ifrc shelter technical training yverdon-les-bains, switzerland | 3 rd – 7 th march 2008 this...
TRANSCRIPT
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
This session will look at how to quantify the impacts of different hazards upon housing and infrastructure
Assessing building damage30 mins
Bam, Iran 2003
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:
1. Phases of assessment
2. Differences in building damage
Session objectives
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:
1. Phases of assessment
2. Differences in building damage
Session objectives
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Phases of assessment
Damage assessment varies over time and needs to be undertakenin series of steps:
1. Preliminary assessment
2. Initial assessment
3. Detailed technical assessment
4. Macro assessment of entire affected area
5. Monitoring
6. Evaluation
See session ‘assessment, monitoring evaluation’
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Before rapid assessment, assessment of building safety,occupancy, loss of life is often undertaken by:
• Search And Rescue (SAR) teams: deployed immediately after a disaster
• United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) teams: mobilized rapidly to coordinate the search and rescue operations with the national authorities.
Preliminary assessment
It is important to contact these teams in order to gain from them information concerning the scope and results of their preliminary assessments.
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
SAR teams use standard marking system for buildings:
A – name of team, date, time of visit/work
B – types of risks encountered (hazardous materials)
W water
Gas gas leakage
Chem chemical products
EXPL explosive materials
F fuels or other inflammable materials
electricity
risk of collapse
radioactivity
C – number of dead
D – number of people unaccounted for
E – number of people saved
Preliminary assessment
CA
B
E
D
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
In the first days of the response, the objective of initial assessment is:
1. to achieve an understanding of the scale of the damage
2. to estimate where the damage is more severe
3. to inform the development of technical assessment criteria and housing damage categories
4. to bring together all available assessment capacity
5. to initiate assessment coordination
Initial assessment
It is essential to achieve a successful handover to the technical specialists undertaking more detailed assessment.
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
The objective is to identify the relative damage to housing andinfrastructure in order to inform:
1. levels of assistance
2. forms of assistance
3. scale of assistance
4. location of assistance
5. priorities of assistance
6. vulnerabilities
Detailed technical assessment
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Macro assessment of entire affected area
Damaged must be assessed at a national level in order to inform:
1. strategic planning
2. appeals processes
3. understandings of impacts upon the national and regional economy and environment
Governments may agree an approach to macro assessment: following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004, a Tsunami Recovery Impact Assessment and Monitoring System (TRIAMS) was discussed and endorsed by the Global Consortium for Tsunami-Affected Countries
IFIs have their own approaches to damage and loss measurement: the World Bank has used the methodology for disaster damage and loss assessment developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN-ECLAC), common in that region since 1972
Handbook for Estimating the Socio-Economic and Environmental Effects of Disasters (UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the World Bank, 2003)
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Housing damages categories
Category 0
No damage
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Minor damage, assistance required
Partial damage, can be repaired
Severe damage, can be repaired
Destroyed,cannot be repaired
The categories of damage presented below have been used following conflicts to describe damage to housing, supported by 1-page rapid village and rapid housing assessment forms.
Similar categories may be agreed following conflicts and disasters.
Different categories may be developed for different building types.
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Basic building assessmentThe following primary information may be gathered during early
assessment to inform decisions on priority, what type of assistance is required, and whether repair should be considered:
1. Use 1.a residence 1.d commerce1.b office 1.e factory1.c school 1.f hospital
2. Type 2.a stone, adobe 2.d reinforced concrete structure2.b masonry/wooden roof 2.e steel structure2.c masonry/concrete roof
3. Damage 3.a category 0 – no damage 3.d category 3 – severe damage, can be repaired
3.b category 1 – minor damage 3.e category 4 – destroyed3.c category 2 – partial damage,
can be repaired
4. Plan 4.a square 4.c L-shaped4.b rectangular 4.d complex
5. Soil 5.a soft 5.c rock5.b hard 5.d sloping
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Coordination
Coordination needs to be achieved between stakeholders in order to:
1. Maximize capacity for assessment
2. Ensure all geographic areas are covered
3. Ensure assessment is consistent and response equitable
4. Reinforce the relations between the stakeholders
It is rarely possible or valuable to enforce coordination. Therefore, proactive steps must be taken to identify how to makecoordination valuable for each stakeholder.
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:
1. Phases of assessment
2. Differences in building damage
Session objectives
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Damage levels
Damage levels can depend upon a number of factors:
1. hazards
2. intensity
3. location
4. vulnerabilities
5. buildings
6. zones
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Different damage from different hazards
Each different hazard has its own different patterns:
Earthquakes may have 3 different directions ofmotion:
• vertical motion• horizontal motion• vertical and horizontal motion simultaneously
Floods may be:
• fast-onset• slow-onset
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Disasters have different intensities, measured with scales, such as:
• earthquakes: (the Richter scale, 1-10, is now almost obsolete)Modified Mercalli intensity scale, 1-12, quantifies effects on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature, and structures, eg Intensity 11, ‘Very Disastrous’: few, if any masonry structures remain standing; bridges destroyed; rails bent greatly
• tornadoes: Fujita scale or Fujita-Pearson scale, 0-5 (6 levels) is based on damage to structures and vegetation, eg:Intensity 4, ‘Devastating Damage’: 333–418 km/h; well-constructed houses levelled; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated. The Enhanced Fujita Scale, which has been introduced in the USA, adds new construction methods
• hurricanes: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, 1-5, is used for most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms, egIntensity 4: 210–249 km/h winds; 4.0–5.5 metres storm surge
Different damage from different intensity
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
The physical location of the disaster determines the impact uponsettlement:
• flooding on a low-lying costal settlement
• earthquakes under a settlement on an alluvial plain
• cyclones entering a bay on a coast
Different damage from different locations
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Different damage from vulnerability
The population will be affected differently depending on theirsocial and economic status.
The more vulnerable groups are:
• populations living in high-risk locations• populations living in poor-quality buildings
These vulnerable groups are most likely to be or become:
• displaced populations• marginal groups• low-income populations• urban populations
Higher-income groups may be at greater risk if they adoptnew building technologies that do not incorporate traditionalhazard resistant design.
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Different types of buildings will be damaged differently by the samedisaster:
• poorly-built apartments blocks may be more vulnerable to earthquakes than houses with traditional seismically resistant design
• schools may be less damaged than housing if they are built to higher-standards by government contractors following enforced building codes
• older building may be damaged differently from newer building due to different construction, materials and techniques
Different damage from different buildings
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Within a disaster affected area, there will be different levels of damage which may be categorised into different zones, with anepicentre where the damage is greatest:
• the zones of damage will describe the vulnerability of the location and the vulnerability of the buildings
• zones may be highly-localised, for example in a flood where one street is damaged while the next street is not, because it is on high-ground
• zones of damage approximate to a hazard map, which may be used for future disaster risk reduction and preparedness
Different damage from different zones
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Zones of housing damage
Example of zones of housing damage, and movements between zones, following an earthquake
Housing located in different zones will be damaged differently.Diagram:Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disaster (United Nations, 2008)
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:
1. Phases of assessment
2. Differences in building damage
Summary
IFRC Shelter Technical TrainingYverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland | 3rd – 7th March 2008
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Discussion
Identify one disaster and list the differences in building damage:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Discussionin pairs