in their love for Ajax; and therefore the poet has unitedthem in the most pathetic scenes, as here, and infra 11. 784 foll., wherethe messenger arrives too late to save Ajax; and again, infra 1. 891,where the body of Ajax is found. The still nobler grief of Teucer isadded afterwards.
1. 202, ' Ye of a race derived from the earth-born sons of Erechtheus.'For the gen. cp. supra 1. 19o. The connection of Athena and Salamis isassumed in the same way 1. 861 X.evala 7' 'AO ^vatL Ica T7b acvrpopov 7ivos.For croB cp. Ant. 193.
1. 204. Trlk6Oev, 'far away,' sc. 'vTos.1. 20. oKpar'ls, 6 A.pOs ma oapTrepo'ds, cp. &p dOvyos infra 1. 815, &6d-
<pwv 1. 931, aZots Ev vO'pots lrarpos 1. 548. Not 6 raprcpbs Tros W/Aovs,which would convey no feeling. The very ruggedness of Ajax' spiritwas a source of pride to his friends.
11. 2o6 foll. ' Is overthrown, stricken by a turbid storm.' The meta-phor is mixed. For OoXps used metaphorically of madness cp. Aesch.P. V. 885, 6 0oXEpot 5 XAyos Valove' EilI e o rvyvqls rpos 1aorW alr7s.
1. 207. 'What heavy change has this night brought forth from theF2
67
daylight season (or state)?' With ciuepias a subst. 6pas or caraoa7 o r smust be supplied. To the conjectural reading 7(pspias (' What heavychange from its tranquillity hath fallen upon this night ?') it may be,objected (I) that it substitutes for the natural antithesis of day andnight an awkward opposition between quietness and heaviness, which,is unlike the language of Sophocles; (2) that this abstract word is notfound elsewhere before Aristotle.
1. 210. If ,Apvytolo TEE'd7raVro is not read, the syllable TE must belengthened as in '17rraLE'3o'ros, Ilap9Fvoratos Aesch. S. c. T. 488, 547-
1. 2 II. MXOs BoVupL Xerov. So Achilles says of Briseis, abdTp Eyc
7r)V ic Ovjo9 qi(XEo 3ovpC7ry7Jv 7TEp iovaav I. 9. 342.1. 212. cr'iptas A&v'XEL is usually translated 'loves with a constant
love;' but o-rdpeas means 'having fixed his affections on thee.' For aviXE,
is constant to,' cp. Eur. Hec. 119 Kaadvipas aciv 'X hkhXcrp' 'Ayapli4ppvOv.1. 213. iTEirwoLs, i. e. give the required hint.1. 216. ~Rplv, ' to our woe.'1. 217. &w rXco3i0rl, ' has been brought to shameful ruin.' There is a
tenderness in the use of the passive, implying no blame.1. 2x19. 'Blood-staned carcases slain by the hand.'1. 220. XpyF'rp PLa, ' victims.' The oxen and sheep are victims which
Ajax has sacrificed to the deity of his wrath.1. 221. o'Lav 8Xmoocas, 'How hast thou made plain!' Tecmessa
has cleared up any doubts of the Chorus about the rumour, in such away as to overwhelm them with sorrow. a'tOovos. The short vowelis defended by the occurrence of the word afOova in Hesychius betweetaov and alOo/pvov (Schmidt reads a'Ooa, atoovivov). aiOywv is usedas an epithet by Aeschylus, S. c. T. 448, Eur. Rhes. 122.
. 225. 'roV lEzy(dXOV Aavav, sc. the host who are mighty comparedwith the Salaminians.
1. 226. ' Which the dread rumour is setting abroad.'1. 229. Iepl~Lvros . . 0ave'^TaL, as if 7repiqtavs 7EvOyrvPos OaVETrat,
-disclosed (with his crime) to the open day.' He will be slain in thesight of all, at the very moment when his friends would wish thathe might be hidden from the public eye.
1. 231. KEXGLVOZS L GYLv. The epithet is used of a sword which hasbeen used in battle and is dark with stains of blood. Cp. Tr. 856.ttoLEtv, 'strokes of the sword' (cp. Ant. 820), unless the plural bemerely poetical. i'rrov icas may imply (I) that there were horsesmingled among the sheep and oxen in the public herd, v wpa mean-ing 'to watch,' or rather (2) as Schnd. suggests, that the herdsmenwere mounted, as in ' cattle-riding.'
1. 235. Jv refers to the collective idea present in 7rolUvqyv. With 'lVsupply roilpwv. 4&9r', 'cut the throat.' 'wo, 'in the tent.'
68 AYAX.
NOTES. LINES 210-262.
1. 236. SX' &vcpp'lyvu, ' tore asunder.'
1. 237. &veXdv, 'lifting them up,' as opposed to ii yatas. Cp. Od.
14. 4.2.5 Oa'E 8' dvacaX61Eros LcXi@p 6pvos: cp. infra 1. 298.1. 238. We should reverse the order of the words. The tip of the
tongue was first cut off, then the whole head. (The tongue was cutseparately in victims. Od. 3. 332 7Ta/VYETE 1iv yXA'aoas.) Tecmessamentions only one ram as slain, but Ajax (supra 1. 1ro) thought that hehad slain both the Atridae.
1. 240. Cp. supra 1. o108. The first ram was Agamemnon, this isOdysseus. Menelaus is passed lightly over. 'vw with 8joas. Thebonds were fastened from above.
1. 241. uv'rqip is 'a trace.' This Ajax takes and doubles, making itwhizz as he plies it.
1. 243. 8a iLov. For a similar suggestion cp. O. T. 1258 baqp'dvwvEfKitYval TLS, i ObEiS y p adv6pv of irap erv iy'yOOv.
1. 245. rLVa, i. e. 'E'IrTov 2~5W^v. K&p KaGX O[LTL KPV41GLEVOV.
Observe the alliteration. To cover the head was a sign of dismay andsorrow. Cp. Od. 8.92 ia '03vrE';is ,carr& spcra icaXvp/tcEvos yodaorEv, Livy
4. 12 'spe amissa, capitibus obvolutis, se in Tiberim praecipitaverunt.'1. 246. Trooitv KXho7rdv &pao-0a is.= pvytv IxErrEiv. Cp. Eur. Orest.
1499 EIclAE'rrw rdo'a.1. 247. Oo6v EtpEOais vyv. For the hypallage (= 0os dpecEas (vy6v)
cp. Tr. 817, I8 byhcov. .6v6u1aro.. /ArI7rpWov. O.T. 1375, 6 b /lS TEricOv
,. ,Xaa7ro~ea. Ant. 793 JVEI^COI dvpwv avapt'ov, infra 86o.1. 250. vait JE0E -tL, 'to give the ship her way;' the expression is
elliptical. The verb = ' to let go,' comes to be used absolutely, and thenacquires a remote object, which is put in the dative.
1. 251. For 'rolas cp. supra 1. 164. po-crowrtv=' advance:' thesame metaphor is found in Ant. 159 tJTLv ipE'acu. 8LKPa'rEts ='doublein rule.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. 43 6LOp'vov A 'OEJv /cai a07CaUTrpov Tetts
6XVp0v
ev-yos 'ArpEL iV . The same word is used Ant. 146 of the 'both-ways-victorious' spears of the two sons of Oedipus.
1. 252. e4f~6T xcpL: the perfect expresses the complete, settled natureof the fear, cp. supra 1. 539. Death by stoning is frequently mentionedin the tragedians; cp. Ant. 36 pdvos ~yrldJ voros.
1. 255. wrr'Xaros, i. e. such that no one can go to Ajax with the viewof rendering help. Cp. Tr. 785 OiCEdr 4r TXApa -rdvphs dvrov o YOEiv.
1. 257. OKKETL, i. e. LXUE viv. XcqxTps d 'Qp o" porras is usuallytaken with j{as, 'like a south wind rushing forth without lightning:'such winds being supposed to come quickly to an end. But it is moreprobably predicative with A~e L, i. e. ' without a fatal end.'
11. 260-262. 'To see sufferings all our own, wherein no other handhas wrought, causes vehement inward pain.' o7r ' LEVEL probably con
69
tains some metaphor, as from a dart (pfExatw2ov Fppi' 8vvd6wv) or someinstrument of torture,-' lays the heart upon a rack.'
11. 263-332. Tecmessa relates to the Chorus the incidents of the pastnight, and describes the present condition of Ajax.
1. 264. 'The evil is of less account when it is gone.' The gen. is(i) a gen. absolute, and (2) a gen. in regimen with XA'yos. Cp. theconstruction infra 1. I162.
1. 267. KOLVOS iv KoLVOLOL. The phrase is merely an amplification ofKovds. Iorot^rlO is probably masculine, cp. infra 1. 467 [vywcryiv ~A6vosLdovots, 1. 620 daptAos rap' dpihoLs . .'ATpelsals.
1. 269. 1p.ets. Tecmessa here identifies herself with Ajax.1. 273. aiWa&s. The acc. plur. here refers to Tecmessa in contrast to
Ajax, cp. 1. 276. The plur. is partly due to the idiom which allows awoman to speak of herself in the masc. plur.; but the presence of thechild and of attendants helps the expression here.
1. 275. Wras is adverbial, 'utterly:' cp. infra 1. 519 iv aol 7rar' e'-ywyEcr&(oat. EhXowrai,,. For the perfect cp. supra 1. 252 rePI Lat. It isan Epic mode of expression.
1. 277. &pa has here the sense of 'p' o', with even stronger emphasis.Cp. O. T. 823 Cp' 'pvv cac's; Sp' oX wais divayvos; where the twoforms are united. The difference between &p' obv' and Sipa in such placesis the same as between ' Is not this?' and ' Is this, or is it not?' inEnglish.
1. 279. If we read ifuy we may assume that 'vague dread rather thana mere statement of conviction, must be looked for from the Chorus atthis juncture.' But the time for 'vague dread' seems to have passed.In their first bewilderment the Chorus put forward the supposition,1. 186 'xot y&cp dv Oia vo'os. They now fear that the supposition is areality. Hence 'KL is right, although phi3 with the indic. commonlyexpresses doubt rather than fear. (Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, § 46,note 5.) wr i y&p, i. e. rrds ycdp oi ;
1. 281. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 760 &s 'roivvyv r WV TW ooV Goc paOEBv irdpa.' You may know that these things are as you suppose them to be.'
1. 282. rrpoo',rra-ro is used in this metaphorical sense in Aesch. P. V.644, Eur. Alcest. 421. 'How came the mischief in you in the firstbeginning 2'
11. 285 foll. The most natural meaning of this passage is, ' He atdead of night, when the evening torches were ablaze no longer,' etc.Cp. infra 1. 291 chA a viv Y7E vas Evfet arpards. But others translate, ' Heat the beginning of the night, when the evening torches were no longerburning.' i. e. had been put out. Others again take Xa1)cnrripEs of thestars, which is far-fetched. The Xat.rrips= o o bad TV O1iaYv pai'ovrEs?hAVXVOc, cp. Od. 18. 307 abribca AaplTriipas TpeLs CT rarav v IEy-dpourLv
AYAX.70
NOTES. LINES 263-312. 7I
6bopa padoLerv. Here, then, is another Epic word. See Introd. Anal.
P. 53.1. 287. i6Sovs . .Kiv&. The plural adds to the indefiniteness of the
expression. Cp. the use of qdvovs for qpoov O. C. 962, 99 o , etc. Theacc. is cognate after the verb 'pnr1Y, cp. dciqopl4s irdpav just below.
1. 289, dKX1Tos is further defined by OiV'T. . OV;E. Cp. O. T. 57.1. 292. &dE 8' 4ipvo1LEva, ' words of familiar sound.' Cp. Eur. Phoen.
438 rariAat p.v otrv Lv'y Ov, Plato, Rep. 8. 549 E b'ra ial ola tXhoVavat yvvaiCs IWEp? TV TOLOV' TCV prVEILv.
1. 293. i crLy'. The article is used as with an abstract noun.1. 294. K&yc6 F(oae0o"0 4El-', ' I saw how it was,' ' I knew his mood,
and was still.' Observe the heavy rhythm, and cp. infra 1. 855.1. 295. 'rds EKEtG . .rr&Oas. ' What happened there,' i. e. abroad.1. 297. Objections have been taken to Ei;KEpOV as tautological, the
idea being already expressed in rasipovs. Hence ('Epov is sometimesread. But the epithet d1ipwv is a descriptive touch, not out of placein Tecmessa's account of the spoil brought in by Ajax in the dim light,and probably applying to the sheep also.
1. 298. qXivtLg, ' cut the necks from behind.'1. 299. cr oage, 'cut the throats.' K0&PP&XLe, ' cleft them through the
spine.'1. 301. OICKL rtC. Cp. supra 1. 15 drorros, and note.1. 302. &vo'cra, lit. ' plucked out,' i. e. ' tore out from his heart.' The
word expresses the eagerness and vehemence of his speech. Cp Plato,Theaet. 18o A cavcp ~ 4papi7pas p9ypaTLcrita alyt.yarir'65 davacrwvTresdoropTo$EovrtYv, Ar. Ran. 824 4,tara ,yo/4poray7i nLvarybY d&ronrv.1. 303. ' 4' 'OSvocrEZ. Cp. infra 1. 340 cirpi ol flo. ovvrt0eLS
y'Xov wroXtjv, ' adding thereto much laughter.'
1. 304. ' What insolence he had gone and wreaked upon them,' i. e.' What insolent vengeance he had taken upon them.' For the expressionPPLVp EIeCr(aLro cp. supra 1. 181 rioaro Acd3qv. WLv refers to the i'foot
(1. 287). The part. is generally used of a future event, e. g. Phil. 353d iri Tpoia rpyapt' ailpaotl' il'v, etc.
1. 307. &yrls,' calamity.' All that met his eye implied ruin to himself,as well as great harm to the Achaeans. In Sophocles the word meansnot so much infatuation (though that sense is found, e.g. Ant. 623) asthe consequence of infatuation.
1. 308. iv 8' 4peLCoLs I VrKpV p . . &pvCov (I6vov. 'Among the deadruins of the slain rams.' The gen. veip&fv is descriptive, as in d'rTpcow
bpqpdvy El. 19, and the like. The words 4pEtL7rots ipELc80ls are ofcourse connected, ' a ruin among ruins.'
1. 311. rv tLpv irXEto-rov Xp6
vov. ' The greater part of the time.'1. 312. 'r Blv' .. Izr, 'those dreadful threats.' Tecmessa still
remembers the vehemence of Ajax. Cp. Ant. 408 Vpos roi 7r 3elv' iKerv'E r)7TELXJ itVOL, etc. This is better than 'all dreadful things' (Herm.).
1. 313. avotlv is the opt. future, and is due to oratio obliqua, cp.Phil. 352 X6yos xaX's rpoai1, . . alOp7cotpt.
1. 315. XoL. Tecmessa, fearing that she was wrong in obeyingAjax, thus deprecates the reproaches of the Chorus.
11. 319, 20. It is possible to arrange the order of the words in thispassage in two ways, (i) E~fyELFTo 7rphs caxoG d3p
3s (dTvaL) ydovs 70LO6asE
sYEwi (= rotadra yoaaOat). Cp. infra 1. 58r ob 7Trpbs larpoD aop)o, etc.and 0Spav UwXe = Orpc Vos, etc.: (2) ilrYEdTro roLoV6'E yovs EXEL 7TpOs
caico ic..X. In (2) 'XEv may be taken as in vXELY KaXws, Icale&s, etc.; orrather, by a modification of the sense given in L. and S., s. v. EXwo B. iii.3='that such lamentations come from a heavy-spirited man.' As i'XELwEls =' point towards,' so e lv rrpds Tros may mean 'proceed from.' Butthis is doubtful. E'rypero, ' he maintained,' viz. in what he said athome. Perhaps dicYw (' he taught us to esteem') ?
1. 321. &64yros . . KWKV rTWV. Similar extensions of the privativeadjective are common in Sophocles. a'xwevos daniaiw, d'Xa os doriawv,etc. Cp. the use of compounds like 5iaapXa, &axpaT-s, alTrohot,
flOropot, as variations of atuooi.1. 323, KciLeVOs, ' whelmed in;' the word is metaphorical.11. 324, 5. 'Having sunk down amid the slain oxen, remains motionless.'1. 328. 'rT'Xlv must be taken in a middld sense. 'I came forth.'
Cp. O. T. I 15 cs dbrardhiX.1. 330. VLKW^VTL, 'are prevailed upon.' Tecmessa hopes that the
Chorus will be able to divert Ajax from his evil intentions.1. 332. r3V
4v8pa, K. ..X. is in apposition to MvLa.
1. 333-427. Ajax is heard groaning in the tent, but soon (1. 347) isbrought out on the stage by means of the Eccyclema. He laments hisfatal act.
1. 334-. TX', 'S IOLKE, ahXov. 'Soon, as it seems, even more,'i. e. Soon you will assert even more strongly that my story is 8Etv.v,Cp. rcixa paniXov aEtLs in Plato, Rep. io. 596 C.
1. 335. OcwoastL is used of urging dogs in the chase. Cp. Eur. Hipp.219 7rbs OO,^v fpaat acuie Owat.L. Here it takes 3oiyv as a cogn. acc.
1. 338. For (vvoo3-L cp. O. C. 7. ' To grieve over the signs of his pastfrenzy, being still haunted with their presence.' The word rrapcvappears superfluous, but such words are not unfrequently added by aredundancy of expression, cp. supra 1. 304 irv, and 1. 267. If a changewere necessary we might conjecture qpov&v. voaoij1cor are here thesigns or consequences of madness.
1. 339. Ajax calls for Teucer, but is misunderstood by Tecmessa,whose mind is filled with anxiety about her child.
72 A YAX.
NOTES. LINES 3I3-360. 73
1. 340. r&XcttvL, as in 0. C. 318, of agitation and uncertainty.1. 343. i~y 8', 'while I.' The sentence though co-ordinate in form
is really subordinate. Teucer is absent, foraging in the Mysian high-lands, infra 1. 720.
1. 344. The Chorus draw their conclusion from the connected char-acter of Ajax' speech. &voLye re. The command is given vaguely,'Open, some one.'
1. 345. ati8s, ' self-reverence.' Cp. especially Eur. Fr. 364 (Erech-theus) ihr' aiaods 8' of, Aiav darad oat. The Chorus hope that Ajax willbe touched with a sense of his own dignity on seeing them. The door ofthe tent now opens, and Ajax is discovered sitting on a raised platformamid the slain oxen and sheep. This change of scene was accomplishedby the eccyclema. Cp. Ant. 1293, El. 1458.
1. 350. liavov'rEs 6pOE v6p 1, (i) ' abiding true by a loyal law,' ' con-tinuing true to me in a loyal manner.' 6pO9 v'61uc is. dative of themanner, and LjLuEivovrcs is used absolutely (i~tj., sc. r7 cpAiq). Cp. Eur.Phoen. 1241 i /l.EVELv, sc. Trols bpicos ; Thuc. 2. 2 Evi~/ELvav ai aoviali.It is also possible (2) to construe yp. 6p0, v
6bf" (ris phXias, etc.), butthis is less probable.
1. 35 . Ajax compares himself to a ship in the midst of a raging sea.Cp. El. 733 icAXv'w' 'ptLrrov i'v p~fLo v ccV'Evov. The middle voice ofLS&ov is far from being uncommon in the tragedians. Cp. Trach.151, El. 892, Phil. 351, and see note on El. 1059. Perhaps it im-plies that the spectator takes, or is intended to take, a special interestin the sight before him. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 92 i'oeEl ' o a irpas GOcwvraXwco OEos. The idiom remains in 13ov. ocovias may be metaphorical,as in O. T. 24 povioLv odhov, or it may refer to the blood actuallystreaming from the slain oxen.
1. 355. The observation is intended for Tecmessa, not for Ajax. Thenom. to ''XL is probably To1Jpyov. The fact is evidence of its frenzy.
1. 357. va~as ApoYqv EXvas, 'helpers in the mariner's craft.' Forthe gen. cp. supra 1. 201 vabs dpcyoi.
1. 359. The sing. 8s is remarkable after -yEvos. It is explained by thefact that here, as often, the leader of the Chorus is addressed in thename of all. rrrpas, ' went aboard ship.'
1. 360. The words wollr4vov rraprio-ovT' are difficult. If allowed tostand, we must suppose that Ajax goes back to the scene of slaughter,being as yet only partially recovered from his madness, and calls on theleader of the Chorus to do that which the shepherds had failed to do indefence of the flock, viz. to slay him. ' The only shepherd,' i. e. ' theonly one to do the duty of a shepherd.' The expression is not perfectlyaccurate, but compare jd'vos T7ri d"AAcov. Others read ryrlovdv inrapcicovr',wrqlrovwv &7' dpltos bv' (Jebb). With 4rapK(rovT' supply 7p ro Vy.
74 AyAX.
1. 362. E~e4La c vetCL, as below 1. 591, reproves an impious wish.
1. 363. 'r 'rjqa r'~js &rls, 'the blow of disaster.' Cp. the Homericexpression Od. 3. 152 ~wr-ia tca;,o1o, and Phil. 765 r3 27ra 7 s v6aov.This is better than to take 7fir dra after lrXEov.
1.364. The article implies that the epithets express the usual well-known attributes of Ajax; these are placed in strong contrast to his:present conduct.
1. 366. L6oLS Oqpcri is perhaps best taken as an oxymoron,' the wild-beasts which cause no terror,' i.e. 'tame objects of the chase.' Theother rendering, 'beasts which have no fear of man,' has less force.
1. 367- otov, supply "ib Xra. The construction is = cs rAEav yoowrosTr7 vBptv blp1'O1v. For the passive cp. 1. 217 dTreAwIC t5O.
1. 369. The sight of Tecmessa, whom Ajax knows to be conscious ofthe whole truth, combined with the consciousness of the effect of hisown ruin on her life, wakes a new pang, and gives rise to this harshoutburst. KT'r6, ' out of my sight!'
1. 371. p6Vo'vov eb, ' be of right mind,' 'recover a better mind.'Cp. O. T. 649 OEXcras a ppovaas.
1. 372. Note the position of pi'v, which belongs properly to the verb,and cp. Ant. 557, 1297.
1. 375. ~X(icKcrL and KXhvrots are Homeric epithets. The precisemeaning of the latter is doubtful. It seems to mean 'bleating' ratherthan 'famous,' unless it may be referred in this sense to the spoil, asbeing won by valour. For similar Homeric epithets which Sophoclessometimes turns from their original use cp. supra 1. 175 fo8s yEalas,1. 179, infra 1. 89o d'pEvryv: Introd. Anal. p. 53-
1. 376. cL4Lpc is cogn. acc. with EIEvua. 'I made blood to flow.'Cp. the use of ryycw in such passages as Tr. 850 TECyEE 6ascpvwv davav.EpEqv6 v, is more than p/Oav, it refers to the gloom and secrecy whichaccompanied the act, 'darkling.'
1. 377. r' Epao'votos, i. e. over a deed that is done and thereforecannot be undone. A fragment of Agathon runs thus (frag. 5), /A6vov
ydp avTroD /a OEas arefplacaL I yE'rTa rotELv alaa' vj 7Terpa-y/va. Cp.
Aesch. Pers. 525 ircriera1Aact
1dv Wes ir' 'tEpyaalvots.1. 378. This attraction of a clause beginning with ,rros into the infin.
is remarkable. There is a similar instance of is in O. C. 385 j77ydp EoxEs iXira6' cbs Ij/ov OEobs cpav 7r1v' sewV. Cp. Aesch. Eum. 799W&s ra07' 'Opi&rrl 8pW'ra o1) fX&as XEtv, and in orat. obliq. such attrac-tion is not uncommon. Thuc. 3. 39 has -riva OY'LcO 8v'rTva obc droaer'-a'cJOat;
1. 381. KaoCLKO o-rV'rairov i'X-Ra, (I) 'villain most deeply defiled.' 6apsaoccurs again infra 1. 39
o, and (as a v. 1.) Ant. 320. It is commonly ex7
plained as =' finely sifted flour,' and thus expresses metaphorically the
NOTES. LINES 362-403.
essence as it were of roguery. But it seems probable that in this placeat least it is meant (2) to suggest 'wandering about,' and so to expressnearly the same taunt as in Phil. o103 4 icalr#) a) tad l.vXz' RXErova'de iv4. Odysseus is ubiquitous, and no hole-and-corner business is toomean and dirty for him. Or (3) as the Scholiast seems to suggest,adXp/Aa may have an active sense, 'misleader.'
1. 382. -yeXwO' .. yeLs. The, expression is unusual, but expressesloudand long-continued laughter. See L. and S. sub voc. &,-yw III.
1. 383. Oav i Oec^p. Elsewhere in Sophocles the article is only addedto OE&s with a special reason. Hence e'v 70 o E0 has been suggested here.
1. 384. d're.bEvos, 'marred,' ' involved in ruin.' Cp. Ant. 17.1. 386. Ajax is bidden to remember his condition, and abstain from
proud words.1. 388. Telamon, the father of Ajax, was the grandson of Zeus and
Aegina. The divine origin is made more remote than it really is. Cp.202.
1. 389. Xrlq a, see above. It is rather (I) 'wandering' than (2) 'de-ceiving,' perhaps with a sarcastic allusion to the love of wandering, forwhich Odysseus was to be famous; cp. woX.v'ras div4p infra 1. 954.
1. 390. S cr 4 pxcas. Cp. 1. 251 b5cpaeris, and the note on 1. 321.1. 395. To Ajax, who had once prayed for light, the light of day is
now hateful, and darkness is full of light and comfort. Compare thesituation of Oedipus, who, on the discovery of his unconscious crimes,hastes to shut himself off from daylight and the world. The situationhere is rendered more striking by the supposed time of the play. Theslaughter of the cattle had taken place in the night, and Ajax awakesto consciousness with the returning day.
1. 396. For ds E'otL cp. Ant. i 6 Kp'cjv yadp jv 7CXwris os iWLoi r7E,
i. e. (i) 'to my apprehension,' or (2) to one in my case.' Cp. O. T.616 VI'AaPovyELv 7TEELrY, and note.
11. 398-400. Two constructions of these lines are possible: (I) of6rey&p (~is) OE&v -yvos, oiv0' a lEpLv Els 6vaeLv rwva dv0p'rCwv ' r' a~tds (,elt)IXE' sv. This requires that the preposition should be supplied in the
first clause from the second. Cp. Ant. 366 TorOi isv aex6v, diXor' r'aOXhbv E4pr L, and 0. T. 761; (2) OsEv yE&os and alpiwv davpCrkwV rw'
may be taken as the accusatives after rE'WEtv, Els 6vaaotv being takenseparately= 'for any benefit.' The first rendering appears preferable,from the use of hx&rEwv Els. Cp. El. 958 Els riv' iXsri7aw Bhaoa' Er'
6p04v, ib. 954, infra 1. 514. For the omission of dLya with Aetos cp.
O. C. 461, O0. T. 92.
1. 403. tMXpLov. Wunder's correction of the unmetrical 6XOpeov,otXtov, labours under the difficulty that o'xtog is always active. If6XOpov is retained, we must read itppovs (sic) in 1. 420.
75
76 AySr.
11. 404 foil. These lines are hopelessly corrupt. We may translate' Whither, then, may one fly? Whither shall I go and there abide ?Seeing that my fortunes here perish, my friends [together with these(perishing creatuies)], and we are fallen upon foolish spoils. Forall the army would slay me by violence, striking me with both spears'(alluding to the 6bo 560pe which each warrior carried). ories 6' 6o9VrEEL has been suggested. Perhaps Ei T6aE piv <GpivEt, plxho, 7riat,
corresponding to e~tEpE /'y' ofov oV"rva, and omitting rparo0 and ci nin 11. 425, 6, may be right. 7'4E bIv is a correction of Elmsley's forrd p~v. ro'o8' 6c iO may be a ,gloss on 7rhas, and this a corruption of7rcXal.
1. 412. w6 poL &XppoOoL, ' paths of the rushing sea.' rrpo is appliedto the sea, especially to narrow seas, as the highway between nations.Cp. the Homeric iypcr icXevOa. Others take 7rdpot ciA. to mean the riversfalling towards the sea, which is not so probable.
1. 413. viLos wr&KrtLOv,' woods on the promontory' which boundedthe operations of the army.
1. 416. &wrvods ~'XOvraL, i. e. ItaOlere.
1. 417. povov, 'who has feeling.' The word is used like theHomeric r dvvrS. 'toro. .T 'Lo-<C. i.e. Those can have no sense of thesituation, who fail to see what the end must be.
1. 420. E6'4poVEs 'ApyLotLS. The streams of Scamander, as supplying
water to the Argives, are kindly to them, and therefore in a mannerhostile to Ajax, cp. infra 1. 459 'XOe 68 TpoIa ca Ma rEia 78E. Itis a telling stroke in the madness of Ajax that he should regard eveninanimate things as hostile to him, who in his saner mood has such deeptenderness for them (infr. 862). Note that the word 'Ap7siot in this playseems to be less comprehensive than 'AXaiol, and to include only thechiefs. Odysseus includes Ajax under this name in 1. 1340o. But at thismoment Ajax has cut himself off from the other chiefs.
1. 423. #C¥Ya. Because implying self-comparison with Achilles.1. 425. o-rparo0. The gen. is to be taken with oirIva. Cp. infra
1. 541 ~Epo 7rpocrouAwv I aT' abrbv S ' rp XEP Lv 40bobvwv IvpdS, IO44 T6' ET'yv 'vrTv' a'ivpa 7rpooXEVoeirts r'paToV, 1396.
1. 427. iTL LOS rp6
KELJQJ, 'I lie forlorn in dishonour.' -Eur. Tro.
1 178 & Xepes, cbs dEobS s', 6elas 7arps I rcr 7rla', v dpOpoLs 6' CXvTOL7Tp
6oleCE r (lie helpless) vivb.
11. 4.28-484. Ajax dwells on his calamity. How shall he retrievehis lost honour ?
1. 428. oii0'. Elmsley proposed ob8', and has been followed by manyedd., on the ground that ob can only be followed by oii6'. Cp. Elmsley,O. T. Praef. xxxv, Med. 4, and Hermann's note. But the rule is too strin-gent; when the negative increases in force oif is no doubt followed by
NOTES. ZINES 404-449. 77o6 ; but this is not pecessary when ob .. . ofre represent ore . . oViE,and the negative is nearly balanced, applying equally to both clauses.
1. 430. ' Alas! Who would think that my name would thus suit mysorrows, and become a name for them?' Ajax is struck with thesimilarity of Al'as and aiai'. Such playing upon names is common inGreek. See especially Od. I. 62 Ti V6 of ('Ovcd).rda7oo' claeao, ZE- ;Cp. Elmsley, Bacchae, 5o8. Names were supposed to stand (by fateor providence) in close connection with the nature or history of theperson named (Aesch. Ag. 68. ff.). So Pindar derives Alas from ailemsIsthm. 5. 35. 4,rCvrLov is a supplementary predicate, 'so as to be aname for them,' ' as a name.'
1.432. Kal 81s Kat rp.s,i.e. more than al at. Cp. TpuTALcAcapes Ia TErpda'ls.
1. 433. For TOLOVTOLS, giving a reason, cp. supra 1. 164. It can beused with or without 'yp, as rotovjBE, supra 1. 148.
1. 435. KacXLrTE2 is ace. with aptLorEEas. The word is either used= Ka/XwrTEv.laTa, ' the most beautiful given as a prize,' with reference toHesione, or it means ' the prize of honour,' i. e. the prize, not of onewho is Cd XXX os, but who has done ei dtucrTa i'pya.
1. 438. Tpolas is gen. of apposition, like da-r O prs, etc. 1qeX04v,
' coming after him.' Cp. i'pc-pos, ip7cEy, imya4w, etc. a0~veL refers
to personal strength, not to an army.
1. 439. PK'OaS,' having made good.' Cp. infra 1. 535 ciX' o$v i yc''9pAafa To70
6 -y' dpcrasL. Exceptional uses of the cognate accusative
are frequent in this play.
1. 440. 'ApytoLrLY . For the dative =' before,' 'in the sight of,' cp.O. T. 40 ' Ipd'airwov 7 atv Oicl8irov iapa.
1. 444. ai'r'=abird, i. e. ra drAa. Adp'r-com has the sense of the Latinoccupo. It brings before the eye the eager grasp which Ajax wouldhave laid upon the arms. ov -rts AXkos dVT' 4loO, 'none but I.' d Aosis really pleonastic. Cp. O. T. 7 7rap' d 'y-wv . . dXXCUv doEtLv.
1. 445. lravrovpyU not=Tavovpy i, but rather a mental 'jack-of-all-work.' Cp. supra 1. 381. There is a marked opposition between 4pvasand tuphyrj. Ajax, in his consciousness of physical strength, has a con,tempt for the cunning of Odysseus.
1. 446. twpcav, 'made them over.' The word implies underhanddealing, cp. O. T. 124 EIT' rt JE Bv apypp Erpaaacr! E'yOvae. Av8ps ..KP&,'T, 'pushing aside the prowess of this arm.'
1. 447. 8 t&'rpoo, sc. yEvnrdpvat.1. 448. &ritav, ' had swerved from,' 'started aside from.'
1. 449. i414 )4lav, The middle voice is more common. Here the active
is used, because the Atridae did not merely give their votes, but deter-mined the voting. There is a similar distinction between ~ertael w TTEL
and ~7racirrea0at, p ETar /retw and pSerarE'jwuT rOa.
78 AyAX.
1. 450. The usual epithet of Athena is gyavm7rLs, on which Sophocleshere refines. Ajax recalls the fatal glances of Athena as she urged him on.
1. 451. Cp. supra 1. 49 cai 8' '7 bowraiaars Jv orparqliaw' irvLats. ' Alreadyin the act to put forth my hand against them.'
1. 453. iv T70oLo-SE, ' on such as these.' He turns a remorseful eye onthe slain animals lying round him.
1. 455. oPO 1v o x iK6VTOS. It was not the will of Ajax that hisenemies should escape. As yet he is far from the mood of acquiescenceexpressed in 1. 668 IPXovrTs E1iOl, aOe' 1ILrcTE1rov.
1. 456. PX&wro, 'hinder,' the earlier meaning of the verb; withmetaphor from a race. For the optative cp. 11. 521, 1344.
1. 457. This feeling that he is abhorred of heaven and earth and manis characteristic of an unsettled mind, and Ajax is also suffering from ashame which makes life intolerable. But these feelings have a logic oftheir own, and seize on the strongest reasons in their favour, viz. theharm he has done both to the Trojans and now to the Achaeans. Cp.the position of Coriolanus between Rome and Antium. Shak. Cor. 4. 4, 5.
11. 459-461. Observe the resolved feet, having an effect like that of a'tremolo' in singing.
1. 461 p6vovs is predicate with AhLrcv, 'having left them to them-selves.'
1. 462. Ka, (' then '), joins the question immediately with what pre-cedes, as in the common /ca w&s; The thought of going home suggestsin a moment the interview with Telamon, and must therefore be,abandoned at once. wiotov 6
'p.a= T&s TOV/Lsv 6blpla; Cp. O. T. 421
7roi'os KlOap&'v ojxvi 4cup'wvos raxa; also ib. 1371 foll. 6'laacw roios.
B3 rnwv, .r . He is thinking of eye meeting eye, and how his counte-nance will fall when he comes before his father. For 56/4/a cp. 1. 977S$v'vatyov o'Iqs' ipoi.
1. 464. c'rv ApLr6eiv, 'that meed of valour.' The article has ademonstrative force.
1. 465. Av a MrTs crXE, c.cr.X. Namely, Hesione, supra 1. 435-. a -
gavov EO KXEas, 'a glorious crown.' For the descriptive genitive cp.El. ]i9 tAha va ' darpov .. ebdppovry, Eur. I. T. 85 7 is kcraila AXhrpv, ' tothe marriage tent.'
.L 467. j6vos L6 voLs. The latter word is added merely for the sakeof the repetition, so as to give emphasis to the notion of' single fight.'
1. 469. Ajax cannot die by a death, however honourable, which wouldgive joy to his enemies.
1. 472. cj~rav y', 'in my nature,' whatever I may be Xdoyozs, 'inseeming.' See above 11. 364-67. Cp. O. C. 27o rw^s iyco icaxbs q(p6av;Eur. Hipp, II91 ZE0, yfi7sr' dEiV e' xamIxs 7r¢Ivec' aadvp.
1. 473. To pIaKpoO PL(ov. For the article cp. O. T. 518 .1iov roi
NOTES. LINES 450-488. 79
paepalevos. Life is either long or short. The article marks one of thetwo alternatives.
1. 474. ' Who being in evils finds no respite therefrom.' KcLKo oLVis a dat. of circumstance= Cv saxo^'yv. Cp. Ant. 691 X Ayots 70LoVroLs,oLS aV I0 TE P~E KXVW.
11. 475, 6. These lines have been translated in various ways. ' Whatdelight has day alternating with day, (or 'compared with day, or'beyond day,' i.e. one day more), since it merely exposes us to deathand rescues us from it,' or 'since it merely brings us nearer death andthen removes us from it,' i. e.' there is no pleasure in a life which ismerely a respite from death.' Herm. 'Quid potest dies cum die alter-nans oblectationis afferre, quum nihil nisi de moriendi necessitate autaddat aliquid aut differat?' Linwood: ' adding to the account of lifeand taking off from (i. e. deferring) death.' The construction of thegenitive 0ro^, K.,r.X. is not very satisfactory in any of these translations,and the ye is without force. Both these difficulties are obviated if thesense of 'L is continued to the second clause. 'What pleasure can dayfollowing day afford, by adding or subtracting anything from death?'i. e. Now that honour is gone, Death alone remains; and whether death.be good or evil, procrastination makes no difference. Cp. El. 1485, 6T1i ydp 8porarwv &Byv oa F Kos L E1LTyLE Ovlycetv 6 A;'XXAwv T70 Xpd'vovdpos cppot; Shak. Jul. Caes. 3. I 'That we shall die, we know, 'tisbut the time, And drawing days out, that men stand upon.' Suchvariations as x~cap 4Rpc are common, cp. Ant. 596 y E~v 'yEyvos,Eur. Hec. 410o.
1. 477. obe Evs 1X6yov, 'at any reckoning;' cp. O. C. 1225/ pc val rbio'arrava vlcqa X&yov. Genitive of value: 'as worth any account.'
1. 478. KEvatcrV EXrr~o-Lv, 'empty hopes,' i. e. 'hopes of what cannothappen,' such as the hope that by living in dishonour a man may attainto honour.
1. 481. w=Lb36 XrovV, 'suggested,' cp. supra 1. 189 V7rofaXrvot, and0. C. 794 Tb aOy 8' b0isO BE&p' bihdqT6Xrov r6uta. For the adjectivefollowed by the descriptive genitive cp. infra 1. 1oo4 & OvaOearov b6tYa
a' T7/O4XAS TJIcpas.
1. 484. yviL oprat, ' to sway your judgment.'11. 485-525. Tecmessa endeavours to turn Ajax from his purpose, by
depicting the desolation of herself and his aged parents, when bereft ofhim, and also the forlorn condition of Eurysakes.
1. 485. "TYs &v ycaas rvxrls, 'helpless fortune,' i. e. 'the lot of thehelpless.' It is however doubtful whether dva-ycala means ' irreversible'or 'under constraint.' Cp. infra 1. 8o3 . In El. 48 the meaning is moreclear='a crushing calamity.'
1. 488. E'TwEp sWv6s." For the attraction cp. O. C. 734 aOBvovaav= d
80o A yArX.
rLw 'EXhXdo, Xen. Mem. 2. 9. 3 Xapt6l poEovy oi'p cot dvp. For 0crivov-
ros iv rXoi"7<r cp. infra 1. 613 Govpiq KiparoDr' Iv '"Apez. 'pvy^v is tobe taken with TrVds.
1. 489. Observe the slight doubtfulness of rrou contrasted with cid-Alara.
1. 490. XELp is added loosely after 'o80E. The gods may (7rov) havewilled it, but Ajax was clearly the agent in determining the event.This appeal to the power of her master (the cb'ooKpar7s) shows thenaive tact with which Tecmessa'has adapted herself to the character ofAjax, who did not care to be second, even to the gods.
1. 491. XEXos is cogn. acc., 'joined in thy wedlock,'= 'joined in wed-lock with thee.' eu <ppov -r& a-&, 'my thoughts are devoted to thywelfare,' ' all that is thine is mine.' In heart and brain alike Tecmessais watchful for the good of Ajax.
1. 493-. , crvXXI X0ils !Lot, 'where thou wast united with me.'[vraXAahdaaat is here 'to enter on a new relation with.' Till then, Ajaxwas the enemy who had ruined her home. Cp. Aesch. S. c. T. 363-65.Since then, he was her only friend.
1. 494. P&L .. XcLP
E'Ltv, like aTrav .. Xa3Etv, etc. &y iLvlv= ' causing
pain.' pJilts in tragedy is a loud and sudden utterance, generally un-pleasant. Cp. infra 1. 998, Eur. Hippol. I 19 E T rs aO .. piTrata I&(e-e.
1. 495. i4'Ls. lin seems to retain in composition the meaning, 'inthe power of.' Cp. infra 1. 1297 ipi Ev iEhAo^s IxObvtv.
1. 497. 'rar1, refers back to d. The death of Ajax is alluded to asa hypothesis, the results of it as a fact occurring in time. This dis-tinction is lost by reading j. ' If we lose you,' is far more pathetic than'when you die.' For the conj. with Ei cp. O. T. 874 and note, 0. C. 1443t ov rTEprOw^.
1. 500. Ls= ' many a one,' as often in Homer.1. 501. &ir rCw, 'shooting at me;' so we have Ao'yots Pa.AAov, Oducov,
apdocov, etc.1. 502. W'TX-E, 'was mightiest when alive.' Such is the force of the
aorist.1. 503. XarpeCas, the plural refers to acts of mean service. j'kXov--
the admiring envy with which Tecmessa: was regarded by the othercaptive women. Cp. Eur. Med. 243 (iyAwrbs ali'w, (of the happy wife).
1. 504. Sa iov, 'my fate,' i.e. the genius of my life. Cp. O. C. 76rXTv ro apovos. Od. 5- 396 rvT-(Yp Bi of L'XpaE 8al~wv. J, 'will
distress,' ' will persecute me.'1. 505. Ajax has no other son than Tecmessa's child. Hence his
race will be disgraced by the slavery of Eurysakes and Tecmessa.1. 507. irpoXkirwov, 'abandoning.' irpo as in rpIcE qai supra 1. 428,
and rpolico.A1.
NOTES. LINES 489-528.
1. 509. &paTaL, 'prays;' the word is rare in a good sense. Cp. O. C.1444, 5 a" v ' oIv i'yco I OSois Ap ̂a, LT7ror' dvrTcra, ,caciiv.1. 5 I. 8Lo0-TraL, (I) ' shall live out his life.' Cp. Rhes. 982 adrats 8looEr.
aooO must be taken with jIpvos, and this as supra 1.461 jidvovs 7' 'ATrpEdas.The middle voice has a distinct (subjective) meaning, 'shall carrythrough his life of hims'elf' (dp' avTroV). Hermann's interpretation,(2) ' will be pulled to pieces by,' is worth considering. Middle futureshave often a passive meaning; o'raral is passive in Eur. Or. 440, and.'ioleora in Hdt. 8. 49, iotaoL&dv ib. 8. 76 (Veitch, Greek Verbs).For ved& rpo4 ! cp. 0. C. 345, 6 i b'rov viar I rpoips 'AhrE.
1. 512. 3Tr' ip4avLtoT&v, 'tended by '(at the mercy of) orphan-guar-dians.' If (I) supr. is right the meaning of the preposition maybe akin to the sense of ' accompanied by,' but cp. 7raXEL irrd, OvICEyLVfir, etc.
1. 514. eLs iS L PXErno, 'to which I may look for support.' Cp. supra1. 399 P3AEtv .. els 6vacrv dvOpcanrwv, Ant. 922 7i XP' JAE 7 v 8'Try-
VOy eIS OEobs 3XE P LV ; El. 959 els Tiv' Xarwcov iT' I 3PXiao' ET' 'pOiv;
PXirow, subjunctive. (Observe F + Bh El. 301, Phil. 622.)1. 516. aXXg opa, 'another doom.' Ajax has already been placed
on an equality with Fate, supra 1. 490 Ia o a pakatora XELpi. We arenot allowed to think of Ajax as causing the death of Tecmessa's parents,though he has devastated her country and reduced her to slavery.
1. 517. KOLOEhov OLKIq'ropas. (I) There is an association from theliteral meaning, ' has taken down.' Cp. Eur. Supp. 829 iarTa E 7T 'oByas iXot. Other translations are, (2) 'destroyed them so that they are,'or (3) with reference to the legal meaning of caOatpei, 'condemnedthem to be.'
1. 51 8. Throughout this speech, and more especially in this passage,there is an echo of Il. 6. 405-496.
1. 519. iv 0ot .. aooicLL, cp. iv co? Itci'Eal, elpi. For wara cp. supra1. 275 ra^s 1XAIaXram.
1. 520. Tecmessa has been urging the topics which she thinks mostlikely to move Ajax. She cannot end without one more appeal to hislove for her. &vpit after 7rpoorevaL.
1. 523. She ventures in concluding on this indirect reproach, hopingto rouse Ajax and divert him from his purpose.
11. 525-595. Ajax calls for his child, who is lifted up to him. Hetakes him in his arms, and gives some last directions concerning hiswelfare. Then giving the child back, he orders the tent to be closed.
1. 525. 'I would that thou wert moved in spirit, even as I am.'~ew otKO'v = to be touched with pity.
1. 526. atvoClqs, ' approve;' in the sense of' agreeing to.'1. 528.' eZ with rXAcv,' to carry out to the end.' ,rogh4L, ' can bring
G
82 AyAX.
herself to.' Cp. Aesch. P. V. 999 rT'A.oloov, & /catLe, rT5AJoo'v Tor Eirps Tas wopoiv'as wyrrovas 6
peSs ppovev. Ajax knows that Tecmessawill be reluctant to bring the child. Observe the alliteration, and cp.O. T, 371 and note.
1. 530. The division of a tribrach into three words is not uncommonwhen the words A-rv 1'Eiv form part of the foot, e.g. Aesch. S. c. T. 530,Eur. Hec. 10, ix85, 1203, 1234, I. T. 966. Cp. also Phil. 651, O. T.967 wa7aipa v TOIt6v* 6 a Oav'cv.
1. 53i Ka' -iv . e. The particles (cp. 1. 539) imply that there wasa hindrance in the way of complying with the request of Ajax. 'Why,in my fears I have put him out of the way of harm.' ' Do you meanin the midst of this unhappiness, or how?' 46poLtcL. The plural is in-tensive.
1. 532. .rL foXo XiyELs; 'What is it you mean, pray' (Fot) ?1. 534. The genitive following rrpc'ov may be explained by the
analogy of defov, and by the meaning of the genitive. Conversely, wehave detov with the dative. By a similar change inrdo'lvos sometimes takesthe genitive in Plato. Cp. also Menex. 239 C 7Tprrdvros -r*y 7TpaacvrWv.
1. 535. &XX' otv =' well, that being so.' For the particles cp. Ant.84 dAx' ov rpoylTviaps y- rOVTO .LVoEY6. Tecmessa claims credit forwhat she has done. 'This service at least was due to my watchfulness.'For TroTo6 y' ApK o'0GL cp. supra 1. 439 o06' 4pya ~~Eow XELpOs dpcaas e t1s.
1. 536. 4wirvea. The aorist is significant of instant and hearty com-mendation. Cp. EL 668 iEBeiap'v -rb r0i4v. 40ov, cp. O. T. 134 7v'
EO0,0' i'morpoqyv.1. 537. Tecmessa has gained her point in excusing the absence of the
child, and now ventures to ask what further service she can render.1. 539. The dative of the agent is rare except with the perfect passive.
Cp. infra 1. 722 vcSd CETa TrOLs 2r1aLy 'Apyido-s. (The prepositions ' with'and 'by' are often confused in early English dramatists.)
1. 540. 11 o6 is justified because 4XXEL contains a negative notion
and the sentence is interrogative. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 627 ' 17a g' xhNesphi o y7ycvilcetv rb rayv ;
1. 541. -rpocrrXwv is a partitive genitive with b'arep. Cp. 1. 544.1. 543. EIprov-, sc. Tr wporo'6 .. For XEXEtLVp hAbyov, 'not
catching what is said,' cp. Eur. Or. io85 J 7i rox Ai E'xE Lal rv TY&.WvI8ovAevydTrcv. Lys. I. § 15 wroX6 dlroXaEtAx/ELYvov Tv 4EaTro acwc&v. Itis an idiomatic expression, something like ' to seek' in English.
1. 544. 08e. The attendant now comes in sight.1. 545. Ajax is sitting above the stage amid the carcases of the slain
animals. He desires that his child may be lifted up to him. For theinverted position of oG cp. Ant. 96 edaopat y&p ob, O. C. 1365 d 5'fqiOfaa Triae 1A2) 'uavTrq 7popov's, O. T. 527, Eur. Alc. 682 bpidhw 8'
NOTES. LINES 530-564.
obX Lr v~oTP'rdELv ac0sv. For the postponement of the particle wrov cp.
Ant. 726 ol rqXtcoLE al ILae61earOa 8' ;
1. 547. BLKa dL, ' truly' Cp. O. T. 853 pav~r 5ucals bp9Ov, Tr.
348 J ITrpdOWE ov lKcatos d'yyE~os rapiv, and also the use of rav'iws,e.g. O. C. 1306 a) dvol -rav81SL S.
1. 548. &X&. ' But:' as though some hint had gone before that thechild ought not to be brought face to face with such a horrid sight.V
6 jLot, ' courses.' Cp. Ant. 191 rOLoLa'" 1yrl vpo/.ae 78vu' aidw or6Av.For Wbj'ois cp. c'Aocpa-ris, supra 1. 205, and note.
1. 549. For the change of subject cp. O. T. I089 ~' E aE ..a~tev,
sai XOpE4eoaaL 7rap' Tlp^ov.1. 5, 2. Ajax in praying for his son's happiness reflects that even now
the child is in one respect happier than himself.1. 553. ' That you have not in any way perception of these miseries.'
ob&iv is adverbial, and KaK V is the genitive after Anataive-.1. 554. Cp. Tr. 144 ro yap vEaov. .5 70opas da4oxOov kaiptE Gilov.
The line is not unlike Sophocles, but it is not wanted here, and hasprobably slipped in from a quotation in the margin.
1. 555. ~'os. For the omission of av cp. Tr. I48, Phil. 764.1. 556. This construction of Seg with aros, instead of the more usual
infinitive, occurs again Phil. 55 r'j 4XOKTS'7ov E BrEF I gbvxnv ',rwsAX&o'wwyov cAz ~ss, also Cratinus, Nets. 2 SEL a' 'ornws Isbiv 8toLiLEs. It
may have arisen from two constructions, BEF with the infin., and 5rOswith the fut. in the sense of' see that you do,' etc.
1. 557. v ' Xpois, i. e. 'in dealing with your enemies.' Cp. infra 1.1315 C' Epo? Opaov's, and note on 1. 1092.
1. 558. The child is compared to a young plant, 'quam mulcentaurae, firmat sol, educat imber.' The same imagery is used in Tr.145. Cp. 11. 18. 56 6 8' dEvispaprv E'peY" Taos.
1. 559. Xaprl v, accus. in appos. to the sentence. For the languagecp. Eur. Ion 1379 aLS os dcioAXaaa xappovds. 'To this thy mother's
joy.'1. 561. X6paCs, 'acts of outrage.' Cp. 11. 46, 1392, El. II196 ial
XePUP scaLt ahac icaral r-aiv cao~^s.1. 562. rotov. Cp. supra 1. 148 TroozaE A 6Yovs,L. 251 70oas i pEovrw
dLretEXas. rvXhopOv ( Xha~ , 'a watchman at the gate,' i.e. trusty watch-man. The preposition Qci4l is connected with the verbal meaning inpV'Xaca, (qvXdiErew cippli). For the chosen man as warder of the gatesee Nisus in Virg. Aen. 9. 174.
1. 563. 'rpo4.s dOKvov, ' active to maintain thy life.' 'i'pra has refer-ence to acd, cp. supra 1. 121 bTroLCrdpTE 86 vv aTlqrgvov i'uras mCairep6vra 8vapECrG . For the shortened form cp. rc'AL in later Greek.
1. 564. oXVEt, 'roams,' 'goes to and fro,' as a hunter seeking hisG2
833
prey. The word is used in El. 165, 313, of the lonely pacing of onein grief.
1. 566. Rt iv 'F. Ajax gives a charge in common (mVotv4v) to theChorus and Teucer, and adds a message which the Chorus are toconvey to Teucer, thus giving them a part in the fulfilment of his lastwishes.
1. 569. 'Eptpot. The case of the word is not influenced by AXEw.Cp. Ant. 567 daX' 5E p vrot pt XC'y', ob ylp oTr' EnL. Eriboea ismentioned by Pindar as the mother of Ajax, Isthm. 5. 65. Thereis a touch of pathos in this mention of the mother's name. Somethink he means to distinguish Eriboea from Hesione.
1. 5 1. If this line is retained the difficulty of the divided anapaestmust be overcome by supposing that Li'Xpts oi are virtually one word,or fwsr, Ea7' av may be read.
1. 572. 04oovcrL. The construction is carried on with brws, hence thefuture. nOE'vat as in TOE'vat &Ohov. 6 XvFLE~v Ej6s. The order of thewords is against the grammatical rule that attributes have the article(e. g. 6 dyaObs :wicpcirrs not 6 2. d.). But the possessive is sometimesplaced as above for peculiar emphasis. Quasi 6 XvECiYv .. fl 's AXv.z&v.Cp. Eur. Hipp. 683 6 yEvyl/rTCp ~l.ds.
1. 574. abra anticipates ardlcos. It is the principal piece of armour,familiar to Ajax and to others as a part of himself.
1. 577. ,re0&tErat is a future for the imperative, expressing confidentcertainty. There is no reason to suppose that the construction withb'rcos is continued here. These injunctions are fulfilled by Teucer, infra11. 1407, 8.
1. 579. 4irLCKVOvs, ' before the tent.' See 1. 3 in oiqvai~s.1. 580. LXhoL-CTTov, (I) 'fond of weeping' (olICarcTi 0a), or (2) 'fond
of awakening compassion' (Hermann).1. 581. ' It does not mark a skilful leech to drone charms over a wound
which needs surgery.' For rrphs with the gen. cp. supra 1. 319.1. 582. T0o.GVTLr, 'crying for the knife,' a desiderative. For charms as
a species of medicine cp. Tr. xooI foill. See also Od. 19- 457 inTaoti8' alpa , EXatO iL CaXeOov.
1. 583. .rpoOvula v, ' this eager vehemence,' i. e. these eager solicita-tions to shut up the tent.
1. 586. cro4poveV KaM6v. The advice is given in the same spirit asbefore, 1. 293 yrva, yvai do'otov 4 rcy2) qPipet.
1. 588. OeGv is to be ' scanned' as one long syllable: cp. infra 1. 1129.For irpoSos -y vy, ' Do not be guilty of betraying us,' cp. O. T. 577ytpas EXE s, Phil. 773 /A )., rICTEivas -yv7.
1. 590. Ajax is not a debtor to the gods that he should yield to anappeal in their name. Whatever sin he may have committed against
84 AYAX,
NOTES. LINES 566-609.
them has been more than atoned for by the cruelty of Athena to him.(Cp. Thuc. 7. 77.) His impiety is reproved by Tecmessa. &pKcv=praestare. For the construction, cp. supra 1. 429 'pya .p. dpicas.
1. 593 o OrvvE'pE0'; As Tecmessa hesitates to comply with hisrequest he turns to the attendants. Cp. supra 1. 344, d,&' dvoilyr7 .While Ajax is thus closed up in the tent, Tecmessa retires to her ownapartment with the child, unless indeed they remain on the stage. Theform avvipyw is Ionic: but Plato also uses v'vEpeLs not $v'Erpets.
11. 596-645. The Chorus, who are mariners much more than warriors,express their longing for home and their weariness of Troy: from thisthey pass to the madness of Ajax and the grief which Telamon andEriboea will feel when they hear of the affliction of their son, the likeof which has never been known in the race of the Aeacidae. ' KXELVWZakuacts. Sophocles is speaking as an Athenian of the fifth centuryB.c. The anachronism would be readily condoned by his audience.
1. 597. Though &i.rMa-ros has the most authority, &MXrKTros seemspreferable. For how can an island be said to 'wander on the sea?'There are the rXayXOEiaai I7rpat, and Delos, in the myth, was oncea 'wandering' island, but no legend of the kind is connected withSalamis. If falArka'ros is retained, it must mean ' wandered round bythe waves.
11. 6oo foll. The text is very uncertain. Translate, ' But I unhappy-long time is it since I, abiding in the meadow-lands of Ida for monthsinnumerable, keep my nightly watch, worn out by time.' Cp. infra 11.1206 foll. IcEFa 6'.. dE 7rvirvas pdoorLs I -ri7EYY
6C os i ioas. The Chorus
are weary of inaction as well as of exile. They long either to be inrocky Salamis or at sea. For t'Iaia t7roia many various con-jectures have been attempted; e.g. 'Ilata tiupvw A ELiV' alnova, pCrvAdvptOos, aih'v Eiydirc, -r..h., i.e. 'I wait for my reward in the meadowsof Ida, without count of months, ever worn by the steady march oftime.' But this involves violent changes, and the meaning is harsh.Another suggestion is 'IMaa .~lc'lvv XEt/Ac'v' ir'ratOpa, /pvv, c.r.A.'Enduring outdoor hardships in the Trojan meadows.' etc. The reading'I 6t pijVw XIV L 76d ro'a , TE~ piv, e..., 'I wait in the land of Idawinter and summer,' etc., is very improbable. 'For I pUYv dv4plptlA0or, cp.O. T. 179 div P6i TvpLpo O r XXvTrat.
1. 6o6. k LKaV k~r(S' 8Xov, 'cherishing a miserable hope,' i. e. ' sucha hope as the miserable have,' 'misery's hope.' This meaning isrequired by 'L rNTrorL. ' The hope of release by death is nearer thanreturn. Cp. ' the haven of the grave,' Shelley (Euganean hills).
1. 6o8. A't81Xov. Probably not 'destructive' as in Homer, but'gloomy.' Observe the assonance.
11. 609, 61o. ' And abiding with me, fast by my side, is Ajax strickenr
S5
beyond healing.' ~ZEBpos is used in the simplest sense='seated near,'or, ' close at hand,' i.e. no longer going forth to battle. Cp. supra1. 194 d'va f Epc'arwv 8rov .. oTrlpieg wror'. ' Sic et de exercitu in terramexposito.' Eur. Rhes. 954 iqapos .ys arpards. This meaning suits withv'vavAos. Others have taken the word in the technical sense of a
third combatant, i.e. one who adopts the cause of the vanquished, andmust be met by the conqueror, as an additional foe. Cp. Aesch. Cho.866 do'vos ctv 6palpos. Thus the Chorus would regard Ajax in his incurablemadness as an additional foe, in so far as he would bring upon them theresentment of the Greeks in addition to that of the Trojans.
1. 6 11. ('vavXos, ' abiding with.' Cp. supra 1. 321.1. 614. 4pe6vs otop3 6ras, 'a lonely feeder of his mind.' As elsewhere,
an Homeric picture is used metaphorically to describe a state of mind.See II. 6. 200-2o2 daAx' i're s . .i w&rov dv0pcrwv dXE yvco. Cp. olo3od-xoCos, oldoroXos. Ajax turns his mind away from all others, like aherdsman driving a single heifer apart from the herd. The Chorusknow that Ajax is recovered from his madness, but they do not knowhis present purpose. He has shut himself up from them in the gloomof the tent. Another rendering is ' mente destitutus.'
1. 615. The question has been raised whether efp1T)TCLL is passive ormiddle, 'has been found a great grief,' or, 'has caused great grief.'The sense of the word seems to favour the subjective middle (but cp.Tr. 1075 Ouxvs EvbpypIat 7rdas). See infra 1. 1023 EVbpdO/pv, Aesch.Pers. 742 (et passim), Hdt, 3. 148 (ebp'arETa active), and ebplarxoatgenerally means 'find for myself,' ' gain.' For the sense cp. O. T. 1355obI J 4XhoLrYtv obi' ~Io' rTOodY'v' dXos,
1. 619. Rey acTas dpe'ras is a qualifying genitive to E'pya.1. 620. 'Have fallen to nought, unloved among the loveless, the
forlorn Atridae.' The Atridae, so abject as to disown a friend, haveforgotten the noble deeds of Ajax. E'ra ce = 4rE c, ' have fallen frommemory.'
1. 622. ivrpoos= rpaqcaea iv. Hence the datives ad pip and 7yp,unless Xev4ren pyurp, be regarded as a dative of manner or of time, separatefrom ~Vrpopos. Some would read Aevicd 8E -pa.
1. 625. voo-ovra 4pevolo6pcs, 'stricken with disease to the ruinof his mind.' For the adv. cp. Thuc. I. 21 ardamrcus is T6 IcVOWBes
fICVfVLA%'q71 CTa.
1. 627. a'tivov, sc. feor, OpyViLrEt. from ~aLTe, 1. 630. 'Will raise alamentable cry.'
1. 629. obi', 'but not.' Her cry will not be that of the nightingale.For this adversative use of osb' cp. El. 132 o68' 101Aw 7rpoXALtreL' 7rde.And for the negative form of the sentence cp. O. T. 1277 oi'8' dvie-gayv 1c. 7.T. ..
86 AyAX.
NOTES. LINES 611-651.
1. 631. Xep6OrXl'KTO L. 8Olro=OL 'the sound of striking hands.' I. e.wrX4cErat 8odrovs vas XFpav.
1. 634. Some word of general meaning, e.g. i'"Tat, must be. suppliedfrom 7reao'vraL.
1. 635. For KpE.(c0ov cp. O. T. r368 ipderoVv yap jaa pqpIr'' P 4(&v 7tr Aos. The form is Ionic, supr. 1. 593. "AL8a is the dative ofplace. Cp. II. 23. 244 el6uev abrbs IUAi't dcopatL, El. 174 E7T CtaLobpavy ZEus. vocr-w 'rav, not 'incurably sick,' or, 'sick unto death,'but' sick of a phrenzy,' Ar. Pax. 95 Ti jlar/v oix vyLaVELS; 'jKCOv, cp.O. T. 1519.
1. 636. c irrrpcas yEvEs = ra-rpo'Ev.1. 638. 'roXvr6vwv, cp. infra 11. 1186 foll.1. 640. hXX' 4(c'rs 6OLLet, 'consorts with them so as to be outside
them;' i.e. 'does not consort with them,' an oxymoron. Cp. O. C.1575 v caOap svat, Phil. 1153 dIrE'qv.. pV'ICErat, Aesch. Pers. 756
'v.ov alXdicV. Also rppwo v dardawOat, 'to have nothing to dowith.' (Eur. Hipp. ToI, Plato, Charm. 153 B.)
11. 644 foll. ' (A sorrow) such as no life-time (of any among) the sonsof Aeacus except this has nurtured.' alc&v has the Epic meaning of life'or ' life-time.'
11. 646-692. Ajax now comes out again from the tent upon thestage. Tecmessa and Eurysakes are also present. She has been upon
the watch. The fiercer spirit in which he was last seen. and whichmight have ended in rash and sudden self-violence, appears to himnow a far-off thing. Time who changes all things has changed him.He is gentle and submissive, but has not relinquished his purpose,which in his calmer mood he no less sees to be inevitable. This,however, he must hide from Tecmessa and the Chorus, and he ac-cordingly veils it with the instinctive subtlety of a mind bent onsuicide-the more easily as the Chorus are ready to believe whatthey desire, and Tecmessa has no suspicion that Ajax will deceiveher. Nor can any of those about him really fathom his trouble. Yethis real feeling shines through his dissimulation. Cp. Tr. 436 foll.
1. 647. 4,4EL i lXc, 'brings forth though hitherto unseen.' Kpwr-
reTaC, middle, 'hides in himself.' Cp. Aesch. Cho. 127 4 Ta srdavrCTEatL, ' produces from herself.'1. 648. deXjwrov. Cp. Archil. Frag. 7.4 XPr9&
Trcv aerrov obSrv 'orv
ob8' drcItorov, Ant. 388 davae, fporoiUtv obUv arr' dlrjUorov. &MXoKETaL,
'is overtaken.' Time overcomes all, even the mighty oath and theresolute will.
1. 650. -r& 8ELv' 'KpTrpouv,' showed such harsh firmness.' The acc.is cognate. For the article cp. supra 1. 3I 2.
1. 651. .<) ̂ o'{iqpos 's, (sc. KapTEP ps ye/6iE vos),.' like iron (made
87
88 AyAX.
firm) by dipping.' These words have been usually construed with whatcomes after-0rlv'v0 v ar6a. But iron becomes hard, not soft, byimmersion; and no explanation that has been given removes this diffi-culty. Steel becomes in a sense more pliable by, tempering, but canin no sense be said to lose its edge, ardioa. It seems therefore preferableto connect the word with what goes before. 'I who then hardenedmy heart, as iron is hardened by the bath.' (o'r 6 ya, (I) ' edge,' (2)'speech.' The first meaning is taken by Tecmessa and the Chorus, thesecond perhaps thought of by Ajax or the poet.)
i. 652. o'wKTrdp .. XIVTeV. The infinitive is ambiguous, i. e. it maymean either ' I leave her with pity,' or, ' pity will not let me leave her.'
1. 654. -rapaKTious XELVLws. The grassy'hollows on the side of therising ground towards the cliff. Infra 1. 8o5 dyici3vas.
1. 656. Os&s, sc. IHafXl6os.1. 657. XPpov must be repeated with K(XO. The 'abominable thing'
was to be cast out into a desert place. Cp. Ant. 773 A , 'cpruos O'a v tv rLoos.
1. 658. Kpv IO. He really hides it in his body. iyos ='a sword.'iEhdXv merely means, 'weapons of offence.'
1. 659. ya s is a partitive genitive of place =' somewhere in earth.'It is to be taken with 6pv'as. With 'vOma 1j1 -rLs 06'lE'ra cp. O. T.1412 fvOa poTroir' clToe O' &rL. ,But Ajax means that his act will beunseen, and that the hilt of the sword will be imbedded in theground.
1. 660. <r6vrorwv, ' have it in their keeping.' Cp. El. 436 foll. Thesword would be buried in his tomb, supra 1. 577.
1. 661. XELtp is added merely to make the effect more graphic. 'Itook it in my hand.' The exchange of sword and girdle was actuallymade on the battle field. 11. 7. 303 foll.
1. 666. roLy&p, ' therefore,' draws an inference from all that precedes:since I am in misfortune, and time changes all things, and even myproud spirit is at last subdued.
1. 670. rTI~ats, to 'office,' or 'authority.' ,ro)rTo g0 v is answered byai in 1. 672. Cp. O. C. 440 T0oTO hV.. ol ' irrwe ehev. Elsewhere(0. T. 605, Ant. 167) we have TroVTO lYv--TVor' 2XA'-rTOTr' a0Ots.vLoarTILPEtS, 'whose paths are in the snow,' or rather, 'whose trackis marked by snow.' Not 'thick with snow,' in which there is nopersonification.
1. 67. eKXpor~Lv, 'make room for,' as.Ajax makes room for theAtridae.
1. 672. alavis, ' dreary.' KU' XOS is the circle of .the sky, like dtis inPlato, Phaedr. 247 B (though some understand the moon). Transl.'Night's dreary orb retires for white-steeded Day to advance her light.'
NOTES. LINES 652-692. 89
L 673. 'YYos 4)YELy. I. e. oi5rE ri)v tlipav /X(yevt 7" abirOlyyos (cogn. ace.) AEv/cwho ipipa occurs in Aesch. Pers. 386.
1. 674. ' The winds, after blowing terribly, leave to gentle rest themoaning sea.' Cp. Virgil's 'straverunt aequora venti,' ' Ixionii ventorota constitit orbis;' Horace, Od. I. 3, 16 'Quo non arbiter Hadriaemajor tollere seu ponere vult freta,' lb. C. S. 9 ' Alme Sol currunitido diem qui promis et celas,' where, as here, contrary powers areascribed to the same being. Kotpl9j here (cp. ai'pmc supra 1. 75)= evjcOLLca0arOa.
1. 675. v 8', ' and also.' Cp. O. C. 55.1. 677. LEZts= ' mankind.' Cp. supra 1. 125
6p -yap 7las obSiv b'Vas
~AXo, ic.T.X. Or if we accept Porson's conjecture in the next line, ^et'swill be = 4yCi.
1. 678. The MSS. read lyci -3'='I at any rate.' The sentence (b's7r, c.T.A.) is then irregular; part of it (6 r' T Xps, K.T.A.) is made todepend on rio~raIyat, and part is independent. Either both clausesshould have been independent, and inlrdaLpaL yp regarded as a paren-thesis, or both should have been dependent on in oraa, in whichcase we might supply ac (povijw with iyi 64i. But Porson's conjec-ture, zyy8', is probably right. 'I am sure of it,' viz. that I ought tolearn temperance.
1. 680. This gnome is said to have been first expressed by Bias of Priene.1. 681. povk1Croac, ' I shall choose.' Cp. O. T. 1077, and note.1. 683. ' The haven of comrade-ship is untrustworthy.' The language
borrows the common metaphor of the Greeks. Anything which may beregarded as affording rest or shelter is called a XLiv. So here wemight expand, ' He who seeks protection in the good faith of a comradehas cast his anchor in a dangerous haven.'
1. 684. &I. ,ro",TOLwLV, 'concerning my relations with foes andfriends, and towards the gods.'
1. 685. 8sL& re'ovs is to be joined with rTEXEL OaL. 'To be accom-plished to the end.'
1. 687. -rard '^8E, 'even as she.' 'rs I rTLRae, ' pay homage tothese commands.' For the alliteration of 7, cp. O. T. 3'7, supr. 528.
1. 689. ikeLV .E voetv. It is not necessary to suppose a change ofsubject as in supra 1. 549, for / kLv is sometimes used as a personalverb (El. 342). Ajax refers to his own funeral rites. The Chorus under-stand the word in a more general sense. There is a similar ambiguityin the next line.
1. 692. aeotrc o-ivov, 'saved,' i. e. by death, in which alone was salva-tion to be found. The perf part. of this verb is frequently used, asdenoting a state of safety. Ajax now leaves the stage as though goinginto the country, Tecmessa also withdraws.
11. 693-718. The Chorus, delighted at the change in the mind ofAjax, break forth into a song of gladness, and dance as they sing;There are similar wild strains, though less clearly marked as hypor-chemata, in O. T. io86 foll., Ant. I 115 foll., Tr. 205 foll.
1. 693 E3IPL' 'EPeL, ' I thrilled with emotion.' The aorist denotesthe sudden nature of the joyous thrill. wrEPXaP7i 8' &veTrrilLav,' I fluttered overjoyed.' Cp. Ant. 1307 dvivrrav po'epy8.1. 694. The island Psyttaleia, adjacent to Salamis, was a haunt of
Pan. Aesch. Pers. 448 foill. This may be the reason why Pan isaddressed here rather than any other deity. But the words Kvxxa-Vias, K.Tr.. make this doubtful, and Pan was regarded as the source ofsudden changes of mind, as e. g. in Panic fear.
1. 695. &X(kiXaywrE. Either (I) the Chorus address Pan by the epithetwhich suits the present need, (but there is no good ground to supposethat 'sea-roving' was an attribute of Pan), or (2) the predicate withdvy'90' is attracted into the vocative. ,'Come, thou rover, come overthe sea.' For this cp. Phil. 828 EvaEs ?7iv ( EXOots.
1. 699. Oecv Xopowro' vag, 'O thou of the gods who art thelord of the dance.' Cp. O. C. 869 OsN v 6 nr&vra XE bo'wv XLtos. Panwas pre-eminent among the gods as author of dancing. So Bacchus isaddressed in Ant. 1146 nr p inEvrcwv XOpdy ' dorpcov. JoL is to be takenwith tvvchV.
1. 700. pipa-r'.... 4ijLs. The words denote a wild exciteddance. The phrase for solemn stately dancing is Xopobs arorat.Nysian dances are those of the nurses of Bacchus; the Cnosian (I1,8. 590) or Cretan may refer to the dance of the Curetes, or to the
dancing-gound of Ariadne, which was at Cnossus. abroSal, ' comingof themselves,' i. e. almost instinctive, as dancing is an instinctive ex-pression of joy. Or the word may mean 'taught by thyself,' withreference to Pan. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 30o a'rICTL-r' dvvrpa.
1. 704. eii yVwo'ros, almost = ivapta-s, in such shape that all may knowhim.
1. 706. C Ares has loosed from our eyes the awful grief.' The grief ofthe Chorus was indirectly the work of Ares, a name Sophocles seems tohave used generally to describe a source of evil influence. Hence heis said to remove the mischief he brought. Cp. supra 11. 674-6. Forthe expression cp. Il. 13. 444 dIp& ' vos 6Ipttos 'Apys.
1. 709. (I) ' Now, O Zeus, the white light of fair day may come near theswift sea-traversing ships.' Or ircEo&aLL may be transitive. (2) ' Now, OZeus, thou mayest bring,' etc. The former suits better with the broken,interjectional strain. The passage must be taken in connection with thesupposed time of action. So long as their grief had continued theChorus were anxious for the night to continue, but now they could
AJyAX.go
NOTES. LINES 693-727.
welcome the return of day. This seems better than making raEXhac =w(rc7E 7~as TEXaoal, ' now light returns (metaph.) and we may go nearto the ships.' The ' swift ships' are in any case associated with themariners' hope of returning home. Cp. 1. 900oo.
1. 711 XaO iovos wrra'w. Ajax has recovered from his trouble aihdhas forgotten it. The word a7r6xv merely points to the general idea ofrecovery. But at=' once more.'
1. 7 12. The Chorus assume that Ajax has already made a sacrifice, cp.supra 1. 655, 6. For this use of the aorist=the perfect cp. infra 1..739. dw&v0urT e'0-~L' are ordinances with full rites. The unmeasuredexpression arises from the exultant mood of the Chorus.
1. 714. p.apaLvEL. The word in its derivation seems to mean ' smooths'or 'soothes;' and so' quenches.' Cp. phAc Eiopav'O I1. 9. 212. It maybe connected with byuapis, cp. El. 179 XP
6vos yap ebylap's OGEs. pLyas,
'mighty,' supra 1. 226. In the MS. these words are followed by we sac
PX'yEt. These, if genuine, suppose a hiatus in the antistrophe; but it ispossible that they have been added from some other passage in whichthe idea, ' time bringeth all things to darkness and light,' was treated.
1. 715. &vaCI68-rov, ' forbidden to be uttered.' Cp. supra 1. 386 1yl8'1 y' dir s. The Chorus are echoing the words of Ajax above, 1. 648KOVIC CTr' d"eXrroYv ob/v.
1. 717. Ovpiv. The plural, if correct, is unique in tragedy. Cp. 1. 46.The dative follows the meaning of the noun.
11. 719-814. The strain of joy is suddenly checked. A messengerarrives in haste to prevent Ajax from leaving the tent and falling asacrifice to the wrath of Athena. Tecmessa is summoned. She andthe Chorus go in search of Ajax.
1. 719. Instead of the entrance of a prophet (as in O. T., Ant.) wehave a reported speech of Calchas, which reads the true lesson of thesituation. 'Tor rparov, K.r.X., i. e. the first thing which I wish to tell isthat, etc. Cp. O. T. 1434 6 u v rXtlTros rcv A.yYwv EidrElv TE Kat
p aOEv, C..A. The messenger gives the pleasant news first.1. 721. Lorov . . o'rpar'ryLov. The general's tent, which was in the
middle of the camp.
1. 722. Kcu5EraTL, historical present. This is said to be a Sicilianword. For the dative cp. supra 1. 539 '4TtLos 'ApyiolaE v b8' dr6XXvat.
1. 723. The order of words is-wTpdawo v paaOdures ('recognizing')aT v arT'XovTa, dlArrE' ar v ' ctvXc.
1. 724. 6vel8ErLV Ipcrao-ov. Cp. Phil. 374 ''Obs ipaaaov acoxsTrois 7aatrv. Aesch. S. c. T. 382 Oivelt ' 6vEisUt auvrrv Oac3id7v aopo'dv.
1. 726. orpwcparo is the objective gen. after itJLovXAVTroJ.1. 727. 6s o01K &pK&(OL, K. 'r. X. declaring (i), That it would not be
enough for him not to die utterly shattered with stones,' i. e. that they,
9I
would not be satisfied if he were not stoned to death. Or rather (2)' That he should not resist being stoned to shreds and dying of it.'For if adp'aoL =' should not suffice,' (not A)j od) would have beenused, rb /A, C.T.X. being in that case the subject, and not an epexegesisafter the negative.
1. 728. For 'r&s cp. supra 1. 519 iv ao& iro' -yyo c'4 opat. Thesewords from W's depend on dyovrEs implied in airoxahXovrEs. ForcarafaivEvy cp. Ar. Ach. 320.
1. 730. SLErrepau 6
0. The word seems to have quite a literal sense,swords were actually crossed by some of Teucer's retinue and the angrysoldiers round the generals' tent.
1 1.731. roO irpoowrr&DrC, 'having touched the verge,' i. e. 'havingrun to an extreme.' The partitive genitive belongs more to thelanguage than to the thought. Cp. Xen. Anab. I. 3, I livat 70o rpdaw.The point is not that it did not go further, but that it went so far beforeit was allayed. For the litotes of language not affecting the sense cp.avv 76xEt rtvi, infra 1. 853.
1. 732. &vSp^v lends dignity to yepo'vrcov. The gen. depends onthe expression v vvanxayg AX'yov. 'On elders interposing withtheir counsel.'
1. 733. &XX' ~Rtv Ai'as. The dative is ethical, cp. O. C. 81.1. 736. 'rporOLs, 'ways,' 'dispositions.' Cp. Aesch. P. V. 309 /ta
ItOEp/ioaLt rpdrovs I vPovs, vios yap xa T'pavvos Av 0Eol^s. Ajax wasturned to a gentler mood and had set forth on a new purpose inharmony with this.
1. 737. toi to. 'There! there!' implying that the horror was come.Cp. O. T. 1182 0io lob, ra 7Tdvr' d'v i45cot UaQp. In the rarer senseof sudden recognition only we have Aesch. Ag. 25 lob lo1. 'Aya-IA-ILvovos yvvard, ,.r.X. (Dind. Lo).
1.7 39. '4Avy-qv. The aorist has a perfect sense, as supra 1. 712.1. 740. ' What is there still unsatisfied in the need that has brought
you ?'1. 742. rrapKELV, ' forbade that the man should pass forth,' i e. that
any one should allow him to go forth. irapd, 'past bounds.' Cp.Tr. 537 rapetu8Ea3eysla.
1. 744. X~ov . ' To gain at the hands of the gods acquittal from
their wrath.' The genitive is used because reconciliation implies ariddance of or escape from existing circumstances. XXov is the angerof the gods.
1. 746. ev (pov,^v,' with clear knowledge.' Cp. O. T. io66 ial 1ptyv
Qpovouad y' E6 r& Xtard ao' Ahity. Ant 1o3.
1. 747. wroov, sc. pavre1erai, which must also be supplied with r7 8'1is6(, X.r.h.
92 A' A X.
NOTES. LINES 728-77 . 93
1. 748. Kic rrapv ir iyXavov, ' and I was an eye-witness of so much.'Cp. the combination o6'r' ofa o'r crabvotia Dem. c. Lept. 461, 2 andShilleto de Falsa Leg. § 19. The form of coordination (cp. 1. I) avoidsthe awkwardness of rapdivy rvX&v.
1. 749. Hendiadys. The circle of the princes sitting in deliberationis meant. Round these would be the people in their diyopd: all exceptCalchas being in fierce excitement.
1. 751. The order is Ocls sefv Et's XEipa Tev'dpov.1. 753. rTo taves ,r3 vv 'r68E. These words mark the progress of
the action; the day has already dawned. Cp. Od. I. 272 adptov elsdyop v ,aA~as (pwas 'AXatobs.
1. 756. r Se 04lppa. The article may be easily supported as referringto jyap 70TiOCpavs . . r0E. For the crasis cp. 11. 778, 1362, 0. T.1283. Lobeck would read -8' V 7 pAIP: others 77-5' 0' /Eipa,which gives a different sense. The visitation of Athena does not appearto extend beyond the compass of a day. (' Thy wrath endureth but thetwinkling of an eye.')
1. 757. &s 4 Y MXycov. Cp. Aesch. Ag. 205 dE 0wv2v, II. I. 43 dsIpar' EVlX
6yEvos.
1. 758. repLocr& K&vP6VrlTa, overgrown and burdensome,' i.e. Irapa
-ro9 6vyoqiYtov paqp'vra. Cp. Homer's 7rEXhptos Ai'as (Il. 3. 229).His haughty overbearing spirit is closely connected with his hugebulk.
1. 760. IaccKe. This word is constantly used of oracular deliverances.Cp. O. T. 110, 0. C. 1332. 0ir6LS, K.-.h. ' when a man, etc.;' for the remotereference (arts carries us to odjvara) cp. 8s A'v without antecedent inThucydides, e.g. 2. 44 7b 8' VTrvX)S, 8s lv, tC..h. For oPTLs cp. O. T.
714 borts YiyvorT, where, as here, aiv is omitted in an indefinite relative
clause. (0. T. 1231.)
1. 762. e0UMs (cp. 61ws, IAErae, etc.) belongs in meaning to cpE'Oq.
1. 763. ivous KCsX s XyovT'os .. TTrp6
s. Cp. Ant. 38 Er7' AXC,6v
1. 764. a,'rv ivvrrre, ' gives him this charge.' This use of the accu-
sative is remarkable. Cp. O. T. 350, I1. 17. 237 A'as E7TE Sov dyaObvMEv'Xaov. For the charge given cp. Il. 9. 254-
1. 765. r3v O,(c, as we might say, 'under God.'1. 767. 6 xrvlv dv, 'a man even if he be nothing.' The phrase is
slightly hypothetical, hence yo'iv not o~6i'v.
1. 769. tou"-' emiTLr&o-eLV KMo , 'to pluck the glory of victory (ro07r'
refers to paTros) and fix it upon myself.' The active voice is moredignified than the middle would have been.
1. 77. 8Las 'AOvas. These words are not in any regular construc-tion, but seem to follow that of ra'rpas in 1. 763. We may regard the
genitive (1) as implying a loose sort of relation to the sentence, or (2)suppose an anacoluthon, abwacw.opys being changed into viIc' ".. 7aT'.Cp. O. T. 701, O. C. 1 92, infra 1. 792 : (i) is more probable. Trans.' Yet a second time, towards divine Athena,' etc.
1. 772. 'q8-r8o. Cp. Phil. I30 awocjievov. But the active form ismore common.
1. 774. Tots MXotLoL. Dat. icard' avcirv with rihAas i'Trc as--rapLoraiyo.
1. 775. Ka0' ltas oaior' a2pi-petL p.X i. The general meaning is, ofcourse,' the line shall never be broken where I am,' but the metaphoris not quite clear. The battle seems to be spoken of as a flood whichAjax was keeping out with a wall. See L. and S. s. v. i'xprjyta.
1. 776. da'rpy i, (i) ' implacable,' 'inexorable,' or rather, passively,(from a r EpyEL in the sense, 'to acquiesce in anything,') (2) ' intolerable,'i.e. Tiyv Ofs 6py-Iv Eicn'aaTo, darEpyiS ICT77ya.
1. 777. oL KCLT' aiVOPUMrov (povvy. It is difficult for us to enter intothis Hellenic conception of the jealousy of the gods. Hence there issomething repellent in the action of Athena in this play, which wouldnot be equally present to the mind of a religious Greek. But seeIntroductory Analysis.
1. 778.i 7i8 4O~ipa. Cp. supra 1. 756. Here also 'r8' iv piea hasbeen read.
1. 779. oi'v Oe,. The way of saving Ajax is discovered by divineaid revealed through Calchas.
1. 780. i~ Z'pas, (i) from the circle in which the chiefs were seatedround the king, or (2) from the place where I was sitting. For thearticle separated from the substantive (6 8 . . Teiicpos) more Homerico cp.Phil. 371 6 8' hr'Ovo a8v "s, ic...
1. 782. UvkX cra-sv, 'for us to take them in charge,' i.e. darb '/asscow udva'oa~stv. This use of the infinitive to express a purpose is notconfined to Greek, but occurs frequently in the Latin dramatists, e.g.Plaut. Pseud. 642 'reddere hoc, non perdere, erus me misit,' where itcannot be considered a Grecism. &rrosEp4Le0a, 'have been robbedof our prize,' - have come too late to gain our object.' Cp. supra1. 740 6Ecrlaratovov.
1. 783. o-of 6s,' skilled in his art.' Cp. O. T. 502 o iq 8' dv ooq~tav7rapaelEbEEv duvrp, Ant. o059 aopobs ab a&vts.
1. 784. Sa't. 'unhappy.' For the Doric form cp. 'AOdvas 1. 771 andelsewhere. In Homer the word means 'hostile;' the sense 'wretched'may perhaps be derived from this in so far as a captive wouldbe regarded and treated as an enemy. 8crY.opov yivos, 'child ofmisery.' The use of yE'Vos as applied to one person is uncommon.Cp. Ant. i i6 Ical Atbs 0apuppcyTra yyvos, supra 357-
94 AYAX.
NOTES. LINES 772-806. 951. 785. 5pa, ' come forth and see what news the stranger utters.' Cp.
O. T. 50o3 7rp'v i'oiyt' BpOv e'ros.1. 786. 4L. XalpEv ry&, i. e. 'rOTE pi, Ic..X. For this 'epexegetic
infinitive' cp. supra 1. 673 -yuEMv. For the negative expression cp.Eur. Med. 136 ob6 o'vv oatL, d& v'a, alyEOL t daros.
1. 788. &'rpl'rov, 'unwearying,' 'incessant.' The sorrows are neverworn out, never grow less. Cp. X&acos dTr&LpIs.
1. 789. 6s, ' how,' after Edaci'ovE.1. 79o
. v XyqYo-' 'y &. The acc. must be considered as an extensionof the cognate use, that which causes the pain taking the place of thepain. The same occurs with jS6o4uat. The aorist goes back to the timewhen the news was heard, supr. 1. 502.
i. 792. 'I know not of thy estate, of Ajax I know,' etc. The gen.is to be taken with wripL in the next line, but the word is put first in thesentence to sharpen the contrast with uov.
1. 794. cLS 1v "7F + s. Cp. O. T. 74 Xvr T' rpI aL.1. 796. wrrvXov is more graphic than irr6. Cp. supra 1. 321.1. 797. ,rr lr, ' On what ground ?'11. 798, 9. 'riv8s 8' i~o8ov, K.T.A. 'He expects to intimate that this
going forth of Ajax will be attended with ruin,' i.e. ' He is coming inthe hope of bringing news that it will be fatal for Ajax to go forthfrom his tent, and so preventing him from going forth.' But we knQwthat Teucer remained behind. Therefore we must read 6
AE piav IA'.Unless ' qui facit per alium facit per se,' so that pIpELv can mean 'toimpart,' even through another. Lobeck compares Aesch. Ag. 1134TXat Eorl1tywoM q, 'iov /,povIVY AaOeLV.
1. 802. O'TE (I) may be= 4, the change being permitted because theantecedent expresses time. ' On this very day which is charged with lifeor death for him.' Cp. supra 1. 756 T76E iAjipad'vy . Or (2) 6 /PTIsmay be supplied as the nom. to (qipet. The latter is best.
1. 803. rrp6-rr' v yKaLS 'TnXpls, (I) ' stand forth to aid a helpless
lot.' Cp. Eur. Heracl. 306 7=iWBE 'poT'oraav .dvot, and supra 1. 485.Or, (2) 'stand forth to avert a crushing blow.'
1. 804. ar-weVo-a'. The word is first used absolutely in the sense, 'beurgent;' and then with ivTEs = 'go quickly.' The combination uarEraar'i ~veS takes the acc. dyccvas.
1. 8 06. Ajax had said that he would go to the bathing places nearthe cliffs, leaving the direction doubtful. The iyiparv is the angle madeby the cliff (Rhoeteum or Sigeum) and the beach (aiytaods). This lastis supposed by Sophocles to have a Northward exposure. Ajax is foundafter a vain search in both directions at a spot not far from the tent onthe side towards Rhoeteum. It is uncertain whether Sophocles imaginedthe tents of Ajax as being east or (more probably) west of the camp.
1. 807. rs 'S rar lQV IV. For the gen. cp. Tr. 267 dv3p3s csEh~veOpov ] 1alotro, and infra 1. 1353 ,ixcwv vL IckEvos. For pwrs='husband,' Eur. Aic. 472 7rpo0avoi^Ca pwors.
1. 809. rL Spccrco, r Kvov; Tecmessa sees her child and hesitateswhether she is to leave him or not. But she cannot remain and giveup the search to others. See 1. 985.
1. 812. O'XOVTaS. The acc. is to be explained by assuming that I3pasis equivalent to an infinitive. 'It is no time to sit for those who,' etc.For the relative with the conjunctive which expresses a general state-ment cp. 0. C. 395 is vios rd . This may be avoided here by readingdvap' 's vav orrTE'p or cdv5pa y' is Tlre'ELt. The Chorus and Tecmessanow leave the stage in search of Ajax.
11. 8 5-865. The scene is changed from the tents and sea-shore to an un-frequented thicket, not far off, where Ajax is seen with his sword partiallyburied in the earth. Such changes of scene are very rare in Greek tragedy,the only other certain instance being in the Eumenides of Aeschylus,where, however, the change is merely from one temple to another. Thesuicide of Ajax is allowed to take place upon the stage in order to pro.duce a scene which shall contrast with the former picture of Ajax sittingamong the slain oxen and sheep. The perfect deliberation of his last actcould not otherwise be impressed on the spectators, nor would they followeqgally the changes of his mood to the critical point. Nor could such ascene be reported by an d yEXos, because the Chorus and Tecmessa areseeking to restrain him from the act, and no other person is engagedin the search. Ajax is also alone: the solemn dignity of this last actwould be spoiled if he had been represented as answering the argumentsof friends; and the death would be too painful if accompanied by thelamentation of Tecmessa. The great expiatory act must be done byhimself alone. The ancient views of suicide would take away anythingof the ytaphy which modern feeling might attach to self-murder.
1. 815. 6 04ayE)s,' the slayer.' So the bow is personified in Philoc-tetes 113o T 7rou iXtvb'v
6pis, (pp'vas E.' Tw/as 'XELS. 9 -rold'TaTros y&voL''
av, 'so as he may give the sharpest wound.' j7 includes both the placewhere and the manner how; (11. 816-822.)
1. 816. Et r aKL Xo-yl ecrOL oXoXi. Supply rri-f. Ajax has leisureto review the circumstances attending his death: there is no need forhaste. Thus we are prepared for the soliloquy. 'Seeing one has leisurefor thought also,' as well as for all this preparation.
1. 8i7. v8pcs "ETKTopOs. The addition of dvsphs implies a certainrespect. Cp. supra 1. 565 dxa' d vpEs daiartoi ps, 732. E'vcv. Therewere some among the Greeks whom, as the Atridae and Odysseus, hehated worse than any eivot; hence the limitation.
1. 818. 4X01ioro 0' 6pav. The mention of Hector recals the sight of
96 AyAX.
NOTES. LINES 807-833. 97
"him, perhaps as he came leaping over the trenches to set fire to theships.
1. 821. 4 irEptL-re(Xas, i.e. having trodden the earth about it..1. 822. Evotcr'rarov, ' with most kindly intent towards me that I maydie at once.' E'ov'LrTaTov agrees with ar
6v. 0aVEiV= '"Tre 0avfav, cp,
1. 786. Obs. the change from the indifference of 1. 476.1. 823. o'rcO p.~v E-crKEvoLeV, 'so well equipped are we.' Ajax is
provided most excellently with the means of death. He now calls on:Zeus to perform his part.
1. 824. KCL y p E K s. It is reasonable that one kinsman should aidanother, and Zeus is the kinsman of Ajax. But his claim will notbe great. Cp. supra 1. 59o, for the attitude of Ajax towards the gods.Even when reconciled to them he hardly treats them as superiors.
1. 826. Rumours were in the charge of Zeus. Od. I. 282 6'ovraviKc At's. But hardly more is meant than, ' Let some messenger go,'etc. Sophocles is not likely to introduce divine machinery unne-cessarily. The rumour would be not the less from Zeus, if it weremerely the alarm spread by those sent by Tecmessa (1. 804), in con-.sequence of the inference at 1. 783. Teucer certainly heard a suddenrumour of Ajax' death; infra 1. 998. The time is idealized as in Ant.,.O. C., O, T., and so compressed into a shorter space. Ltyiv, 'for ourbehoof.'
1. 827. povra, 'as bearer of.' For this use of the present cp.O. T. 297, and supra 1. 781.
1. 829. KaLror*ev0ELs. Ajax has the feeling of one who has ' heardhimself proclaimed;' he supposes that the eyes of his enemies areeverywhere on the watch.
1. 831. Troo-ra , 'so much,' and no more. Traeh. 1221. rrpocrrprca,Jit. 'I turn your attention to;' hence ' I request of you.'
1. 832. rrowrratov 'Ep~iv XO6vLov. Observe the arrangement of adj.+ subs. + adj., which is a favourite one with Sophocles. Cp. supra
11. 134, 5 Pdbupirrov W:aXay^vos.. d yXtXov.1. 833. wr 84fl arL. The leap upon the sword is also the bound with
which he will pass out of life. Cp. Byron's Corsair,
SWhile gasp by gasp he falters forth his soul,Ours with one leap, one bound escapes control,'
'Thus Sophocles alters the treatment of Aeschylus, who made Ajax, asdescribed by the messenger, at first fail in his attempt, till a nymphshowed him the vulnerable part, Aesch. Fr. 78. Others take the
4b9rpa of the convulsive spring upwards when the sword pierces theheart. But however minutely conscious of the situation, Ajax does notthink of his appearance in dying.
98 AyAX.
1. 835. They have no wedded loves ' to warp them from the path ofright.' So Justice in Aesch. S. c. T. 662 is ira^s wrapOEvos Ad's.
1. 836. rVraL 'rdv ppo'rois rrUO, ' all that men suffer at the hands ofmen.' Cp. El. II112 foll. aqval Te OEWv rai~ss v'Eps, I at Tros eLLscusOV aCovras
6pa0', I at Tros dcvs broisiroL 'vro ovs, c.'r.h.
1. 837. Fa0etv i', 'to learn in regard to me.' The infinitive dependson the general notion in caxA^.
1. 844. t'L eSLea0E is L pi&'ov.1. 845. The time of the play is still morning, and the sun has to climb
the steep of heaven before he can overlook the western side of theAegean. The acc. obpav3v denotes the sphere of motion, supra 1. 30.7'qwerTa iresa. Eur. And. io BqppsEawv ahLov hkay or. Throughoutthe speech Ajax personifies the objects he addresses, cp. infra 11. 854, 863.1. 8. 8 as = 'my acts of madness,' (pl.). .6pov refers to his death.1. 849. T rE 8varVjV c ,rpogg, (i) ' my poor mother,' (i' ' TEaC' i pt'
OpEfl'), or (2) 'his unhappy nurse.' Ajax will not now be the "yiTpo-rpd0pos of his parents, and thinks of his mother in her old age asbeing the sole attendant on his father, Compare the picture of La-ertes and the old woman tending him, as Odysseus finds them in theOdyssey (24. 315).
1. 850. Cp. supra 1. 624 i rov iraXa a ~y Turppoos dClip, i....r&'Fv=' the announcement' of Ajax' fate, made by Helios, or by any
one.1. 851. 1v wr&cr rbr6XEL, ' throughout the land' of Salamis.1. 852. o18iv ipyov, 'it is not my business;' not the thing which I have
to do.1. 853. oav r&XEL 'rLV(, 'with what despatch I may.' Cp. infra 1.
1267cs TaXui iRss SpoTrols I XdPps 6tappe'. The indefinite pronoun heregives even a peremptory or urgent tone, as in aodvcas TT Ar. Pax 275.Cp. 0. C. 500 &LX' EV rXeXL rI rpdalaETrov.
1. 854. For the invocation of Od'varos cp. Phil. 797 & O 'ar, O'are ,w S dcil IaXov/LEvos I Oi;'T iar' wpap o vv - loXE^v TorTe;
1. 855. KCKE, !in Hades. [vwy. Ajax is going to the halls of death,to dwell there. Observe the heavy solemnity of the line markedby a want df caesura. Cp. infra 1. 994.
1. 856. oe 8', sc. 7rpoaav3^. aelVVijs is an Aeolic form which haspassed into Attic usage.
1. 857. For the change of construction ep. Aesch. P. V. 91 ra ijrdpirE 'y, j 7Ga ia V T y ira nrTv ICtehov Wi(.ov icaX S.
1. 860. irarppov Y'rIlas 00pov, lit. ' firm foundation of my father'shearth.' 'iaras 060pov is merely an extension of uaria, as the firmly-rooted centre of the house of Ajax. Cp. Tr. 994 & K7vala prqras jOw-pcZv, Phil a ooo is r. ' aIvIeV'bv PfdQpo. For the 'hypallage,' supra 247.
NOTES. ZNVs 835-88, 99
1. 861. ,r a crv'po ov yevos, 'people linked with me,' i.e. Athenians,whose life is one with that of Ajax' race.
1. 862. 'Fountains and streams around me (o'tS).' Cp. infra 1. 881tvrkiv Iooropiuvy roTrap0Wj. KLaL T.', Tpw K&, K.r.X. Here again the
direct invocation is varied by the introduction of a verb. Cp. supra 1L857. He is reconciled even to Troy, cp. supra 1. 459-
1. 863. & rpo4Cqs 4g±ot. Ajax has lived long on the plains and drunkof the springs, and therefore they are his nourishers.
1. 864. Opoet implies solemn or passionate utterance. Cp. supra 1.785, Trach. 1232.
11. 866-973. The Chorus enter from either side, and search as itwere for Ajax, but in vain, till they hear Tecmessa weeping over hisbody. They then join in her lamentations.
1. 866. Tr6vos rv~ rr6vov EpeL. Observe the alliteration, and cp.El. 210 olvoiva ra rea v 7r Ir4po. rov, 2rvov are probably to be taken
together. Cp. El. 235 Fx) TieCrTy 0' &ray drats, Aesch. S. c. T. 4379Eur. Hel. 195 &iicpva &nlpvil pot Lpowv. 'Toil brings toil on toil.'
1. 869. ' No place cries "halt" to me that I may share its secret.'For this sense of 4aCrarata cp. Tr. 339 7ro pe r7-vv' que~racra w baCrv;and note. The MSS. have tirrara, but eirtaraLrat gives a better sense,
-and involves a very slight change. The middle of i'ar7tll with activesignification, even in the present, is found both in the simple and com-pound form. See Veitch's Greek Verbs, s. v. The meaning of themiddle voice is ' arrests by drawing attention to itself.'
11. 870, 1. Cp. O. C. 1479 10'o Pth' a'Os dlsqaPraraL1 tarp6atos b7roPos.
1. 872. ' Yes! (ye) you hear us your fellow-voyagers on ship-board.'Cp. Eur. Alc. 606 advpwv 4epalwv E~spevils rapovoia. Supply Av'set for
the acc.1. 874. rrXEvpv ~'rrepov vwv, ' the side to westward of the ships,' i.e.
the curve of the shore westward of the ships. Supra 1. 805 briarpovsdTyicvvas.
1. 875. Cp. Ant. 9 rXLS *TL;
1. 876. des 6'4"v, 'towards getting a sight of him.'1. 877. r v. . K XEVov. Either supply lo^ivy, or regard the acc. as
one of extension in place, 'along the way.' dp' 7Alov fpoAv, ' towards
sunrise.' Cp. O. T. 734.I. 878. o"&8aPo BqXot cavels. (I) 'Is certainly nowhere apparent,'
or, (2) t9Xoi 7b Tprvvd;qEvov, ' makes clear the object of our search.'1. 879. 4LXowtbvcv &XLa8aV, 'toilworn fishermen.' The patronymic
is used of a class.1. 88o. cXcov .. dypas. Cp. supra 1. 564 8vo'LEYVv OGpav Xer.
1. 881. The goddesses, nymphs, or naiads who inhabit the MysianOlympus are meant.
H 2
1. 884. rorapWv. The appeal is made ,directly to the rivers" asdeities, unless OEav (i. e. nymphs) is supplied.
1. 886. 4L' oOL.. XE1iJo--wv = Ett ro0 .. hXE',UEt, AE ~cocv.
1. 887. ,XirXLa. For the plur. cp. infra 1. 1126 lrcata ydp rdv''TUVXEtV JXeVgV74 /e ;TV7ELZ' Ic-TEhILU/Ta /E;
1. 888. rv aLQKPpv &X&rav yzr6vov, 'a wanderer worn by longtoils.' The genitive is descriptive. Cp, infra 1. 1163 T-aL tey 'yhrlsEptlds rs dyc'v.
1, 889. 1rEXdoraL, seems to be used tabsolutely heie, ' to approach myhaven,' and the dative describes the manner. They speak as mariners.
1. 890. AlCEV'qV6VY. Whatever may be the precise meaning of thisepithet, it seems to place Ajax already among the d~,rE$qd icadpyva ofthe world of ghosts, not only as 'reduced by illness,' but as doomedby Fate and Prophecy. ' Shifting,' 'flitting,' 'ready to vanish away,'as one without a body, seems to be intended. The notions of feebleand fleeting ((d pi os, yivw), especially when the word has been appliedto ghosts and dreams, readily pass into each other. Cp. Hym. Ven. 189,where Anchises entreats Aphrodite-p/ ~ tE Civrr' d/AeryVby iv adivpcirotrYd a 7s y aitv, dAX' CXdap'" E~rE o' tLoOa'XiAto Avip I y-yLvErat, b8r6TE OEa.r.X, Inutilis is the word applied by Virgil to Anchises, 'Ex quo
divum pater atque hominum rex fulminis adflavit ventis et c6ntigitigni.' Rl. XE6o-oELV, sc. rXE'TXLa' loTLV. ikWov, sc. arrL.
1. 892. Instead of saying simply 'ie] rapd vibrovs, Sophocles usesthe more picturesque expression, 44Pq vc&rovs d4pavXos,' has escapedfrom the grove, close at hand.' Cp. supra 1. 321. Tecmessa has en-tered at back of the stage unperceived by the Chorus.
1. 894. rjv SoupXr-wPro0v. The Ionic form bovp- is used by thetragedians in compounds, but not in the simple word. Other Ionicforms which occur in tragedy are yov',ara, $aEvos, IoVios, jAtEoos, ipds,troXXo'v.
1. 895. O'tKr(f rCi8, 'grief of which we hear the utterance.' crvyK6KI,paivyv, ' steeped in.' Ant. 1311 ~Ethlaa . rvycE cpaaL &8~a.
1. 896. oL'XOK'. The perfect is uncommon, but was necessary here,Aesch. Pers. 12 rfroa y&p iaX3s 'AtLavo-yev)s o'ixricE. SLctar e6pOll pt,op. Tr. I104 v-vqAqs 7r' as iEverr6pG a TrciXdas.
L 898. f1,piv is of course the dative of the interested person, ':here isour Ajax,' cp. 11. 332, 733. &pTLwEs, with vEog(payis I~c7rat.
1. 899. Kpuvcacp has been taken in two ways, (i) 'secret,' (2) 'hidden,'i.e. in the ground and in his body, Thp latter is right. Cp. supra 1.658 icpv'co r6o'' ~yXos roio'v. TEPLrTrvXilS, ' folded round,' but infr. 915,'covering.' Cp. O. T. 26o 6Mdo'ropov, 46o0 6dtrropor.
1 . 900. v6a'rov. The plural is perhaps used because the Greeks were
in the habit of speaking of the return of the army before Troy as IdoaroL,
Too A", A'AX.
NOTES. LINmES 884-925.
as each chieftain had a different home to seek. Cp. El. 194 oiTrp& 1 i vvoarots a~dia. The Chorus, whose grief is not without a certain selfish-nes which distinguishes it from the grief of Tecmessa and Teucer,.feel that their hope of return is cut off with the death of Ajax. Cp.Od. 10. .415, when Odysseus returned from Circe to his comrades,.8d0c'7aE 8' d'pa oapit Ov ses I s E'/AEt Ws El warpla' icolaaTo Ical 7r6Xtv abn)V v
T7prXtls 'IOdcris.
1. 904. roO8', masc.= Ajax.1. 90'5. EpgE is a conjecture of Hermann's for Etpaee, which the
metre does not allow, as the line corresponds to 1. 951.1. 906. acrT
6rs wrp"rps aVTo, sc. E'rpat,. 7rp3s a Tov = abTrov XEpl. ot is
to be taken with rrl7cTrdv, ' fixed by him in the ground.'
1. 907. rweptares is passive,.' round which he has fallen.' KcLTy0oQpLt,' convicts him.'
1. 910. otos ap' atlp&X0~ls, 'thou wert alone in thy deed of blood.'The Chorus remember their heedlessness in allowing Ajax to go out ofhis tent. See 1. 741. Observe the Epic omission of the augment.
1. 911. KC 06s, 'deaf,'-not to have understood, 11. 646-92. -
1. 912. at& w&; The Chorus now approach nearer to the body ofAjax, and Tecmessa proceeds to cover it with her mantle.
1. 913. 8vorpprrGXos, ' the ungovernable;' cp. supra 1. 594 tIwPp10ot 1 6ocCs ppovy I E ol^ Er0/oyby Oos d'pre e 3etv voE ts. It had provedimpossible to turn him from his purpose.
1. 914. For s8cruvdvlos, ' of sad name,' cp. supra 11. 430 foll.1. 917. ;-TLS Katl fLXos, 'no one who is a friend.' The Atridae
might indeed rejoice in such a sight, but to any one who loves him.it is intolerable. Cp. infra 11. 96 1, 1o64. The words are a limitationof obrEis. Others take the words as = El ica' fiXos rodpXet, as if a friend'could bear the sight more easily than an indifferent person (0. T.1430).
1. 919. &'r' otlKE s o~ayf-s, ' from the death-wound given by his owinhand.' The flow of blood from nose and mouth takes place when thelungs are pierced. For oLKE(cas, cp. supra 1. 260 olicea avrdOr.
1. 921. ~s &KCaLLos, Et p 3r, P h6oL, ' if he were to come, how season-
able would his arrival be!' If this rendering be correct there is aremarkable omission of div with y6Xoot. It may however be observedthat the clause with W's, though used interjectionally, is a relative clause'and so parallel to 0v 4y' 'y pegatpI 7rt O. C. 1172. Others read &sdizyai' d~v, but dlKca'os suits. better with the inf. in the followingline, or translate WIs .. l6Aot, ' utinam veniat.'
1. 924. ' Such as is worthy to win a tear even from enemies.'1. 925. (.pLEXXes, (i) 'You intended,' 'were bent upon;' or (2) 'It
could not be otherwise,' Phil. 446. dpa, 'as the event has proved."'
101
1. 926. cKaiav .. irbvov, 'a bitter doom of boundless woe,' i.e. bringing:boundless woe upon your friends. For the gen. cp. supra 1. 888, infra1. 1163.
1. 929. 'rota. This use of ro^a to introduce a reason may be com,pared with roLto5<8e, supra 1. 148, 7ota~ra 11. 218, 327.
1. 930. 4a40ova, 'in the daytime.' Cp. the use of o6povra in O. C.
74, and ~d'vra in O. T. 1230. The adjectives are to be taken as ad-verbial accusatives, with advErivacvs.
1. 932. oibXcp crjv IrrdEL, 'under that cruel blow,' i.e. not themadness, which came afterwards, but the loss of the arms, and the effect:which this wrong produced upon Ajax. Cp. 7rd0ifpza in Phil. 388.
1. 934. IYa appears to be an adjective agreeing with apxov.'That time was a mighty beginner of woe;' unless we regard adpxcov1ptarcov as a supplementary predicate to Alyas = E-.yAows 7pXe nTr7ciTwv,'That time was great in its beginning of woe.'
1. 935. pL7rT6XeLp, 'wherein the noblest strove.' The prize wasto be given to the man of noblest deeds. The lacuna might be suppliedwith Xpvroru'rcov.
1. 938. 'A mighty sorrow pierces thy breast, I know.' The senti-ment expressed by the line is intended to apply especially to Tecmessa,It is not general. yevvat = the opposite of trifling or inconsiderable.1. 941. &rrop3Xa409Ec av, 'stayed from,' 'rudely separated from.' Cp.
Aesch. Ag. I20 kai6'vra AotaOicov Bp61cov. The word expresss thesuddenness of the shock.
1. 942. sOKicv, ' to entertain opinion.' Cp. O. T. 485, where Bosofvr7a,if masc., means ' entertaining such opinions.' dyav 4poveiv, ' to have tooclear a sense.' For ppovev in this sense, cp. O. T. 328 TirvneS ydp ob4POVELTE.
11. 944, 5. Cp. supra 11. 5ol foll.1. 946. &Vvaky4rov is a predicate. ' Heartless are the two Atridae,
whose deed,' etc.1. 947. Advauvov, (i) may have the same meaning as in Aesch. Ag.
237 dvab<p LEtL, i.e. ' causing silence.' Hence ' unutterable,' ' horrible.'Or (2) it may mean 'voiceless,' i.e. Tecmessa and Eurysakes wouldquietly and silently pass into the condition of slaves.
1. 948. 'r-W' AXeL, ' by this utterance of sorrow." Cp. O. C. 1722 XJ-,yETE TO~' dXovs.
1. 950. This is the secret which the Atridae could not understand.Here, as so often in Sophocles, affection sees farther than wisdom.Tecmessa has learnt from Ajax to question the acts of the gods.
1. 951. AvvUrav, sc. oi 0rol.1. 952. Tecmessa, recollecting perhaps some utterances of Ajax, fixes
the evil on Athena with a sort of feminine spite against the cold Greek
02 AY4X
NOTES. LINES .926-978.
goddess who frowns upon her lord. For this crude resentment againstthe supposed will of the gods cp. the close of the Trachiniae (1. 1266).
1. 954. KEXaLVW'ra Ov6v, ' in all his gloomy soul.' The soul isimagined as having form and colour. Cp. the ' dark horse,' in Plato'sPhaedrus, and the Homeric opver d~a~/yihqEaLvat. E')VpELv is not usedabsolutely elsewhere; it seems to mean, 'acquires fresh insolence."roXhkrXas &v4ip in the sense of argrsla 7rXi a Aesch. Ag. 408. Noteagain the catachrestic use of the Homeric epithet (iroXv'ras i'or 'O va-oTes). Cp. supra 1. 375.
1. 955. roito-SE paLoLVolvoLS dXELv, 'by reason of these wild sorrows.The dative of the occasion. For paaLvoyevoLs, an epithet belonging to;a person applied to a thing, cp. supra 1. 606, and Shakespeare's 'heart-sick groans,' etc.
1. 959. tlv, sc. Pvppilovtv.1. 963. Oav6vT' &v oLL~'L&Lav, 'may wail for him now he is gone.'
Cp. El. 7 88. iv Xpet Sop 6 s, 'in the stress of war' (not ' in need of his.spear').
1. 965. rrp[v r Ls i~&pd , ' till he cast it away,' i. e. ' wantonly lose it.';For this sense of 11c3xp cp. Ant. 649 Ta vv r's qppvas yvvaucos ovveic
i P3dApr. And, for Trs, Trach. 1. 3 irpv &v Oivp r L.1. 966. 4I .. yXvK6s. (i) To i, /Ahdov must be supplied. The sorrow
of Tecmessa will outlast the joy of the Atridae, and both sorrow andjoy are outweighed by the thought that Ajax is beyond the reach ofman. Or (2) ( = E'TE) ' Be his death joy to them or grief to us, to himit brings content.'
1. 969. The line has only a quasi-caesura, but there is no reason toalter the reading. Cp. infra 1. 994.
1. 970. ' He died to the gods not to them,' i. e. they are not concernedin his death, but the gods only, cp. supra 1. 952.
1. 97 I. iv KEvoTs, 'emptily,' almost = rvY, insulting with none to beinsulted; cp. O. T. 287 ,v Ap'yo's, ' idly.' Cp. Shak. Ham. I. 1, 143 'Wedo it wrong, being so majestical I To offer it the show of violence, j Forit is as the air invulnerable, I And our weak blows malicious mockery.'
1. 973. vcias, vexations such as befall a woman in slavery.
11. 974-1046. Teucer appears on the scene. He makes enquiry forEurysaces, for whom Tecmessa'now leaves the stage. Teucer thenlaments the death of Ajax.
1. 976. a' s rio8' irotowrov, ' having a regard to this trouble.' Cp.Aesch. Eum. 903 nrota vaics p icac~gs rhfcona, Cho. 126 bXa S&Vjcu'rwCv 7n trOc6rovs.
1. 977- VCLLPFov 06p , 'whose eye was the eye of a kinsman,' Cp.El. 903 tOvOis b ' a, Phil. I71 jviPpoPon b~'/pa, and supra 1. 462.
1. 978. Ap' ilWr6XlKaS ; (I) ' Hast thou concluded all?' (' Home artI
103
gone, and ta'en thy wages'). The metaphor is from managing a bargain.Aesch. Eum. 631, 2 ')1jTrohXlycdCa T 7rXNe 7' d vEtvov'. Or (2)= TEpa-yas,and taken more closely with chrrCp, c.r.T. ' Hast thou fared even as therumour holds?' Wo- rEp .. Kpacrt, cp. supra 1. 826.
1. 981 f. For the division of the senarii, cp. supr. 591-4; 0. T..626 foll., El. 1220 foll. In the Antigone such division does notoccur.
1. 982. o rrEptLr CPXs wrdOos, 'fiercely .hastened stroke.' rwdcos ofaction which is also suffering, as rd'Oas in 1 295, cp. 836. Teucer thinksif he had only come sooner he might have averted this. He does notsee the necessity of it. Cp. supra 1. 812 's crBp Oavly. Ajax and hisalitcuv have outrun prevention.
1. 983. i ydp, K.,r.X. Cp. supra 1. 101 7i -ydp 8 7rars 5 roO Aapriov;c.7-. . Teucer's question with -yap implies uneasiness at the absence offhe child.- 1. 985. Cp. supra 1. 809.
11. 986 foll. These words are not addressed to the leader of the
Chorus, who cannot again leave the stage, and probably not to a mereattendant, to whom 11. 988, 9 would hardly be addressed, but to Tecmessa,who remains as if spell-bound by the body of Ajax until awakened bythis mention of her child. Teucer speaks almost roughly to her, asAjax used to do; but he has not witnessed her sorrow, and only seesthat she must be shaken from her stupor. KevqS, in the sense of' having
left her young,' would be too harsh an inversion, and the prolepticsense, ' so as to be bereaved of her young,' is also harsh. It means 'un-
protected.' The strength of the lioness (or leopardess) is left out of the
simile, which otherwise would be inapplicable to Tecmessa. But the
main thought is that the lion-like Ajax is gone, and his enemies may
be emboldened to snatch at the lion's whelp, Xovros Oyevovs dbrovoia.In Od. 4. 791 Penelope is compared to a lion, notwithstanding her
defenceless condition. Of course some of Teucer's armed followersaccompany Tecmessa to the tent.
1. 988. Asyndeton in entreaties is common, cp. El. 986.1. 991. Cp. supra 1. 567.
1. 994. For the want of caesura cp. 11. 294, 855, 969, 1049,AV&icTaCtr 81 I&XLcrra. ) is added wvith the superlative, as often else-where.
1. 995. qv 8q vu-v I3plv. Observe the repetition of U4, which is to
be taken with ijv. 8) v^v is not. for v6v 81. Teucer's heart sank inhim from the moment when he heard the rumour.
1. 997. The participles are better taken with ,Avy than with Enyp-
a06p v-: ' the journey upon which I set out in pursuing and tracing thy
Zoom, when once I knew of it.'
104 AYAX.
NOTES. LINES 981-1018.
1. 998. WoS GEo rTwos, 'as though sent by a god.' Cp. O. T. 126o0(5s VqO'p77ro0 7TLos. Rumours were believed to have a divine origin;cp. supra 1. 826. Hence it has been thought that a rumour was sent byZeus in answer to the prayer of Ajax (cp. Hdt. 9. xoo): but themessenger returning in search of Teucer after finding Ajax away from,his tent, may have spread abroad the report of his death. See Introd.Anal. p. 50o, and cp. supr. 826.
1. 100oo3. ' EKKAXJOv. These words are addressed to an at-tendant.
1. 100oo4. & SvoOr ov 4'cpa, 'O sight hard to look upon!' ob'p/a ishere, as not unfrequently in Sophocles, a true verbal=' what is seen.'Cp. Shak. Lear, 4. 6, 85 ' O thou side-piercing sight!' Kal1 r6XT )S IrLKp&S,'and (sight) telling of rash daring.' The gen. is descriptive, as in adrpwvEqippdr?7 (El. 19) and the like. Cp. O. C. 1030 is Troai0v' i 'puy .. * T
6rdkpS
77s rapEaTrc'7oos Tavvi.1. 1007. Apgavwr', i. e. adpCavTa, agreeing with the subject of the inf.
IpoXEL^. Such changes are not uncommon; cp. El. 1372 foll., supra1. 812 OiXOVTas.
11. Ioo8-I0. rro . . io-cos.. rws ydp odX; The particles are ex-pressive of strong irony.
11. 1010, Ii. Xopov'r', ' returning.' 'Oco wipa, K.r.X. (I) ' Whosecustom it is, even when prosperous, not to smile sweetly.' 8tLov, i. e. 73 avXO^vYoT Linwood, o70 EiOOT70s Hermann. This is the usual trans-lation, but the words seem rather to mean: (2) ' Whose lot it is hence-forth not, even if prosperous, to smile any the more sweetly.' This givesa more natural sense to waipa. Cp. supra 1. 982 ardpa or vEYCv4 .. In eithercase l~rv ij7tov means 'none the more pleasantly' for his good fortune,but in (I) the reference is to the habitual harshness of Telamon, and(2) to the effect of Ajax' death on him.
1. 1012. 'T Kp EGL; ' What will he keep back?' Cp. O. C. 980 obtyap oAv oL,'roat, Trach. 937, Phil. 375. -
1. o1013. It is not quite clear whether 6v, K.-.X. is the acc. of the
object after ipct^ caic'v (speak evil of), or in a sort of apposition, ' callingme the,' etc. Cp. Trach. 775, 791 ; 0. T. 572, 3; Aesch. S. c. T. 57;tK Sopds ysy T.r. The mother of Teucer (Hesione) is held as cheapas the spear by which she was won.
1. 1015. 66XOL Lv, the plural is used, as in our word 'wiles,' of thevarious plans, devices, etc., employed.
1. 1017. iv' yrp papis, 'dangerous in his age.' The natural harsh-nessis rendered more uncontrollable by reason of years. Ajax' fatheris represented as having something of the ' rash temper' which he gaveto his son.
1. Ioi8. eLs ipw Ov.OpoIevos, 'angered into strife.' Eur. Bacch. 743
105
Io6 A X.
has eds idpas Ovyov'rEvoL, 'angered into using the horn,' ' putting angerinto the horn.' rrpas obSiv, 'at nothing.'
1. 1020. ' Declared (spoken of as) a slave instead of free.' Cp. El.287 # N6olYal yEvvaia yvvi. The declaration arises from a false im-pression and therefore Teucer does not accept it.
1. 1023. ebp6prlv, 'found for myself.' Cp. Aesch. P. V. 267 6O'rois8' dpiyv airds ebpd6blv rdovous. Cp. note on 1. 615 supra.
1. 1o24. Teucer recalls himself to the sad task immediately beforehim.
1. 1025. 'roB' ca6o0J KVW'oVT0o . gvd0wv has been taken to mean,(i) the cross-piece of the hilt, (2) a spike, i. e. the end of the shortsword projecting above the ground. The last is right. aidhov may betaken as ='bright,' of the newly-sharpened sword, or ' stained withblood.' Cp. Phil. II157 .Ass capIcs aidAas. In the latter case it wouldapply to either meaning of bcv awv, in the former to the meaning 'spike'only.
1. 0o26. Apa, 'as I find.'1. Io29. The exchange of gifts between Hector and Ajax takes place
in II. 7. 303 foll. ("Eircp AavL) &'ice p ios dpyvp6hOv, ( av KohXE reqipopv Kiat IE0TPTQ TEX6hAdNoWV I At'as NE ~worrTpa
8 8ov povLrct aEtvo'v.
1 1030. To point Teucer's moral Sophocles either adopts or inventsa different version of the death of Hector from that given in the Iliad.In the Iliad Hector is slain in single combat by Achilles, and his corpseis dragged by thongs of ox-hide, without any mention of the girdle.Cp. Ii. 22. 360, 395 foll. wrpLcr0s, ' sawed,' the word expresses the eatingof the wrr)p into the flesh. i, 'attached to,' is to be taken closelywith rptaEds, which is a strong expression for BeeOds, 'lashed.'
1. Io33. iphs roGBe, sc. iV)v oVros, which is regarded as the agent.Cp. supra 1. 1025 {y' o$ j povws dtp' tirveveas.
1. 1035. K&KEVOV, sc. rV wa'r0pa.
1. 1037. pFlXavav. This verb is elsewhere found in the active in the,participle only. The active here represents the absolute disinterestedaction of the gods, who are acting for the world, not in any way for;themselves. Cp. supra 1. 449 itgrtraav, and note.
1. 1038. iv yvdpSl Xti, 'pleasing in his judgment.'1. 1039. eetva, sc, such things as are 4v ̂ c'ynp qiuX a iCeb've.I. 1040. IGKp&v, 'far.' Cp. El. 1259 ) faamprv loiXov A X tyEv.1. 1043. &" 8s KQKOpyOS, i. e. oa 8) Kcaiovpyos &v Ze0coLo rol(1Wov.
Menelaus is an instance of the depreciation of the heroic character bythe tragedians, a depreciation which increases with the growth of thedrama. Cp. Menelaus in the Helena, Orestes, and Iphigeneia at Aulisof Euripides; Odysseus in the Ajax and Philoctetes of Sophocles. It isuncertain how far this was begun by the Cyclic poets. The proportion
NOTES. LINES 1020-1067, 107
between Menelaus and Agamemnon is kept, the former being the lessdignified. yeXv is probably future.
1. 1044. crrpwroO is to be taken with idvpa. ' What man is it whomyou see belonging to the host?' Cp. supr. 425.
1. 1045. For the dative c cp. Ant. 736 t'Ax, y p '77o Xpg *pe 7asPXLV xOoyd
6s; O. C. 1673 WrTvL .. 7Tvov.. E OLXAv.
1. 1046. aOetv, ' to recognize.' 0. C. 323 avbag 8' abT'C E'eaTrLv aOEiv.11. 1047- 162. Menelaus enters and announces that the body of Ajax
is not to receive burial. Teucer resists, and a sharp conflict of wordsensues.
1. 1047. oVTros, voc., as often in addressing a person. 0. C. 1627?V oTros O7ros, Oil irovs. O. T. 532 oTros, ui 7rc^s 8Evp' XAOEs;
1. 1048. pg crvylYKOI.itv, 'not to gather in,' as a shock of corn, i.e.inter: a metaphor from harvesting. rbv cannot have the sense of ' aiding'here, for Menelaus wishes to forbid the funeral altogether, not onlyTeucer's part in it, and Teucer is not merely assisting, but conductingthe affair.
1. 1049. Observe the rhythm of the line. If such lines are more fre-quent in the Ajax, this is a sign of early date, for there are more inAeschylus than in Sophocles (see on 1. 994). ' Why have you wasted somany words as these ?' 'roo6v8E is ironical.
1. 1050. SoKovrVT' ZLol, sc. hiE"O.
1. 1051. Irpo0etS, sc. TaV'ra Xy "Lts (or xpalve's). Cp. O. T. 1155.
1. 1054. 'qrovrTEs= 4i4ra6doves, 'when we began to try him.' Hencethe present participle with the aorist verb. Q ypuy ^v comprehends theTrojans and their allies: it also implies some degree of contempt. Cp.Eur. Alc. 675 r60repa Avy3v 77 ,,pv'ya;
1. 1055. crrpa-ro jWravrTL. This is of course an exaggeration, thoughit reminds us that Ajax would have drawn the whole host upon himby murdering the chiefs. Supr. 11. 408, 9-.
1. 1058. 7ilV'.. rXqv. These words are in the ace. because Oav6v&es
a .. y6dp imply ihXXOaLE 'v.
1. 1o6o. vXlkkhatev, ' has turned in exchange,' 'changed the directionof.' The '1pts is put in the place of the effect of the 6/3pts.
1. io6i. ire(reLv=are ITEa edY.
1. 0o62. cu-rv. .<rQe. The object is repeated in a more definiteform. Cp. O. C. 114 a a r ' if 60o Ir68a I spi4bov.
1. 1064. 41l Xcop&v ~jrdpacov, 'somewhere along the yellow' or'humid sand.'
1. to66. p,8l1v is adverbial, 'by no means.' 4i&pas, ' allow to rise;'cp. supra 1. 175.
1. io67. KpLTr V .. apEo~ev. Cp. O. T. 54 Errp LpEs rige Ms,w(ITrEp IcpaT(IS.
1. 1069. Xpetv wrcpav0dvov'rcs, ' directing him by force.' Ajax, evefiwhen alive, was beyond the reach of reason, much more then whendead; Menelaus also considers reason out of place when force can beemployed, infra 1. 116o.
1. 1071. KGKO0 Wpis iv8p6s. Cp. supra 1. 319 2rpos y p icaicov rE caLPapvi0/Xov, tc.vr.. UIv8Spa is used with qISdryv in order to allow B~7,ydrITto become a sort of quasi-predicate. The language of this line and thenext suits better with Athenian than Epic politics, cp. Thuc. 2. 37i.Trv &Ev dpXI irCwOv d&iPoda'E, but there is no need to suppose any definitdallusion to Sparta.
11. 1073, 4. KMXfiS I potVT' Civ, 'would go on well.' Cp. Thuc. 5.16 c3 pEp'~Evos iv orpa-riyiats, Xen. Hell. 4. 4, 25 7' *rpaciyjiaa MaKWsPEpETrat. El. 1095 TirVSw 5EpoI iEav puCrra, and note.
1. 1075. 'rpav6s ye. The instance most in point has the emphatic ye.1. 0o76. Cp. Aesch. Eum. 524 7is 8b pyoev A v c4EL lcaplas dva-rppwv
i7 7roX SpoTrOg O' 6 ZOLIs E'T' Av 'EIro8t irbtcv; irp6XhLx here expressesthe meaning of rpoPahXdX'Evos, 'a shield and protection.'
1. 1O77. K&v ow^ta yev4c RE'ya. Cp. phrases like olvaev r7pxas,66vras, and even (ppvas. Hence in O. C. 149 dXaSv By LT Wv opJrda-
/pLos. See note in loc.1. 1078. Kav. The d'v can be explained as a repetition, but such a
use shows how cadv came to= sai. CVr, ' in consequence of.'1. 1082. This line fixes on a special case the vague statement in the
preceding verse. Xp6
vco trror, as we should say, ' sooner or later.'1. 1083. i& odp'cov, sc. SpatApy.Tirwv, 'leaving the fair course.' It is
true that Ei oibpcwv in later prose means, ' with a straight course.' But(a) 'in time straightway' is contradictory, (b) 'to run before the windto the bottom' is meaningless. 'TEo-E^V. The aorist has been explained(I) as gnomic, or (2) as expressing certainty, as in Aesch. P. V. 667.poAELv cEpavvdy,. Aesch. Suppl. 602 (H.). Od. 2. 171. For the sensecp. Plato, Polit. 302 A roXai pt.Ly iviorE ai ICa0aGrn p rXot^a xaVraVnsodEv at
1. 1084. Kai 84os, i.e. as well as Odpros. Thuc. 2. 37 81td Bos o 7rapa-Vo01/.LVY.
1. 1085. 1A BOKLEGv. Observe Ist pl. pres. subj. with IA', becausethere is no first pers. pl. imperative. The rule is not broken; Use piwith pres. imperat. and aor. conjunct. (Herm. in loc.)
1. 1087. rmar, i.e. self-will and trouble after it. Ajax was self-willedand now it is his turn to be in trouble.
1. io88. adiov, cp. suprA 1. 221.
1. oo090. Eds ra 4&s arls. For the expression cp. O. T. I2O9. Theplural here is the concrete of the singular. Cp. supra 1. 46 r6hXaLs.
1. o091. EWroTocr rflas, 'laying as a foundation,' i. e. in .11. 1073 foll
: o8 A YA X.-
NOTES. LINES I069-1114.
Cp. the use of prlp s in Pindar Pyth. 4. 243 &XXAero psrfita aoqp&Y
1. 1092. iv Oavo0r~L, cp. infra 1. 1415 Av fPoI Opados, supra 1. 43 1vblfyV XEpa XpativEOat 1dy, 1. 453 v ToLOLSe .. Boro^s, 1. 557 I'ixopots.1. 1094, 's 1 "alv Av. The yt in u78Y &v is due to the hypothetical
nature of the clause introduced by gs, which after 0avdtaiw is = t' TLs.1. Io96. 'roLta0' &aapr&vo-oLv v X6yoLs 'rrjr, 'utter such false words
in their speech.' Cp. such pleonasms as Ed' q4wu&v, ifq X4E-Ao7w.
I. 1097. 4yLv, 'brought with you.' The tense is the imperfect, cp.
supra 1. o053.1. I100. 0 woV o G-oTapryeLs 'roO8E; 'Where is your right of command
9ver him?' Cp. O. T. 390 woG ab pci 'rs ET rap is;1. o1101. Av 68' ~Eir' otK06ev. Observe the violation of Porson's rule
for the cretic. Cp. Phil. 22 a4rpawv' ELT' XEL. 'ryay', J-Ev have beensuggested by metrical critics, and 7gyay' appears in one MS. of the 14 thicentury. But such exceptions are defended by the elision.
1. 1i103. KRoLfat, ' to control;' cp. 6alAtos, ' orderly.'1. I104. &pXfs OErI
6 s, 'lawful use of sovereignty,'' ordained authority.'So Od. 23. 296 xrpoto OeCrEo'p of Odysseus and Penelope.
1. 1105. 61rapXos &MXcov, ' commanding under others.' o')v is notfor rrdvrcmv, but = avtpri'vrov, and is probably neuter = 8Xho:v -r&v 7rpay/a-row, in spite of the omission of the article. If masc. it is= b'ov To9Orpa'rov.1. 11o6. rwoE', 'on any occasion.'11. I1o7, 8. 6IX' vwrrep iPXELs d(PXE. Cp. Plaut. Trin. Io6r 'Emere
meliust, quoi imperes.' rd ir4v' 'r! [ K6Xca' E(KlVOUS, 'use your finephrases in abuse of them.' iry is acc. of the ' inner notion,' the notionresiding in the verb; 4ic 'Povs is acc. of the object. Cp. El. 556 El B' Y'
,8' dEl AkdYovs i 4pXcs. Aesch. Suppl, i8o (H.) ailoia ial yd'Eava caLaXpE' Try JE'ovs i iraeOE.1. 11o8. ei'Lre oF- a- s, What is meant is' whether you forbid it
,or not.' But in expressing this the negative would cause a difficulty,(ElTE ar I p 4py 's, eT'rE p ), and the alternative is suppressed.
1. . sIlc. WsL, 'duly,' as custom requires. Cp. Ant. 23 av Gir1..Lala Kai vy I iTar XOOVbS I 7ipvbE.
1. 112. or6vov wroXXAo rhA . This refers to such of the chieftainsand others as were willing to perform any labour imposed upon themby the Atridae.,. 1113. Cp. Thuc. I. 9 'Ayalctvwcv I pOLt BotEF vTWy rrTE 8VVdaEL
rpo XCv tala ob 'roloV7ov 70rs TvvScdpov 'picots caTEr oflI7YvoyVs TOV'Ehxvrq
jpuvLrTlpas ayiv o'x crrdAov &yErpai, Phil. 72.1. _I14. 'Agov ro's yl4q8vas, 'he used not to value men that were
1 09
naught.' 7leov seems used absolutely. With 7ros ynpyivas cp. O. T.ioi9 i Ytov V3 plSevL'i, Ant. 1325 T7y oiC b'vTa laXXov i) pq&E'va.
1. 1115. rXElovs .. KilpuKas. This implies that Menelaus had comeattended by a herald.
1. III6. j6pou may be regarded as a gen. of cause. Cp. O. T. 728voias yeLpiuvrps 70o' brroarpapels Xysts; The construction would also beassisted by the similarity of ivrparraOat and arpap jvat.
1. III7. ?s &v js ot6s rwep et, (I) 'so that you may be such as you reallyare,' i.e. 'so that you know your real position.' Or (2) wds dv (s may betaken ='however much you may be,' etc. (cp. infra 1. 1369), i.e. 'howevermuch you may be a wonderful potentate-and after all you are onlyMenelaus.' Others regard &s as = ' cs, but this is improbable.
1. III9. The Chorus assume a judicial position somewhat inconsistentwith their character as partizans of Ajax. Yet they acknowledge thejustice of Teucer's statement.
1. 1120. 6 rog&b yS. Sophocles is here expressing the feeling of hi§own times, when ' bowmen' were held in small estimation as comparedwith the heavy-armed soldier. Throughout the Persae of Aeschylusthe contrast is pointed between the (Persian) archers and the (Greek)spearmen (cp. esp. 11. 238, 9).
1. 1123. Jo16s, ' with my bow only,' or ' even without my bow.'1. 124. ' How valiant is the spirit which thy tongue maintains.' For
"rpfEL cp. O. T. 374 P E's rpE I~ Wpbs vvITrds. The emphasis is onri
1. 1126. siKaLa. For the use of the plur. cp. supra 1. 887 aXcE'Tta-yap, 1C.7.X. KT4EvavTa, ' having devised my death,' ' guilty of my death.'In the next line Teucer takes the word in its literal sense. Cp. O. C.992 E' 7 s aE.. KTEdVOL lrapaodTas. The aor. in this sense is rare.
1. 1128. 'T8E 8' olxop0LcL. Cp. Phil. 1030 eal 7-E'0vX ' vyur araXat.
1. 1129. Do not then dishonour your preservers by interfering withtheir rights.
1. 1130. 'yc1 ydp av ** kacpL; ' Am I likely to disparage?'1. II3I 1. obs & s is treated as one word, and therefore obc is permitted
even after d. But cp. supra 1. 1 o8 ELrE ;j) arb p77s. There the con'dition is everything; here *E almost =' when.'
1. 1132. Tros .. WrOX EPLos, sc. obc Ei TILS OdTrrLtv. The sentiment is bestregarded as general. Menelaus is appealing to ordinary Greek morality.
1. 1133. wrpoin'i, 'came forth' before the rest, or on any strikingoccasion. Cp. O. T. 395 rpo bP&vrv I'XWv.
1. II1135. Teucer accuses Menelaus of interfering with the votes in thedecision respecting the arms of Achilles.
1. 1136. The words 'r6 8' r&46I go together, ' that failure occurred,''took place.' Or rd8E may be acc., 'he missed of that.'
A AX.110
NOTES. LINES III5-I1163. IlI
1. II37. 'Under a fair seeming you could secretly gain many a dis-honest advantage.' For KhCX7TELv with a cognate accusative, cp. Phil.57 76
8' oOXJ tshArrdov.1. 1138. LV. S. is frequent in expressions conveying a threat. Anti
751 7ij1' o iv OavEFira, jcad Oavova' hXEr Trwa.1. 1141. Tro10ro, 'with respect to this man.' TE0&4JETCat, 'he shall be
buried, and no one shall prevent it.' So much seems to be implied inthe use of the fut. perfect. For the construction, Phil. 549-
I. 1143. 'r" heATv. Cp. O. T. 1417 lrdpearL KpEcov 7rb rpd cctv ica a
:BovbXEw Lv.1. II44. . The dative implies possession. Cp. O. T. 735 Tis Xpdvos
'TrorS' IrTLV oberhExvObs; For the repetition of av cp. supra 1. I078, buteViepes may be right.
1. 1145. XeLR<^vos defines caie. Cp. Od. 3. 152 orra alco'o, supra1. 363 ' 7r jLpa 7r as'rr.
1. I146. Cp. Plato, Theaet. 191 A 7' dyw, pc apiooev, os vanVTrreijTs,"raerV rTE ica Xp 0aat 7% aT dv IobXraL. The article can be omitted withvavUThov, because rcl OXOVL means rather ' any one who wishes,' thaft'the particular person who wishes.'
1. 1147. Ko- T4 .. OrTr6c. These acc. with Po)v following may beregarded as depending in a general way on the whole sentence, or maybe compared with abrav as followed by oSpcZa, supra 1. 1062.
1. II48. orL LKpo v" vUS, gen. of the place from which the dangerarises. The words Er o'CVEVo-as ip'yas are to be taken in close connection,.
1. 1151. Elmsley on Eur. Med. 85 shows that of rEXas is the usualexpression; but he can hardly be right in rejecting To70 rias in Thud.
I. 32 ,§ 4.1. I155. 'rrqpavov 'Revos, fut. middle for passive.1. i 56. dvoXpov, ' doomed to misery,' as the result of his folly; cp.
&hatos, and supra 1. 621 tEXc~ots 'Arpdfsas. By a similar transference7h7/A/cLv and arT7vos are used of those whose misery is the result ofcrime. nrapdv, ' face to face.'
1. 1158. RCL v fiVL&iV ; ' Is that a riddle ?' Teucer has no wish thathis meaning should be mistaken.
1. 1159. Et ir80OLT6 rLS. These words are in character with Menelaus,
who is afraid of opinion. rLS perhaps refers to Agamemnon.1. 11 6o. ' That a man employed speech in chastisement, when force
was in his power.' The subj. rapj makes the statement general. Cp.supra 1. 812 Os rirnb'p Oave~v.
1. 1162. ,arov (= who fails of his object) is an answer to the threatof force.
11. 1163-1184. Exit Menelaus. The Chorus in fear of what is comingurge Teucer to hasten the burial. Teucer seeing Tecmessa approach-
ing with Eurysaces, places the latter near his father's corpse, withsuppliant locks of hair, and departs to prepare the tomb.
1. 1163. E'pLSos is a qualifying gen. with dyc'v. Cp. Tr. 20 dyiva ..jupX s, O. T. 634 oarav iY yXC Va s.
1. I 65. 18Etv, ' provide.' Cp. Od. 8. 443 abrTs vie 1'8c rrwipa, Theocr.
15. 2 Lp' iOppov, E&ivoa, ar~7.1. 1166. ppoTots with 7-bv dE'oAlTrov. For the position of the article
cp. Tr. 872 Tb 6wpov 'HpakicXer b 7rlplrLov.
1. 1167. EipEv'ra, 'murky.' An Epic word, as adherrov just above.Cp. Od. 10. 512 'A6ECw idov Ebpiv'ra. The Greeks thought with awerather than horror of the change within the tomb. Teucer anticipatesthe time when the form of Ajax shall moulder in his grave, but hismemory shall still be green. Erpc'vEra is the more applicable, as he wassimply buried and not burnt nor embalmed. For K04oEEL cp. Aesch.Ag. 453 070as 'IAd ios 70s E 'l.oppot miaTrxovlt.
1. 1170. Cp. Ant. 903 rb abyv 8J Uas rEptLorETXXovora or's' dpvvLat.1. 1172. tLKETqS, as a suppliant to the Greeks for his father's burial.
Cp. the position of Antigone in O. C. 241 foll.1. 175. The offering of hair was sacred to the gods below. See Eur.
.Alc. 75 iEpbs y'ip oP70s TWrv sar XOovbs OEt,, ic.r.A. tICrlptLOV 06'ravp6v
i.s a sacred deposit having virtue for supplication.1. 1176. arroo-rrLE. The optative is used to correspond with the
optative of the wish expressed in the next line. Cp. infra 1. I218,where 7rpouadTroLtp is due to y~volpav.
1. 1177. wrra-oL XOov6s. 'Be cast out from his land.' Persons exe-cuted for treason at Athens were buried out of Attica. But the wordmay also mean, ' may lie unburied.'
1. 118o. aQ'r6v. Probably the body, to which the words iCt1VrcaTWand rpoairE ,r nXov in the next line refer. For the omission of thegenitive after 'Xov cp. Hdt. 4. 22 6 CWv 'XETal.
1. 1182. Cp. O. C. 1368 aif ' aJvpEs, ob yvvaiCES, Eis 7b TvIArroveOv.
1. I183. 's r' yc ht6Xw . . T 8se, ' till I return, having made prepara-tion for his burial.'
11. II84 foll. The meaning of ob6c .. 4#='prevents,' gives to the wordsic&v v8dts 2C4, a positive meaning, 'though all strive to prevent me.'Cp. Phil. 443, 4 7ov y /Lis &, 'when all cried, Silence !'
11. 1185-1222. 'When will the end come of my sufferings at Troy?O that he had perished who revealed the secret of leagued warfare;he was the enemy of joy and rest. Once I had Ajax to shield me, nowhe is gone! Might I but see Salamis!'
1. I 85. The simple expression would be Tis 4o"rat vla-ros . . ptOds;
which is amplified by changing E'rrat into XtEL, and is r6 'TE is added to
suit the new turn of expression-' What will be the last, when will
1 2 yA X.
NOTES. LINES I163-I218.
end the number?' etc. is br6-r; lit. 'against when?' Cp. is 6 bThuc. 8. 23 Cs viEra, ' a6'ptov, etc. iroXkuW ycKTowv TiCov, 'years ofrestless toil and wandering.'
1. 1187." 8opv0oojfrTv 6X0COv, 'labours with the spear in the field.'
1. 119o
. MSS. Eupw8f = EvposEtL, ' wide to view.' dep6hsa is a con-jecture, of G. Wolff, =' misty.' Tpotav = Tpolav occurs here only.
1. II91. O'VELos is in apposition to the sentence; cp. 1. 1210 Av-ypcasu 7raTa Tpotas. The long continuance of the Greeks at Troy is a
reproach to them.1. II92. 'rp6repov, sc. i) Sei'tat, ic..A., El. 1131. atLOpa 80vacL pcLyav,
i. e. the soul being dispersed in air.1. I 96. cOLVwo "Ap, ' banded warfare.' Thuc. I. Io cs dra irdays
7is 'EXXhhnos Kov 7we'tEru evos, unless the emphasis is on 'whXov, ' war-fare in arms.' But the first is better, for the Salaminians have comehere in a quarrel not their own.
1. 1197. ' Alas for toils whence toils were begotten. The labour ofthe first organizer of a Greek army has caused endless labour.
L 1201. oZ . . vetLev. Here also, as in supra 1. 1184, the negativeexpression has a positive force,' did not give'=' deprived me of.'
.LLheiv, 'that I should be the companion of them.' Cp. latewv1. I204.
1. 1203. 86 opos, 'unhappy I.' Cp. O. C. 318 Trciawa* o01C E'oTLVdXxA . Others refer it to bcEi'Fos.
1. 1206. &RLPLtvos ov;'rcs, (I) 'thus uncared for,' 'with no one tosolace my loneliness;' but some have suggested (2) an active sense,'without any care of this kind,' 'with vacant mind,' like the Latin vacuus.The leading thought in the sentence is 'Epcos, with which pipva isassociated here, as in later Greek.
1. I21o. I cannot forget that I am in damp dismal Troy, not irtthe dry bright climate of Attica, while my hair is wet with dews,gyVi'arca, in apposition to the sentence; cp. supra 1. 1191.
1. 1214. &VE-(Lra, 'is slackened,' 'removed,' 'fallen.' Cp. dvisqyv(dVEfrac= olcc7t rpoT0EiraL, cp. infra 1. 1270 vXV IrpoTELV0co). Thissuits the contrast better than 'is devoted to,' 'given up to' a sadfate.
1. 1216. ircoTra'c ' shall be mine,'' shall rest on me.' Observe thatthe word ri~ ~ps is as it were the key-note of the latter part of theode.
1. 12 17. lrEcrL, 'overhangs,' sc. *ro's 'ArXovaw. ' 6vrov goes with
Irp6BhqAua, 'the rock jutting into the deep.'
1. 1218. dKpav .. lrX.Kac describes the edge of the high table-landtowards the sea. Cp. Tr. 273 dr' dicpas SICE I7vpy' .ovs irhacds. {w6,' below,' 'coming under.'
-113
.14 AyAX.
1. 1222. rpooEClroLjLv. The optative is due to the preceding optativein yevo/lav (cp. Herm. in loc.). Phil. 325; Mimnerm. Frag. I. TEOvYalvrTE IL o yLC;TL rara hoeL, Od. I. 47 <cs drr6oosro Iai diXXor 5iTLs roLavT
YE #oL: supr. I176.11. 1223-1315. Teucer enters hastily, and after him Agamemnon. A
battle of words ensues on the insolence of Teucer and the merits andburial of Ajax.
1. 1224. lsV. Cp. O. C. 8 1 ( I/3Ep £ v 6 Ivos;
1. 1225. oTIat6v, 'to evil purpose.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. 1247 d'Q(pl/ov ..goILtqov V oLa.1. 1226. T& BELVw ,1Ua. For the article cp. supra 1. 312 T7& idv'
I7rEha ' ?)r. With the opening of the speech cp. Ant. 441 r. a',di 7%I v vEoveav, K.T.A.
1. 1227. &VOLwICOKT, impune. Agamemnon means that Teucer mustexpect to suffer for his insolence now, and implies a reproach toMienelaus for yielding so far. Cp. Ant. 485 EL Trar' avar 7 SE icUEratlp ry. XavEtv, cp. Juv. 'hiscere aliquid.'
1. 1228. Im, and in the next line &'wro. The first implies a closerrelationship than the second.
1. 1230. idr' (Ka br') i&Kpov, i. e. 7rwv 8aCKTObX, 'on tip-toe.'1. 1231. To0 ~E8i'v, sc. 'v-ros. Cp. El. 1166 'vv AEL Gls 6b tpr]ilv.
p1) is preferred with the article and participle as expressing the generalnotion or the cause, especially in relative clauses, as here with iTE.Cp. supra 1. 1114 0o ydap lov Tro's Y 6 vas.
1. 1233. 'AXaL v, i. e. oi67E 'AXat^v. Teucer had really said no-thing of the kind; still less had he claimed absolute independence forAjax. Cp. 11. 1097-1106.
1. 1235 u'rpbs 8o<Xov. Cp. 11. 499, 1020. For the plur. cp. 1. 734rotS Imvpiols yap iravra Xp ) 5raXov Adyov, Ant. 1057 ap' o~Goa Tayos"'vTas &v Ayps Afywy ;
1. 1236. wo(ov .. &vsp6s, sc. n Ipt or i6rip. Cp. Phil. 439 dvaiov b:'pcoTdS i aEpEcosa (sc. 2EpL), El. 317 TO icaay25Tov ti <'s;
1. 1237. woO f v'ros; we might expect ror, but 7roG is probablyintentionally used in order to retain the same sound with bothparticiples.
1. 1238. 8e', i.e. Ajax.1. 1241. rravraXoO, 'in all that we do.' ~i Tev'cpov, 'by the mouth
of Teucer.'1. 1242. 6Uplv, you who make up the party of Ajax.1. 1243. E LKEyV , 'to yield in such things as satisfied,' i. e. agree in
the decision of. 'Troi worhotrXXLw .. KPratLS, ' the majority of the judges.'The word mcacra^s, used by Menelaus supra 1. 1136, has too demo
"
cratic a sound for Agamemnon.
NOTES. LINES 1222-1274. II5
11.' I244, 5. ' But you who were left behind in the contest are at alltimes either to be pelting us with abuse or giving us some secret stab.'
1. 1245. <riv 86X Kev'r41ce0', 'will stab us with the help of guile,' i. e.'in secret.' ot XEXpEL ivo7= (7bCivots in 1. 1242, but a more con-temptuous word, or (2) 'you who are left,' now that Ajax is gone.
1. 1246. rp6rcov= r Evt~EVYi7TV, practices rather than manners; cp.Thuc. 2. 37.
1. 1248. SiKn, ' rightfully,' after a regular trial.1. 1249. rovs 6Wu LcEv, i. e. Agamemnon is speaking of the trial, but,
like an angry man, talks as if the .principle were to be universallyapplied. Cp. Ant. 484.
1. 1251. The article is omitted with ep1vaoT0L, cp. Thuc. 3. 2 TV,re y&p Ah vwcov 7iyv X Y icai c C tXWv oi/co36'ortvy.
1. 1252. ot +povoOVrES di, ' those who have a right sense of things,'' men of wisdom.'
1. 1253. Cp. Ant. 11. 477 foll. oLucp1 xaXtv 8' oTa robs Ovyovjivovs
I rrovs IcaapTlpiv 'as.
1. 1255. Tro7r' .. ,rb &p~a~ov, ' this remedy,' i. e. the whip.1. 1257. AvSpbs. For the gen. cp. supra 1. 1236 note.1. 1259. 'Learning what you are by birth.' For cryLV, 'by birth,'
cp. infra 1. 1301 i Qp'dEst ItEv Jv, I.r.A.1. 1262. 'While you are speaking I shall not understand.' cro
Xyov'ros is a gen. absolute. r&L implies 'when you begin to speak,however perfectly I may understand another.'
1. 1263. "rjv O3ppapov .. ykacio-rv. Hesione, the mother of Teucer,was not a Greek.
1. 1266. &s 'TaXE6t TLS, 'with what a degree of swiftness,' 'in what
a swift manner !' For this use of rts, modifying the adjective, cp. O. T.618 ray 7axts rLs obrtPove4 cov dcpa Xwpy, and Plato, Gorg. 522 D,
Prot. 340 D, Phaedr. 230 C. In many such places ircos might be sub-tituted. Here it is used either (I) with the supplementary predicate;or (2) there is an ellipse of okra.
1. 2268. Tiw of-LKprov X6ycov, 'in matters of small moment,' ' in slightconsiderations.' For 7ri cp. Dem. De Cor. 228 1v E&voCa'LV ZvE'isLXO' r
iroXXWv &ydovwv rJy 7pd'TrEpov.
1. 1269. oO with irpordivcv, ' whom shielding with your life;' cp. Il. 9.322 ativ ii ivy 'vXv wlapa6aXXo.yevos 7wohN/lAEtv.
1. 1271. ipp[Liva, cp. Aesch Eum. 215 K'rpt 8' a&rq'os 7r0' diripptr--rat A.XOy. o'rXEr . . Zpp. is a periphrasis like oi'XraL . . OavW'v.
1. 1273. ' Have you no memory at all of the time?' For ob8iv cp.O. T. 1401 pdl pov uAV y rO *rt.
1. 1274- ppwov, the gen. is due to the idea of being 'shut within' a4given space, as if 'vros were repeated from eyfCr j.tEa vous. According
12
II0 A'JAX.
to Homer the rescue of the Greeks is due to Patroclus not to Ajax.Sophocles may have designedly followed another tradition, as aboutHector's death, cp. supra 1. 1030; and in any case Ajax was the ' bulwark'of the Greeks in the absence of Achilles. See 11. 14. 402 foll.
1. 1275. Sop6s, as in supra 1. 963 iv xpeia op6s.1. 1276. &Ap(. Cp. Il. 12. 175 i01' r rtpc iXealOaL.1. 1277. dKpo TLw i8'i vauV LKOtS 48XloLS. It appears from Hdt. I. 24
§ 8, araizvra iv 0 oe scOll ,(in the story of Arion) that the word iB&oAtawas specially applied to some place at the stern, a sort of rudimentaryquarter-deck where passengers sat (Eur. Hel. 1571), and under whicltgoods were stowed away. Hence it may mean simply ' already touch-:ing or threatening the stern,' (blazing close upon the stern). Hector inthe Iliad takes hold rrpduvrys veas to fire it. (11. 15. 705, 717.) Cp. Hdt.6. 114. i&deXLa is commonly taken to mean the rower's benches.
1. 1278. The repetition of va'UTLKa seems to imply that resistance forthe camp was at an end; they were fighting for the means of de-parture.
1. 1281. The reference is to supra 1. 1237. cu.ppcvaLL wo81, (I) 'setfoot by thine,' or as others, (2) 'joined in battle with the enemy.' Cp.avtpaaXE^v infra 1323. In either case Teucer exaggerates the meaningof Agamemnon.
1. 1282. {biLv, ' in your judgment.'1. 1283. aOcrs, 'to himself.'1. 1284. He had offered himself unbidden before the lot was thrown,
I1. 7. 164.1. 1285. This is said to be a reference to the allotment of the Pelo-
ponnesus among the sons of Heracles. Cresphontes threw a lump ofearth into the urn; this crumbled when the lots were taken, and thuswas left the last in the urn. 8par*E'lv, ' shirking,' like a runaway slave,eluding search. Teucer hints that some of the chiefs may have used thisdevice.
1. 1287. KUViS, gen. of place whence, cp. El. 78. £&XM KOU LCLV,cognate acc., or rather Icov~ii6v is the cognate verb = aXpa icotxov roLe^L.Cp. El. 406 rvtOEp3Eat xo6
s, i. e. Xoas bw'rvy3iovs TOLELYV.1. I290. KCi Opoets. The /al is due to the interrogator asking for
additional information, cp. supra 1. 462.1. 1292. &pXatov,' at first,' ' in his origin.' The word is in part a pre-
dicate. Cp. Ant. 593 dPXata a&' Aa3acst8atv o'icv 6p ilpa, .T.X., andnote.
1. 1293. a=' in the next generation.' 8vcra-rp&'rirarov is best takenwith BEdvITYov, cp. the rhythm of supra 1. 315 roVEspyatV0ov I ( Aa,
1. 1295. Aerope is meant. Sophocles here seems to follow the same
NOTES. LINES 1275-13I9.
story as Euripides, who (in his Kpjcpar) relates that her father Catreusgave Aerope to Nauplius to be drowned, but he betrothed her toPlisthenes instead; 1. I297 therefore expresses the intention of Catreus.
1. 1297. SLa40op&v, 'to be destroyed by.' Cp. 0. T. 1248 r'v 87Tirova hAtrot I Tros oTftv abTroV vO'TEKVOV 7rra18vpyiav.
1. 1298. roLISE. The description is to follow.1. 1299. 8s iic ra'rps Piv. We should expect uI pcrp s i to follow
but this is absorbed into the relative sentence, b'arTs, /.T.A.
1. 1302. Aaoj4Bov'ros, sc. OvyaTlp.
1. 1304. t &ptL'roTEoL 8VoSy, 'from princes on both sides.' ('portrets.)
1. 1305. &v aoXivoy's ToU S rpos aLarcos, (I) 'bring shame upon myrace (Ajax),' i.e. by my own birth, cp. supra 1. 1260, or (2) ' let shamecome to my kin.' Cp. Aesch. S. c. T. 546.
1. 1307. oi6' E~ntowXvetL Xycov, 'and art not ashamed to say it.' Hewas not content with the ipyov avaviov (supra 1. 947). Teucer identifiesAgamemnon with Menelaus, who had been his spokesman supra1.2o62-4.
1. 1308. akeh~ d rov, 'cast him out anywhere' without burial. Cp.1. 1333.
1. 1309. Xap.s rpets, Teucer, Tecmessa, and Eurysakes. (NotTeucer, Agamemnon, and Menelaus, for Teucer knows that he would beoverpowered).
1. 1311. rpo84Xcos, 'publicly,' dying in conflict with the chieftains;the death of Teucer would be a matter of public fame.
11. 1311, 12. 'Thy wife, or shall I say, thy brother's ?' Teucer speakswith contemptuous indifference of the woman belonging to the Atridae.Cp. II. 9. 327 bpcfv 'vefa crpr pow.
1. 1313. Toibo6v. Cp. O. T. 627 c&X' iS ;i'ov &ZE a xddv.1. 1315. v 4l ol 6paos. Cp. supra 1. 1092.11. I316-end. Enter Odysseus, who reasons with Agamemnon and
obtains his assent to the burial. Odysseus wishes to take part in theceremony, but this Teucer cannot permit. The body is then carriedforth to burial, and all leave the stage.
1. 1317. 6t i'4 gvv&S~eJv &hd& okuXX6oVwv rw&pe. 'If you come not tokindle (or, aggravate), but to help in ending the fray.' Cp. Ant. 40hAova' a'v h '~prrTovaa. Here also the words may have an immediatereference to the situation, for tvcirrrEv means 'to begin a fray,' andavAhXVE 'to join in bringing it to an end.' Cp. Homer's expressionin regard to Arete, Od. 7. 74 ol0tv ' e )pov'VpL ai dvapnral VEIEa
i. 1319. P ov. For the acc. (Attic) ep. supra i. 136 a p/Zv E6 wrpio-aovr 'T aEa7pw. irr' Ah iXcp vetp^. These words of honour strike the
key-note of the line of action taken by Odysseus.
IT
irT8 AyAX
1. 1320. Agamemnon begins with an excuse conveyed in ydp.1. 1323. aovpgaXet, 'to cast' to meet the weapon of his enemy.1. 1325. PX ,)v EXew, sc. ac (subject).1. 1328. Ee(rwrt oiv, sc. /OL. (d Ic may be taken (1) as making up
part of the predicate with CvvylpqerEir. ' May I speak truth to my friendand aid thee (in counsel) as heretofore?' Or (2), after 'ea rw.7 ' Is itallowed to your friend ?' which seems to agree better with what follows.
1. I330. I.e. if it were not possible for you to speak your mind andcontinue friendly.
1. 1333. I} rXis, -Do not harden your heart,' etc.1. 1334. h PI9 ' the spirit of violence,' i.e. of despotic government.
Aesch. Ag. 385 'i Tdaawva irELO6, =' the spirit of persuasion.'
1. 1335. 'rocr6vSE CLLO-^V, 'to carry hatred to such an extent.'1. 1339. oCK va-TLccraL' aqv, 'would not so far dishonour him in
return.' The word does not occur elsewhere, and is a correction on the;MSS.
I. 1340. vca with dplrov. 'In him the bravest of the brave Argivehost.' Cp. Aesch. Pers. 327 E's av2p 7TAE irTov rdrvov I E'XOpOs wrapaox&v,O. T. 1380 and note. Observe the aorist, 'I have seen none so noble.'
1. I342. &rTqI4oTdro. The rebuke is softened by using the passivevoice.
1. 1343. o0 -y p 'TL TOGTOV, ' not him by any means.' The conduct ofAgamemnon will not injure Ajax, but the divine law, and even to hurtAjax now is a mean act.
11. 1344, 5. v8pa .. rv iaOX6v, refers to Ajax, and is so echoed by,Agamemnon, 1. 1352.
1. 1348. 'Ought you not to trample on a dead foeman?' Not onlyto slay, but to insult the slain.
1. 1350. i. e. It is not easy to preserve royal power and yet pay respect,to laws which require us to spare a dead enemy. There is an impliedsneer at dE eLa* as something good only for the mass. Cp. Ant. 780r'vos IrTpraaoas orrT T&Y' "Aisov aipev.
1. 1351. With V .LELV supply ife 'rTV from the Asitov of the precedingline.
1. 1353. Your power is established by listening to the voice of friends,who advise you for the best. For the gen. 4Ckxov with vack~lvos cp.supra 1. 807.
1. 1357. 'Nobleness prevails with me far more than enmity.' Thearticle is added with the abstract noun. The gen. 'rgs 'XOpas is difficult ;it may be explained from the notion of comparison implied in VLK =' issuperior to,' xpdrar v ar Irap' Apol. Wolff conjectures fr Ir s Xpas.
1. 1358. roLO(8E, i.e. those who let nobility outweigh enmity. For'rTES .. Ppo ^ov cp. O. C.. 281 <pr s duoolou Jporc7'V.
NOTES. LINES 1320-1376.
:- . 1359. Cp. O. C. 615 7a& T.parv 7TIp& ytlyvE'rat iaites qfiXa. Themeaning is that such an estrangement as that between Ajax andAgamemnon was of too common occurrence to be treated in an ex-ceptional way. By saying this Odysseus also tries to call up an imageof their former friendship in the heart of Agamemnon, and to remindhim that other estrangements may follow.
1. 1360. 1TrxaLvEs, 'advise,' ' approve of,' Ant. 1102.
1. 1362. SEthoros, as appearing to yield to Teucer's threats. For rfi8e04I Lpia, cp. supra 1. 756.
1. 1363. iv ov, as often, corrects the preceding statement. "EAXqcrLvlrao L, 'in the sight of all Hellas.' The dative as in 1. 1282.
1. 1365. Kal y&p aZ-r6s. The meaning is not, ' I shall one day needa grave,' but' that is the course I intend to pursue.' Cp. O. C. 641 7?So
8
ydap vvolaoat. This alone is in keeping with the immediate context.Otherwise the taunt in 1. 1366 would have no sting. And howeverOdysseus may be himself impressed (cp. supra 11. 12 1 foll.) he is not likelyto use a sentimental argument in trying to persuade Agamemnon. Itmust be remembered that, while Agamemnon was general-in-chief,Odysseus had the most influential voice in the council.
1. 1366. SLoLc is a supplementary predicate used adverbially. 'In allthings alike every man labours for himself.' Others punctuate ~cv0'b'pota* iras dv)p abT c:roV'e. ' The world is all alike: each man laboursfor himself.' And some interpret, 'each is true to his character inwhat he does.' This last is pointless. Agamemnon means, ' I see, youdo not wish to bear the odium (of favouring his burial) alone, Thatis why you try to persuade me.' Odysseus quietly accepts the reproach,because explanation would be useless.
1. 1369. As &v *roL4o1as, 'however you may do it,' i.e. ' whether youdo it yourself or give others permission, your kindness will be equallyacknowledged.' Cp. supra 1. 1117 rs dv 's, 1.T.A., 0. C. 136[ doTepdv 0), oD qovIwcs sqyV77y1gvos.
1. 1371. oo'l j.iv. Cp. 1. 1. tjrijo8 Ka, K.'.X. Cp. O. T. 763. The
concession is made merely out of consideration for Odysseus.1. 1372. Observe that Ajax is not E'Ie (in Agamemnon's mind) till
he is buried. Cp. IL. 23. 137 'Tapo, yap p.ora i'r' "'Ad f.
1. 1373. tXpl, the reading of the MSS., is possibly right. But it iseasy to read XpE-=Xp ~'s, cp. El. 6o6, Ant. 887. Agamemnon nowleaves the stage.
1. 1375. rOLtorov 6'vra, ' after showing yourself to be such as we haveseen.'
1. 1376. &yyiXhoaLt, 'declare to,' 'assure.' The middle verb im-plies that the announcement, and also the thing promised, come fromthe speaker.' Cp. O.T. 148 iv .'s' k'ayyE'erTaL. rQfr6 'ro08e, 'henceforth.'
119
1. 1380. YrovLtv, ' to take pains in burial;' cp. supra 1. II65, infra 1. 1415
1. 1382. X06yotL, ' because of what you say.' For the dative, cp. Ant.,691 Xh6yoLs TroLO1Sros, ors Ia p rpp Adacv. There is no explicit anti-thesis, but the word prepares the way for 11. 1393 foll. i Jevroas iEhwlSos.Cp. O. T. 1432 Xh rvios ' driranraas.
1. 1384. XEpG-v, 'with help of the hand.' Ircpcv gives dramaticeffect, as supra 1. 1156. There is the same distinction between puttingto the hand and assisting in other ways in Tr. 1214 bouv y dv abras Io)arorsTabowv XEpoy. Odysseus is not forbidden to help in the accessoriesbut only in the immediate rites, lest his presence should offend the dead.
1. 1385. rTLP p6vTrTros. Cp. supra 1. Io3 -robriLrpwrov rdivaos, and note.1. 1389. 'OXijWrrov 1ro08, 'in this heaven above us.' Cp. Ant. 758
adhh' ob, 6Ov' 'OA.vtUrov, tc.-r.. The gen. is to be taken in a partlylocative sense with arpeaoiec'ev.
1. 1392. X'cLLs, 'injuriously.' For this dative of manner cp. Ant.oo003 a7rw vras . . A Xi~Aov gPovaae.1. 1394. -r&ov. Teucer will not allow Odysseus to take part in the
actual burial, for this might be offensive to Ajax, whose spirit may besupposed to retain his angry. feelings (cp. Od. II. 542 foll.), but in'any more general rites instituted in order to do honour to Ajax, heis welcome to assist (r& 8' diXa Ica? a-oerpaaae), and to bring any onewhom he chooses as a helper. Similar feelings prompt the address ofAchilles to the shade of Patroclus in Il. 24.
11. 1396, 7. KE' TLL oa-rpTro I 0GXELS KORLLgELV. (I) 'And if you wishto bring any members of the host;' (2) 'If you wish any of the host tocarry him.' But this might be open to the same objection.
1. 1398. rd 8' dXXa r&v-r, i.e. all things intimately connected withthe burial, and preparation of the mound, the inscription,- etc. Cp.Thuc. 2. 35 boea rept 7-
3v yrdpov Bltyoaig lrapao/cEvaalvra 6parT.
1. 1399. KG' ilas, ' in our judgment.'
L. 1400. OEXov, sc. awVvOYrCaTLv.
1. 140. Ewawrvcas is more than aivvras: 'commending' rather than'acquiescing in,' 'giving hearty approval to your proceedings.'
1. 1402. roX's .. Xp6vos. Much. time has been taken up in the;altercations with Menelaus and Agamemnon. Some are to prepare-the grave (cp. supra, 1. 1165), others to warm water for lustral purposes,others to fetch the body-armour from the tent. The shield is not in-,cluded owing to the instructions in 11. 574-577, which must be sup-posed to have been communicated to Teucer. The anapaests give the,signal for departure.
1. 1404.' And some place upon the fire a lofty tripod conveniently-for holy lustrations.' 'rol, Epic for o. Some to avoid this have read
.1 20 AAX.
NOTES. LINES I380-1420.
rbvy B: thus making two divisions oi v .. lia 61, cK.7.X. But such alimitation as pIa, c.T.A., is better as applied to a third troop. Nor isany definite cauldron spoken of.
1. 1405. XowTpWv, gen. with iari/alpov. c i rvpov, predicative withO'01E, 'place on the fire.'
1. 1409. wrarphs with rXnvpds.
1. I4I1. 4 LX6d-rqrL is adverbial= 'lovingly.'
1. 1411I. There is some difficulty in supposing that after woXs Z7ETra7Ta
Xp6 vos, the blood is still gushing as above 1. 918, but black gore may stillbe oozing from the wound, and either (i) this may be stopped by liftingthe side, or (2) it may be a reason for care in lifting him (LptA077TLOOLyd'v). Vo-crL0L because the veins were believed to be air vessels. ivo
' forth to the light.' This action is preparatory to washing the corpse.1. 1412. FIav Fivos, 'the dark life-blood.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. 1037;
also 7rp'v ailaTrypv &{appi~cwOat jtvos ib. 1067.1. 1413. 4 hos with-wapsvat, (6orLs dvip <ptr 7rapElVaL cpos.)
1. 1415. r8c"' &vBpt, for the dat. cp. supra 1. 1366.11. 1416, 17. KOU&Ve V rw X(0 OVL. The whole clause is attracted. Cp.
Ory oo dvp etc., and 1. 488 supra. The line is of course = a relativeclause, ' than whom no one was better.'
1. 1417 is open to question. It is weak in itself, and gives a secondparcemiac which is not wanted.
1. 1418. The remarks of the Chorus are excited by the change in thefortunes of Ajax, and in a less degree by the change in the temper ofOdysseus. The peace and harmony of this moment take them bysurprise.
1. 142o. 0 L p'TpdEL, 'what his fortune will be.'
I2I
EXPLANATION OF THE MARKS IN
THE TEXT.
1. 108. *ip1deov Elmsl. Apelov MSS.1. 169.*5' Dawes. om. MSS.1. I77. * dSUpotL Musgr. #EvaeEiaa 8~po~s MSS.1. 179. *$ 7v', T 7Lv' etc., most MSS.: but L has 4.11 197, 8. *dTapjis I av1EpoLs #daaLtv * pl/parat Campb. rdp-
Br17Ta I 6ppa' e'apliots Baaaar MSS.1. 199. *IcayXac(VTcurv Dinddrf. fa/cxavo'wv, BayxavTovwR MSS.
1. 211. *ovpLJdhrov Brunck. 8opLAXwcrov MSS.
1. 330. *AxvyotS Stobaeus. iXot MSS.1. 350. *&r' Herm. ' MSS.1. 359. *aXov Herm. &Miav MSS. As dXiav GJas Paley.
1. 372. *Xpi Herm. Xepat MSS.1. 384. *5) Tricl. om. MSS.
1. 397. *CcRa0' Elmsl. i'XEo04 p' MSS.
1. 403. -L'6XOpiov doubtful in metre.
1. 405 id. pr v c.a-A. wrong metrically and feeble. See Notes.
1. 412. *1b Brunck. om. MSS.
1. 450. *adSajaros Elmsl. dcailaaTO MSS.
1. 456. *T&v Elmsl. y' av MSS.
1. 597. *dirAa7cros Vatican. dU&rAagy -ros most MSS.1. 6oi. t 'Iai. . t. rol etc., see Notes. *pqcrv&v Herm. ,uhoxov MSS.
1. 604. *E v^wpat Bergk. evo'paL L.1. 656. *Fkaev'coavsat so L: $axhw~&cat Hesych.1. 678. *yiy' Pors. yca 5' MSS.
1. 714. t1apaiVEL* Heath. papailvE yE ca qXyE L&
1. 776. *rTo Herm. To's MSS.1. 869. :4*i1TraTat Campb. 'artra-ra MSS.1. 879. ij*8r d
OL Herm. 86 pot MSS.
1. 905. *fp$e Herm. brpa~e MSS.1. 926. *FS' Erfurdt. om. MSS.1. 955. *roa Elmsl. ro't^ MSS.1. ioo8. */le Kuster, om. MSS.1. 10o22. *cbc Xm tpa Johnson. EXAEatspot MSS.1. 1118. *XO. Brunck. MEN. MSS.1. I19
o.dv'* deph~aEa *Tpcolav Wolff. av' 4,pW5a3 Tpolav MSS.
1. 1199. *ob Herm. oivre MSS.1. I312. *7' Erfurdt. 0' MSS.1. 1339. o tIC *avTraT7Lriaalc' Bothe. oic~v div tAtcaa' most MSS.
1. 1373. tXP4 unusual in meaning. Xp.s (i. e. XpUriEs) Dind.
INDEX.
ACCUSATIVE, 55, 97, 304, 1058.- after 4vvIrEL, 764.- Attic, 136, 1319.- cognate, 2, 181, 79o.- double, io7.- double, one defining the other,
1O62, 1147.- in apposition to the sentence,
559, 1191, 1210.- of the sphere of motion, 30, 845,
877.- with inerrly, 82.active for middle, 449; (pqX"a-
vav), T037.adjective and descript. gen., 481.adj.=gen., 134.Ajax and Athena, 90.Ajax, character of, Ii9.alliteration, 245, 528, 687, 866.anachronism, 596 (cp. patro-
nymic).anacoluthon, IIo, 678, 771.anapaests, 134.antecedent omitted, 760.aorist, 119, 536, 693.- and pres. combined, 31.- participle, II 16.- =perfect, 712, 739.- with ali vv^v, 18.- infin., Io83.Ares, 706.article, 364, 1226.- and infin., II4.- emphatic, 312, 464.- omitted, 1251.- T70 paLCpot, 473.
asyndeton, 988.Attic acc., 136, 1319.attraction, 378; 'IrrEp rvds, 488,
1417.
Caesura, 969, 994, 1049.change of scene, 8I 2.change of subject, 549.cognate accusative, 2, 18!.compounds in Soph.= numerals,
321, 390.compound words, 611, 892.comparative, IoIo.coordinate sentences, I, 748.crasis, 756.' cretic,' law of the, violated, I 101.
Dative, 440, 722.- in expressions of time, 1144.- of agent, 539.- of cause, 1382.- of circumstance, 474-- of occasion, 153.- with vrpopos, 622.- c, 1045.- s Cipoi, 396.debts to the gods, 590o .
Doric forms, 37, 784.Eccyclema, 345-ellipse, 34-Fut. for imperat., 577.Genitive, 41, 53, 357.- (abl.), 744.- after 7rp7rov, 534.- as if with vuros, 1274.- (combined), 264.
Genitive, descrip., 308, 619, 888,1163.
- of place whence, 1148, 1287.- partitive, 659; 731.- of respect, 1236.- of time, 21, 14t.- of value, 477.- with nr(arry'Ydv, 807; with
viMcUtEvos, 1353; with aTpapdEiyV,1116.
- with omission of 6, 190, 202.
Hendiadys, 749.Homer, Soph. deviates from,
o1030.Homeric epithets, 147, 179, 375,
890, 954, 1167.- expressions, 363.- picture, 614, 849.Hypallage, 247.
Infinitive epexegetic, 79, 786.- imperfect, lq97.- to express a purpose, 782.Ionic forms, 894. •Jealousy of the gods, 777.Metaphors, 2, 19, 251, 6r4, 683,
775; (mixed), 206.middle, 5 (subjective), 13, 32, 45,
647, 869, 1376.- for passive, 1155.- of 4dov, 351.'miserable'=' foolish,' 156.
'AyydXhopiat, 1376.iyE~r y-XwrTa, 382.ayXLaXov, 135.c-oviyw , 195.
a'aora, 53.a'[Oovos, 22 1.dCpas lCKTr
6S, 285.
dxx' oav, .535.ANo= ad, 58.tlhrpa, 381, 390.dv, omitted, 760, 921.
- repeated, 537, 1144-ivavorv, 947.
Names, 430.Optative, 457, 1176, 1222.- with dv, 88.- with dv to express probability,
186.oxymoron, 100, 366, 640.Pan, 694.participle, 185.- omitted with 'vyXIvet, 9.passive, 217, 1342.- for middle, 328.patronymic, 190, 879.perfect, 33, 275, 692.personification, 815, 862.plural, concrete, 46, 18i, 287, 503,
561, 1090, 1392.- irX&Ata, 887; 6b1ata, 1126.
b-- .*6XOLev, o105.-- Ovpiv, 7 7.- vOot,, 900.present particip. with aorist verb,
1054.Redundancy, 338.repetition, 267, 467.rumours having a divine origin;,
826, 998.Stoning to death, 252.subj. I pres. pl., o085.Tecmessa, 201.time idealized, 826.tribrach in three words, 530.
dvaylcaia 7 Xl, 485, 803.;dVELdra, 1214.dVEXeL, 212.dv 7p, 77, 8x7,a7rorTos, 15.cirEvOv0'vovra, 7 2.'Apystios, 420.a~PE, 75.ap,, J 29.dparat, 509.aatcorov, 21.
dr77, 307.a Troai, 7oo.
126 INDEX.
INDEX.
BdOpov, 135, 860.A13XE'V EL's, 398, 514.
AailtCwv, 243, 504.SeF, with 7rcrws, 556.&olarTat, 511o CE', 942.
'EcolXots, 1277.baevaa, 376.
eit roOt hN rawov, 886.Els, with superl., 134 o .
ic, 27.EICqEpEt, 7.Ev, 557, 1092, 1315.'EvvAstos, 179.Rit, in comp., 438, 495-
i blyvos, 18.,Erpaeav, 446.i rrT TrTats, 27.E~iLrpLTTrov, 103.Cvp)l'rac, 6I5.Eiptvos, 8.Opeapos, 609.ipitrarat, irlararat, 869.TOb Exov7ra, 157.
"H icat, 38.4Li pa, 131.: r6Alicas, 978.
'Irropavi', 143.LtTrovc'vas, 231.
Ka ldv . . . yE, 5 31.ial, with interrog., 462.icatpo'v, 34.caXLaTTEra, 435.caXW^os, 94.
Asv, 1078.icEXaLVOrs, 231.
yCvas, 478.n/CEVs, 986.I Ud 8CV, 1025.
AaErv (IdbJw), 494.Aapriov, I.Adyov, 477.
MaOerL=' to recognise,' 1046.aAXhhov, omitted, 966.
Lapalve, 714.77i ov, 540.
pi, omitted, 69.pi, with subj. and indic., 279.pt7r68vas, 1114.
NELEr, 28.Voos, 186.
"Oppxa, 462, 977, 1004.irlcws, after BE, 556.
- followed by infin., 378.3pO V
6PW., 350.
~r' dXhor' d Xov, 58.o6'= ' but not,' 629.o'tc as, I131, 1184-ovhXov, 403.ou'TE and ob84, 428.
flaps, 475.- in composition, 742.wias adverbial, 275, 519.7rcEAda, 709, 889.ITEPtTrrvX7rs, 899, 915.7rwpo, 412.7'po8tLaJtKCELV, 162.irp6s, with gen., 319, 581, 1071.- with dat., 95.irvpyov vjsa, 159.
'Pta, 159.
Tavpor6dAa, 172.TEhXELraVTos, 210.
'ns, 853.- added to an adjective, 1266.- in threats, 1138.- omitted after a participle, 156.*rota, 929 (cp. 251, 562).rotobros, 433 (cp. 164).fOVTro p V... 8', 67o.TvyXvEL, and part., 9.
'aIaVoiv, 313-XaL pEsV, '112.
Xdptv, 176.Xp.s=XfiEts (?), 1373.'ns av, 1117, 1369.Apompar s, 205.
127
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This book is a preservation facsimile produced forthe University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.It is made in compliance with copyright law
and produced on acid-free archival60# book weight paper
which meets the requirements ofANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).
Preservation facsimile printing and bindingby
Northern MicrographicsBrookhaven Bindery
La Crosse, Wisconsin2012
