ieee paper on mobile computing based on the title kiot mobile technology

8/13/2019 IEEE paper on mobile computing based on the title KIOT Mobile Technology

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KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

Salem-637 504

Beyo! "o#le!$e

WI%E LESS &OWE% T%'NS(ISSION 'ND GO)E%NING OF

ELECT%IC D%I)ESUSING (OBILE TECHNOLOGY*

S+,m..e! By/-

'*SOWNTH'%Y' (*SOWNTH'%Y'

SECOND YE'%-CSE SECOND YE'%-CSE

Emal !/o#.1a2yaa!1$mal*om Emal !/o#4$mal*om



'BST%'CT

Now a day’s whole world is

more depends upon petroleum

products for energy to Drive the

motors &vehicle But it will

exhaust one day go we have to go

for alternate trend. Now we are

using electricity for drive the train

by passing the power through

conductor &some vehicle by using

battery. But in this paper we want

to explain Wire less power

transmission to electric drives and

it can governed by using mobile

technology. There are various

technologies available so for wireless transmission of electricity &

the need for a wire less system of

energy transmission is being

discussed to find its possibility in

actual practices their

advantageous disadvantageous &

economical consideration.

This paper is mainly concentrate

on

!The most popular concept "nown

as tesla theory

!The micro wave power

transmission #$%T called solar

power satellite

!$agnetron &'ectenna &electric

drives in vehicle

!Billing system according to

mobile technology

This paper also discusses the

possible way to get useful

&practical result.

INT%ODUCTION

(n present day we using

fossil fuels for drive the vehicle itis toxic to our atmosphere & it will

exhaust one day so we need

alternate trend that is using

electric power by using batteries &

by passing power through

conductor But it is not affective

for all so we want to go for wire

less power transmission to drive

the electric drives. &(t is pollution

free reduces losses there is no



need of conductors. The

transmission of power without

wires may be one noble alternative

for electricity transmission.

H.o2y o W2ele &o#e2

T2amo/

(n )*+, -ames . $axwell

predicted the existence of radio

waves by means of mathematical

model. (n )**, -ohn /. %oynting

reali0ed that the %oynting 1ector

would play an important role in

2uantifying the electromagnetic

energy. (n )*** bolstered by

$axwell3s theory /einrich /ert0

first succeeded in showing

experimental evidence of radio

waves by his spar"4gap radio

transmitter. The prediction and

5vidence of the radio wave in the

end of )6th century was start of the

wireless power transmission. 7t

the same period of $archese 8.

$arconi and 'eginald 9essenden

who are pioneers of

communication via radio waves

Nicola Tesla suggested an idea of

the wireless power transmission

and carried out the first W%T

experiment in )*66. /e said :This

energy will be collected all over

the globe preferably in small

amounts ranging from a fraction

of one to a few horse4powers. ;ne

of its chief uses will be the

illumination of isolated homes<.

/e actually built a gigantic coil

which was connected to a high

mast of =>>4ft with a ? ft4diameter

ball at its top. /e fed ?>> "W

power to the Tesla coil resonated

at )@> "/0. The '9 potential at the

top sphere reached )>> $1.

Anfortunately he failed because

the transmitted power was diffused

to all directions with )@> "/0

radio waves whose wave length

was =) "m. To concentrate the

transmitted power and to increase

transmission efficiency we have to

use higher fre2uency than that

used by Tesla. (n )6?>s much

progress in generating high4power



TECHNOLOGY USED

!Wire less power transmitter

!'eceiver or 'ectifier!5lectric drives

!%ost paid energy meter using

mobile technology

'* W2ele o#e2

.2am..e2

). Tesla theory

=. $icro wave power

transmitter

?. Asing ultrasound

,. Asing laser beam

TESL' TOWE%

The most popular concept "nown

is Tesla Theory in which it was

firmly believed that Wardenclyffe

would permit wireless

transmission & reception across

large distance with negligible

losses.

(IC%OW')E &OWE%

T%'NS(ITTE%

'.ea o2 (2o#a8e &o#e2

T2amo

/owever we have to use a phased

array antenna for the $%T fromto

moving transmitterreceiver which

include the E%E because we have

to control a microwave beam

direction accurately and speedy.

The phased array is a directive

antenna which generate a beam

form whose shape and direction by

the relative phases and amplitudes

of the waves at the individual

antenna elements. (t is possible to

steer the direction of the

microwave beam. The antenna

elements might be dipoles slot

antennas or any other type of

antenna even parabolic antennas.

(n some $%T experiments in



-apan the phased array antenna

was adopted to steer a direction of

the microwave beam .7ll E%E is

designed with the phased array

antenna. We consider the phased

array antenna for all

9ollowing $%T system.

(a$e.2o

$agnetron is a crossed field tube

in which

E ×Β forces electrons emitted from

the cathode to ta"e cyclonical path

to the anode. The magnetron is

self4oscillatory device in which the

anode contains a resonant '9

structure. The magnetron has long

history from invention by 7. W.

/ull in)6=). The practical and

efficient magnetron tube gathered

world interest only after F. ;"abe

proposed the divided anode4type

magnetron in )6=*.

The magnetron is suitable device

for the $%T because of high

efficiency and low cost

7nd unsuitable device because of

its unstable fre2uency and

uncontrollable phase. (f we do not

ma"e a phased array to control

beam direction electrically the

magnetron can be applied for the

$%T system. /owever the

coo"er4type magnetron itself

cannot be applied for the phased

array4type $%T because it is only

a generator and we cannot

controlstabili0e the phase and the

amplitude. The coo"er4type

magnetron was considered as

noisy device. (t is however

confirmed that spurious emissions

from the coo"er4type magnetron

with a stable D power supply is

low enough and this

an be applied to the $%T system.

%ea" levels of higher harmonics

are below 4+> dBc and other

spurious is below 4)>> dBc.



Sae ola2 o#e2

The space solar power

satellite (SSPS or SPS) that

will transmit energy from

space to the Earth has a

potential to become an

alternative energy sources

even though there are many

technical and other hurdles to

realize it. Basic idea of SSPS

is to collect the solar Energy

in orbit and send it to ground

by Microwave, laser beam or

some other way. In case of

sending the energy by

microwave, the solar energy

must be converted to electrical

energy and then converted

further to the microwave (see

Fig.2).The on-ground

rectifying antenna will receive

this microwave beam and

convert it into the electrical

energy. Major hurdle in this

power transmission is how to

improve efficiency of

converting the solar energy to

the electrical energy. Much

type of solar cells and other

type of energy conversion

system are being developed or

proposed. Typical energy

conversion ratio from the

solar energy to the electrical

energy is 10% to 30%. Since

other

Conversion ratios such as

from the electricity to the

microwave, from the

microwave to the electricity

are much higher than this

conversion ratio, the

conversion ratio from the

solar energy

To the electrical energy will

mainly decide the size of the

space segment (satellite)



%ECEI)E% 9 %ECTIFIE%

%e.ea

%oint4to4point $%T system needs

a large receiving area with a

rectenna array because one

rectenna element receives and

creates only a few W. 5specially

for the E%E we need a huge

rectenna site and a power networ"

connected to the existing power

networ"s on the ground. ;n

contrary there are some $%T

applications with one small

rectenna element such as '94(D.

The rectenna will be used as an

array for high power $%T because

one rectenna element rectifies a

few W only. 9or usual phased

array antenna mutual coupling and

phase distribution are problems to

solve. 9or the rectenna array

problem is different from that of

the array antenna because the

rectenna array is connected not in

microwave phase but in D phase.

When we connect two rectennas in

series or in parallel they will not

operate at their optimum power

output and their combined power

output will be less than that if

operated independently. This is

theoretical prediction. (t is caused

by characteristic of the '94D

conversion efficiency of the

rectenna elements shown in 9ig. (t

was experimentally and

theoretically reported that the total

power decrease with series

connection is more than that with

parallel connection. (t was further

confirmed with simulation and

experiments that current



e2uali0ation in series connection is

worse

Than voltage e2uali0ation in

parallel connection. There is the

optimum connection of the

rectenna array.

%ee. Te1olo$e o

Cylo.2o Wa8e Co8e2.e2

(f we would li"e to use a

parabolic antenna as a $%T

receiver we have to use yclotron

Wave onverter #W instead of

the rectenna. The W is a

microwave tube to rectify high

power microwave directly intoD. The most studied cyclotron

wave converter #W comprises

an electron gun a microwave

cavity with uniform transverse

electric field in the gap of

interaction a region with

symmetrically reversed #or

decreasing to 0ero static magnetic

field and a collector with

depressed potential . $icrowave

power of an external source is

converted by this coupler into the

energy of the electron beam

rotation the latter is transformed

into additional energy of the

longitudinal motion of the electron

beam by reversed static magnetic



fieldG then extracted by

decelerating electric field of the

collector and appeared at the load4

resistance of this collector.

ELECT%IC D%I)ES

Drive system

performance is an essential part of

the 51. The drive system is the

lin" between the energy stored in

the batteries and the transfer of this

energy to the road. 7 high

efficiency drive system can best

utili0e the batteries and effectively

reduce the price of owning an 51.

Therefore accurate measurement

of drive system efficiency is

primary concern for the 51 drive

system designer.

&o#e2 Coe.o

The electric vehicle battery4

pac" is used on the dynamometer

to provide a high current D lin".

Because a battery can absorb

current as well as supply it this

dynamometer can effectively test

all four 2uadrants of motor



operation. The present

dynamometer configuration

connects both the load reference

and drive system under test to the

same battery pac". Therefore

during a test power is circulated

from one inverter to

7nother. This configuration

eliminates the need for a load ban"

to dissipate

$echanical power generated by

the drive system under test. Hosses

in the drive systems are made up

by a parallel4connected @>4

"ilowatt power

Eupply. The power supply is

always connected while a

dynamometer test is running

;therwise the energy stored in the

batteries is slowly depleted over

the course of a test. This power

supply is also used for charge

maintenance of the batteries

BILLING SYSTE(

By using 5nergy meter &

Technology of mobile billing

system we can find out how much

energy is consumed by vehicle &

we can collect revenue of that.

Billing can be done by either pre

paid or post paid li"e mobile

according to consumption of

energy.

Ele.2o

ee2$y me.e2



(E%ITS!(t is pollution free

!No conductor cost

!The system would reduce the cost

of electrical energy used by the

rid the landscape of wires cables

and transmission towers.

!There is no transmission &

distribution loss.

!/igh transmission integrity &

low loss #6>46C efficient

!5nergy management throughout

the world.

LI(IT'TION

The concept loo"s to be costly

initially.

'ectenna si0e is more.

$aintaining constant

fre2uency of microwave is

difficult.

/eat reduction will be a

serious problem

;ne of the characteristics of

the $%T is to use more intense

microwave than that in wireless

communication systems.

Therefore

We have to consider $%T

safety for human. (n recent years

there have been considerable

discussions and concerns about the

possible effect for human health by

'9 and $W radiation.

!(n general effect of

atmosphere to microwave is 2uite

small. There are absorption and

scatter by air rain and irregularity

of air refraction ratio. (n =.,@ 8/0

and @.* 8/0 the absorption by

water vapor and oxygen dominate

the effect in the air.

'DDITION'L %E('%'KS/



$any concepts research papers

patents are available on wireless

transmission of electricity but most

research wor" were carried out in

isolation so it needs a Ioint

collaborative efforts to get very

useful results on this advanced

technology on power transmission

for the benefit of man"ind globally

in future. Whatever the future may

bring the universal application of

these great principles is fully

assured and through it may be

long in coming. With the opening

of first power plant incredulity

will give way to wonderment and

this to ingratitude as ever before.

(f this has had not been happened

then today we will be in wonder

world of plenty of power using the

technology of wireless

transmission of electricity.

CONCLUSION/

The transmission of power

without wires is not a theory or

a mere possibility it is now a

reality. The electrical energy

can be economi 4cally

transmitted without wires to

any tires 4trial distance. $any

researchers have established

innumerous observations

5xperiments and

measurements 2ualitative and

2uantit4ative.Dr.N.Tesla is the

pioneer of this invention.

Wireless transmission

of electricity has tremendous

merits li"e high transmission.

(ntegrity and How Hoss #6>4

6Cefficient and can be

transmitted to anywhere in the

globe and eliminate the need

for an inefficient costly and

capital investive grid of

cables towers and substations.

The system would reduce the

cost of electrical energy used

by the consumer and get rid of

the landscape of wires cables

and transmission towers. (t has

negligible demerits li"e

reactive power which was



found insignificant and

biologically compatible. (t has

a tremendous economic impact

to human society. $any

countries will benefit from this

service. $onthly electric utility

billing system much li"e

:$obile Technology :of today.

%EFE%ENCES/

J)K Tesla N. :The transmission of

electric energy without wires< the

thirteenth 7nniversary Number of

the 5lectrical World and 5ngineer

$arch @ )6>,.

J=K Ta"ano T. 7. Eugawara and

N. Fano :Eimplification

Techni2ues of the onstitution of

$icrowave Transmission

7ntennas of E%E #in -apanese<

Tech. 'ep. of (5(5

E%E=>>?4>6#E%E=>>,4>= =>>,

pp.@)4@*

J?KhttpLwww.inventionandtechnol

ogy.comxml=>>@,itM=>>@M,Mfe

atM,.xml

J,K Brown W. . :The /istory of

the Development of the 'ectenna<

%roc. ;f E%E microwave systems

wor"shop at -E4N7E7 -an. )@4

)* )6*> pp.=C)4=*>.

ieee paper on mobile computing based on the title kiot mobile technology

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