icon yabanci dİl akademİsİ · icon yabanci dİl akademİsİ sayfa 1 / 68 1. it was somewhere...

ICON YABANCI DİL AKADEMİSİ

Sayfa 1 / 68

1. It was somewhere near here ____ .

A) now the dogs caught the scent of the fox

again

B) where the fire-fighters lose control

C) before the road turns off to the right

D) that they will leave the road and make off

through the woods.

E) that the accident occurred

2. ____ , there was something un-English about

his sentence structure

A) Since Raleigh made classical writers his

models

B) If that were really a translation

C) However difficult it is to read

D) Before he has time to develop a style of

his own

E) Once he has established his reputation

3. Can’t you remember even approximately

____?

A) that had been changed

B) where have they decided to hold the

meeting

C) how far is it to Istanbul from here

D) how many people we are expecting

E) what sort of an excuse had been made

4. In the latter half of the century, political

ideas and opinions dominated poetry ____ .

A) that it was not to be expected

B) more than they ever had done before

C) which wouldn’t have been surprising

D) especially if poets are young

E) even if sensuous writing would have

remained popular

5. ____ , although they didn’t have any really

serious grounds for doing so.

A) Quite a lot of the objections will be easily

dealt with

B) The foreman may take it on himself to fire

the man

C) Several people are thinking of declining

the invitation

D) Several nations boycotted the games

E) Conclusions reigned at the following

meeting

6. Once we get through with the background

material ____.

A) the weather is still not suitable for on-site

work

B) we still haven’t had any opportunity to get

down to the practical work

C) the course will start to get much more

interesting

D) work on the wards proved demanding as

well as rewarding

E) as hardly surprising that we’re progressing

so slowly

7. ____ even though he hasn’t got enough

financial backing for it.

A) Never before had he faced failure

B) That’s the city of it all

C) Technical matters had received the largest

share of his attention

D) The scheme was hardly likely to succeed

E) He seems determined to go ahead with

the project


Sayfa 2 / 68

8. However far-fetched the story may seem,

____ .

A) people say that truth is stranger than

fiction

B) newspaper headlines are, after all, far

from reliable

C) we can assume that there is a basis of

truth in it

D) we have always known she loves to

exaggerate

E) it really doesn’t matter if some details are

wrong

9. Even the chief engineer was impressed at the

speed and efficiency ____

A) until more problems have appeared

B) that the project will be finished on time

C) whether the workers were prepared to go

on strike

D) although some of the members had been

warned earlier

E) with which the team worked

10. The doctor was so kind and considerate ____

A) before the surgery is carried out

B) If I should decide to go through with the

operation

C) that all my misgivings vanished

D) when it is obvious that the patient has

recovered greatly

E) As soon as I am discharged from hospital

11. ____ , the response of the West divided

world opinion

A) As soon as the NATO countries have

formulated an effective policy

B) Unless Iraq is severely punished for its

aggression

C) No matter how the board is constituted

D) As was to be expected

E) When the oil-producing countries gather

in Vienna to discuss

12. Do not attempt to cut down or prune large

trees ____ .

A) just as branches that appeared healthy

had in fact been rotten inside

B) unless you are absolutely confident that

you can do it properly

C) by making sure that your neighbours were

not opposed to it at all

D) if the weather conditions had not been

taken into account

E) in case the manager rejected the findings

13. Unless we get a lot of rain soon, ____

A) the price of fruit this year has been very

reasonable

B) a great deal of land is still under water

C) the rainy season came late this year

D) they have already put away their winter

clothes

E) the harvest this year will be a poor one

14. ____ which will further aggravate the

unemployment problem.

A) Several companies are considering

reductions in the work force

B) No solutions were forthcoming

C) Everyone was genuinely concerned about

the situation

D) The minister had been under attack for

some time

E) The police should have combed the area

for the person responsible


Sayfa 3 / 68

15. ____ before the town planners took their job

seriously

A) City planning has continued to be their

prime concern

B) A great many ugly apartment blocks were

built

C) A good architect views his work within the

context of the area at large

D) In this respect new cities are at a great

advantage

E) New cities never have the same

atmosphere as the old

16. ____ how close he had been to winning the

election

A) To be perfectly honest I was considerably

relieved

B) It shouldn’t have been misinterpreted

C) Even his own supporters were surprised

when they learned

D) The votes had finally been counted

E) He should have withdrawn from the

election campaign

17. As soon as the German troops crossed the

Polish frontier, ____

A) the allied forces had launched their first

massive attack.

B) the people have been massacred and

towns devastated.

C) the Poles withdraw to a more strategic

position.

D) Britain declared war against Germany.

E) disease had not been prevented.

18. Even though the imagery James Joyce used in

his novels is intensely personal, ____

A) themes related to Irish life had always

been popular among Irish novelists.

B) he had played a major role in the

development of the novel.

C) some critics have argued that it has

archetypal patterns.

D) perhaps the best-known Irish writer is

Bernard Shaw.

E) most Irish writers have been keenly

interested in drama.

19. ____ only after the Iraqi government has

fully complied with the resolutions of the

Security Council.

A) Life in Kuwait would have returned to

normal

B) The Gulf Crisis had to be solved

C) The economic embargo imposed on Iraq

can be lifted

D) The oil wells in Kuwait were set on fire

E) The pollution of the seas in the region is a

matter of great concern

20. ____ that the sale of the factory was illegal.

A) The magistrate was of the opinion

B) Those responsible were prosecuted

C) The process of laundering the black money

has been discovered

D) The documents submitted by the firm

were all forged

E) The police have arrested the owners

21. Dams can only be constructed in places ____

A) in which there were adequate supplies of

water

B) where the ecological structure is suitable

C) from which towns and villages may have

to be constructed

D) wherever the river bed has dried up

E) that there are mountains as well as rivers


Sayfa 4 / 68

22. ____ not even his wife will be allowed to visit

him.

A) Before the results of the tests had come

through

B) Although the surgeon was unwilling to

operate for a week

C) As long as the patient started to recover

D) Despite the fact that he proved allergic to

certain medicines

E) While he remains in the intensive care unit

23. ____ the trend to withdraw savings from

bank continues

A) Since the value of many shares on the

stock would have dropped by as much as a

half every hour

B) When export restrictions on certain goods

were finally lifted

C) If the Central Bank had taken firmer

instructions at the start

D) Unless the interest rates are raised at once

E) Inasmuch as the financial situation is

steadily deteriorating

24. ____ the end result was extremely

disappointing.

A) Although much energy and time had gone

into the production of the play

B) Even if the government has approved the

new scheme

C) Working only a few hours a day

D) Owing to the qualified employees

E) What made the staff feel disappointed

25. All medicines should be kept in a safe place

____ .

A) in case there were any side effects

B) if they can be found in an emergency

C) so that they were kept cool

D) where small children cannot reach them

E) which mustn’t exceed the recommended

dose

26. James insisted on taking us all for dinner

____ .

A) whenever he comes to Istanbul for a

weekend

B) since he’s really very hard up at the

moment

C) even though he really couldn’t afford to

D) that there was so little to eat in the house

E) before the contract would have been

signed

27. ____ he’ll never be as successful as his father

is.

A) However hard he tries

B) He should have realised years ago

C) It must have been hard for him to admit

D) Walter should have said

E) It didn’t seem likely

28. I would require a number of people in this

company to take early retirement, ____ .

A) until the affair is forgotten

B) since I have the authority to do so

C) that such a scandal had really happened

D) were I in full charge

E) even if I had been fully informed of

matters well in advance

29. ____ as if surgery may be unnecessary.

A) They had already explained

B) In the light of the latest report, it looks

C) The doctor might have decided

D) According to the final tests one can

conclude

E) The patient was encouraged


Sayfa 5 / 68

30. ____ by the time they him got to the

hospital.

A) The cause of the accident will be fully

understood

B) He has been critically ill

C) The condition of patient had deteriorated

considerably

D) They still don’t realise how serious his

situation is

E) The doctor on duty should give him a

blood transfusion

31. ____ unless more funding is made available.

A) He was praised for his scholarly

achievement

B) He failed to reach any satisfactory

conclusion

C) The company has taken serious measures

to improve the working conditions

D) No remarkable progress had been made

E) It will be impossible to carry out any

further research

32. ____ that nothing concrete had emerged

from the negotiation concerning the

continental shelf.

A) As members of the committee we were

extremely disappointed to learn

B) The public opinion polls revealed a lack of

interest

C) Both delegations have been withdrawn

D) So far neither side has been involved

E) Clearly, the legal position makes it

imperatives

33. I wished I hadn't given him a job in the firm

_____

A) although he is less efficient than I once

assumed

B) unless he makes a big effort to prove he

can be useful

C) wherever a suitable vacancy may occur

D) that my father was a founding member

E) when I saw him behaving in such an

irresponsible manner

34. Alec must have taken my car _____

A) since no one else knows where I keep the

car keys

B) that I left it in front of the office

C) if we have arranged to meet at the

dentist’s

D) since he would never do such a thing

E) as soon as I get back from the concert

35. Wouldn't it be advisable to seek a second

opinion _____?

A) as events were to prove in the end

B) if the operation had to take place

C) that it was legally sound

D) before we come to any definite decision

E) why there were no obvious problems

36. The new American administration is still

hesitating about _____

A) who would have presided over the Senate

B) why so many new taxes had been imposed

C) whether to increase expenditure on

education

D) how the problem of famine in Asia had

been overcome

E) which programme had been approved by

the committee


Sayfa 6 / 68

37. Unless the northern part of the country gets

some rain soon _____

A) they were considering reducing supplies even

further

B) cotton would not have been a suitable crop for

the area

C) they have already started to irrigate the rice

fields

D) it seems that the new dam is not very efficient

E) there'll be a poor fruit crop this year

38. Even though there were a great many

applicants for the vacancy, _____

A) not one of them had the qualifications

required

B) actually the salary is expected to improve

C) the new recruits will be put on a three-

week special training program

D) unfortunately some of the staff had

already resigned

E) the personnel department cannot cope

with the paper work

39. _____ which has a fairly central situation.

A) They seemed interested in both houses

B) We really need a hotel

C) I arrived late for the meeting

D) it should have been easy to get there

E) His mother decided to come by car

40. _____ that the case was far more

complicated than he had originally thought.

A) According to the lawyer, much is involved

B) The witnesses were called in

C) As the police had reported

D) Following the uproar caused by the press

coverage

E) In the light of the new evidence, the judge

realized

41. The officer in charge of the evacuation tried

to find out ____ .

A) in case the roads had been flooded

B) so that the people escape

C) whether the tents would reach them by

the evening

D) however hungry everyone might have

been

E) that more supplies will be needed

42. Are you really convinced ____ ?

A) that these measures will help to increase

exports

B) why the land in this area has been eroded

in this way

C) how far the American involvement in

Somalia is to the benefit of the people

D) who first put the idea into his head

E) where the rare species of birds are still to

be found

43. I suggest you finish all the work by noon ____

A) whenever there happened to be an

important match on the television

B) why you want to go to the lake for a swim

C) whether you demanded an increase in

your wages

D) however impossible it was

E) so that you can take the afternoon off

44. I fear a lot of workers will be made

redundant, ____ .

A) just as the global computer market would

have declined rapidly

B) when so many other factories had been

closed down

C) since so many of us are looking forward to

our retirement

D) unless the company finds new markets for

its goods

E) whatever improvements could be made in

the working conditions


Sayfa 7 / 68

45. ____ they still haven’t chosen the team of

the engineers.

A) Although work on the project should have

started last week

B) When they start work on the dam next

week

C) Whoever made the designs for this block

of flats

D) In order to find out why the plane crashed

E) As soon as the new model became

available

46. ____ , the United Nations is still far from

reaching any agreement on what action take.

A) Whatever the price that has to be paid to

restore peace

B) If the famine in Africa is to get relief

C) While many innocent lives are being lost in

internal conflicts

D) Whoever is responsible for all this

bloodshed

E) Despite the fact that the world population

had increased at an unprecedented rate

47. If you knew him as well as I do ____ .

A) he is admired by his colleagues

B) you would not trust him at all

C) we were very disappointed by his

performance

D) he could have been assigned this special

task

E) I would have accused him of negligence

48. Since there was no positive evidence against

him, ____ .

A) the police have always suspected he is the

murderer

B) the witnesses have been completely

unsatisfactory

C) the verdict had already been given

D) the trial would have been postponed

indefinitely

E) the judge had no other choice but to

acquit him

49. Cars entail a great many expenses ____ .

A) so long as one doesn’t use them

excessively

B) unless one could get a sufficient loan from

the bank

C) in case a number of people cannot afford

them

D) so it’s worth thinking carefully before

buying one

E) however essential they were thought to be

in business life

50. Undoubtedly, the life-style we have today

differs radically from that ____ .

A) which our parents know

B) one which had been vividly described

before by various authors

C) because the Industrial Revolution would

have brought about a major social

transformation

D) as long as a majority of the people still

work on the land

E) if the government’s wage policy leads to

an improvement in working conditions


Sayfa 8 / 68

51. Unemployment continued to rise during the

first half of the decade, ____ .

A) even if the workers could have received

additional fringe benefits

B) as the rate of inflation will go up

accordingly

C) while most companies would have been

badly hit

D) but thereafter stabilised at about six per

cent

E) despite the fact that the volume of exports

cannot be increased

52. After the new law comes into effect next

month, ____ .

A) there will be a radical change in the

structure of local administration

B) we should have prepared the way for a

smooth political transition

C) the policy on industrial relations had to be

abandoned

D) all the hospitals in the country had been

made accountable to the Ministry of

Health

E) the case may have been reconsidered

53. It is not wise to come between two people

____ .

A) that they were both interested in the same

post

B) who are quarrelling

C) because they hadn’t realised how strong

they were

D) although one had met the requirements

E) until both sides took the opportunity to

settle their problem

54. They live so far out of the town ____ .

A) even though they enjoyed all the

advantages of city life

B) who have lost contact with so many good

friends

C) as one can get there only by taking a taxi

D) as long as the land they had bought was

extremely cheap

E) that they can rarely go to a concert or a

theatre

55. Once the final draft of the contract is

approved, ____ .

A) the United States agreed not to intervene

any further

B) the members of the two delegations

would have worked out their differences

C) it will then be typed and submitted for

ratification

D) the next stage was to estimate the costs

E) a number of concessions were to be made

by both sides

56. As the miners have called off the strike ____ .

A) the daily coal production had increased

considerably

B) the Coal Board is prepared to reconsider

the proposals of the union leaders

C) if the chairman of the Coal Board

expressed his satisfaction

D) there would have been a sense of relief

nationwide

E) the extent of the dispute was being

ignored


Sayfa 9 / 68

57. ____ I don’t think it will be able to hold off

an attack of the rebels.

A) As Bosnia drawing to its close

B) Until more troops were mobilised

C) Wherever there are skirmishes along the

frontier

D) Since our allies had promised more

reinforcements

E) Unless the peace keeping force gets

adequate reinforcements

58. ____ we will not stay away from the basic

policies that our party has always upheld.

A) When the polling, which had been heavy,

was over

B) Although we are bitterly disappointed at

the outcome of the recent elections

C) Which party got the majority of the votes

D) Even if they had had a landslide victory

E) Since the results of the elections came in

so slowly

59. ____ the judge would almost certainly have

been more lenient towards him.

A) Despite the fact that he forged the title

indeed

B) If only we could bribe one of the witnesses

C) Had he admitted his part in the affair from

the start

D) While our lawyer was negotiating the

terms of settlement with their lawyer

E) Because the legal procedures make this

unavoidable

60. ____ such a restrictive policy is likely to cause

a lot of damage.

A) As soon as the new managing director

took up his position

B) Should the monetary situation have

deteriorated

C) In case the receipts turned out to be

forgeries

D) Just as the world economy was picking up

E) As far as the long term interests of the

company are concerned

61. ____ that most of the evidence submitted by

the plaintiff could not be sustained.

A) In his appraisal of the case the lawyer

reminded us

B) As was expected the witnesses were

brought into the courtroom

C) The judge himself has been accused

D) The trial has lasted long enough

E) The final verdict has still to be given

62. So long as certain countries continue to

shelter terrorists ____ .

A) the hope of preserving international

security was sheltered

B) the United Nations should have taken

suitable action against them

C) the government had taken the matter to

the Helsinki Conference

D) the chances of eradicating terrorism

unfortunately remain silent

E) their aims would have been publicly

condemned throughout the West


Sayfa 10 / 68

63. However relentlessly they pursue this policy

of austerity ____ .

A) we would be determined to withstand any

political pressure

B) the country would have benefited from it

enormously

C) the masses were deprived of the

opportunity to improve their living

conditions

D) the Opposition had denounced it

vehemently

E) they will never manage to put the

economy onto a better footing

64. Even though the Security Council has

imposed various sanctions on the country

____ .

A) the other member countries were in

principle opposed to them

B) most of the people had been forced to

leave in dire distress

C) it doesn’t seem likely that they will have

any effect at all

D) nothing good had been gained out of it

E) the United Nations has ratified it

65. Many people take it for granted ____ .

A) whether they realised just how serious the

drug problem had become

B) that the new interest policy has contributed

to the greater degree of stability in prices at

this period

C) why no survivors were found

D) how all receipts and papers concerning the

transaction mysteriously disappeared

E) why the other passengers had absolutely no

comment to make at all about the accident

66. ____ , Huddersfield was one of the few

textile towns that continued to grow in the

twentieth century.

A) If the government lifted the sanctions

B) Since its trade was both flexible and varied

C) However unpopular the scheme had

seemed to many

D) As soon as the industrial revolution got

under way

E) Just as many industrial areas are

competing with each other

67. Smallpox inoculation became popular ____ .

A) that eventually this disease would have

been completely wiped out

B) even though the success rate, according to

recent statistics, is still rather doubtful

C) even if it had not been a fatal disease that

brought death to all levels of society

D) however unlikely one is to come in contact

with the disease

E) only after Janner’s discovery that the less

dangerous cowpox material was an

effective immunizing agent

68. The helicopter has the ability to climb

vertically, ____ .

A) even though the winds were blowing at

gale force

B) if it can take off in a very restricted space

C) which, in certain circumstances, is its main

advantage over other types of aircraft

D) whenever the pilot felt himself obliged to

make a forced landing

E) if the cost of its upkeep hadn’t been a

heavy burden on the budget


Sayfa 11 / 68

69. ____ , if any one party decides to ignore the

obligations it has undertaken in the treaty.

A) Obviously, very serious problems will arise

B) They may have rejected the offer

C) They were obviously determined to be

present at the opening of the talks

D) The last speaker was quite adamant on the

need to resume fighting

E) The observes may have been very upset

70. ____ who played a unique role in the revival

of the ideals of classical antiquity

A) There is still a lively debate going on

among scholars

B) Dr. Davies lectured on the Renaissance

C) He then went on to explain why such

Renaissance figures

D) Leonardo da Vinci also lived in the

Renaissance

E) Petraich is rightly regarded as a humanist

71. ____ , even though many countries are

stepping up their own production.

A) This is just one of many developments in

international trade

B) England still imported a great deal of

tropical fruit

C) Turkey's exports of fruit and vegetables

will have dropped sharply

D) Steel remains an important item on

international trade

E) By the end of the month figures

concerning the dollar reserves will have

been processed

72. Before the national Health Service Act came

into force in 1948 in England, ____ .

A) the funding of hospitals was a major issue

in home politics

B) there have been angry debates about the

necessity for it

C) these people aren't able to afford medical

advice

D) everyone realised that these were all

fundamentally, political issues

E) many doctors would feel that the

transition had been extremely painful

73. Grain dominates the world food economy

____ .

A) since it accounts for half of the human

calorie intake

B) which in turn has led to a greater interest

in nutrition

C) which might have resulted in the

emergence of a trade deficit

D) that resulted in a moderate decline in

exchange rates

E) until the steep rise in the purchasing

power of oil put an end to it

74. ____ , I had to notify not only the police but

also the health authorities.

A) Late as it is

B) However reluctant I may be

C) Whoever sends in the complaint

D) As it turned out

E) Until this finally becomes law


Sayfa 12 / 68

75. Naturally he was amazed to learn ____ .

A) whichever business managed to increase

their profits towards the end of the year

B) how anyone can survive even two days in

the North Sea

C) that she had set her heart on going back to

Johannesburg

D) where I have hidden the key to garage

E) until the whole dept has been paid back to

the very last penny

76. Queen Elizbeth I delighted to participate in

the court dance ____ .

A) since nobody has dared to criticise her

B) if her health would have permitted her to

C) even when she was an old lady

D) whenever there may be an audience to

applaud her

E) that she liked to be the centre of attention

77. Once the new system had gone into effect

____ .

A) everyone had predicted the drawbacks

from the start

B) the organisers won’t face innumerable

problems

C) few of us were prepared for such

devastating result

D) those who oppose it are advised to stay

silent

E) people realised that their anxieties about

it had been groundless

78. Although global environmental trends over

the past few decades have generally not

been favourable, ____ .

A) the built up of new houses in the forests

would have been reduced

B) some positive developments are

nevertheless beginning to emerge

C) they had inadvertently assumed

responsibility for it

D) future generations would not have been

deprived of the opportunity to support

themselves

E) deforestation proved to be the lesser of

the two evils

79. Unless strict measures are put into force to

control noise ____ .

A) the migration to rural areas seems likely to

continue unabated

B) the complaints were not attended to at all

C) every teenager seemed to be enamoured

of extremely loud music

D) this would have been regarded as a

serious breach of regulations

E) a rural existence would naturally have

been preferable

80. ____ that he genuinely regretted the role he

had played in it.

A) I may be quite wrong

B) It wouldn’t surprise me at all

C) The manner in which he begged us to

overlook the incident showed

D) Surely it’s worth investigating the matter

further it had been quite obvious

E) It had been quite obvious


Sayfa 13 / 68

81. _____ you get magnificent views of the oak-

covered slopes of these coastal mountain

ranges that rise up from the Pacific.

A) If only the new road had been opened

B) As they headed for San Francisco

C) However unfairly the state of the roads

was being attacked

D) Even though a great deal of money went

into constructing the road

E) As you drive along the coast road

82. Dramatic changes have been taking place in

the United States _____ .

A) ever since non-European immigrants

began to pour into the country

B) until new regulations concerning

immigrants were introduced

C) which started at the turn of the century

D) some of which would have been regarded

as harmful

E) as soon as World War II ended

83. One of the best suggestions was put forward

by Dr Johnson _____ .

A) that the managing director was especially

impressed

B) who is generally the quietest member of

the board

C) though the financial demands might be

difficult to meet

D) unless it was approved by the committee

E) before any one else has time to make any

contribution to the discussion

84. Darwin’s theory of evolution was based on

the observation _____ .

A) while amassing evidence for 25 years in

support of it

B) why many people of his own age were

reluctant to admit it

C) whether his insight really was

revolutionary

D) that all individuals of the same species are

not identical

E) since the multiplicity of forms seemed

unending

85. Although the effects of the famine have been

made worse by the political instability in the

country _____ .

A) the West would have shown its sympathy

in a most generous manner

B) it was beyond the power of any

government to undertake the

responsibility

C) a fair distribution of the available food will

have been achieved

D) so one disaster was naturally followed by

another

E) food is now being distributed wherever it

is needed

86. _____ , but it is not the only one.

A) Newspaper prices have risen dramatically

in recent years

B) Most diseases are caused by germs and

bad hygiene

C) Technological competition is a serious

problem for the book industry

D) The printing press was invented by Johann

Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany in the

fifteenth century

E) The judge rebuked the witnesses for their

disrespectful behaviour during the trial


Sayfa 14 / 68

87. _____ that they will be made redundant once

the office has been computerised.

A) They called off the strike

B) The board of directors discussed the

matter fully

C) The management adopted new marketing

policies

D) The prospect for the company looks rather

gloomy

E) Most of the staff are certain

88. If your boss asked you to take an extra work

without more money _____ ?

A) have you discussed the matter with him

B) would you agree to do so

C) why do you think he may have suggested

this

D) what was the reaction of your colleagues

E) will you resign at once

89. Construction workers will go on strike next

Monday ____ .

A) that they negotiated for over five hours

and were unable to reach an agreement

with the management

B) so long as the only solution for a

settlement is an independent enquiry into

their working condition

C) because the two sides have done their

best to settle their dispute by bargaining

D) in case the workers were asked to

compromise and accept a pay rise of 20 %

E) unless the management agrees to accept

their claim for a 60 % pay increase

90. ____ some of America’s most innovative

architects set about rebuilding it in a bold

style known as the “Chicago school”.

A) After a great fire destroyed much of

Chicago in 1871

B) While Chicago was soon to emerge as the

literary capital of the United States

C) Because Chicago has traditionally been

regarded as “the great laboratory of

American democracy

D) As immigrants from many European

countries had settled in ethnic enclaves in

Chicago

E) As long as Chicago remains the gateway to

the rest of the nation for food products

and industrial opportunities

91. The company will need fewer office workers

____ .

A) since some were looking for jobs with

other firms

B) when the computer network has been

installed

C) as long as the sales continued to increase

D) in order to discuss ways of combating

unemployment

E) even though the current economic

recession is likely to continue for another

six months

92. Earlier this century, Chicago acquired a

reputation for colourful politicians,

newspapermen and gangsters, ____ .

A) simply because commerce has been the

key to the city’s development

B) just as today Chicago remains a city of

close-knit ethnic neighbourhoods

C) even though the city has become a centre

for meat products

D) but its cultural life was less well known

then

E) as it is located at the conjunction of the

Great Lakes and the Mississippi River

system and surrounded by the productive

farmlands of the Midwest


Sayfa 15 / 68

93. Though the term “human rights” is of recent

origin, ____ .

A) there are certain actions that are never

permissible and certain freedoms that

should never be invaded

B) after 1933 the Western world realised that

it was living in an age of totalitarian

dictatorship far worse than old monarchic

absolutism

C) natural rights can be seen in their origins

as claims that everyone naturally makes

D) some politicians claim that any doctrine of

human rights must be in some sense a

doctrine of natural rights

E) the idea itself can be traced back through

John Locke in the seventeenth century to

the great philosophers of classical

antiquity

94. As unemployment is currently a major social

issue, ____ .

A) the strikes have really crippled the

industry and, consequently, the export of

manufactured goods has come to a

standstill

B) the measures introduced had little effect

on the improvement of the country’s

economic performance

C) its worst economic effects have been

partly softened by the government’s

introduction of unemployment

compensation

D) the economic prospect was far from

encouraging

E) people are not working as hard as their

belief in the work ethic indicates that they

should be

95. When a firm wants to fill a vacancy, ____ .

A) there are always staff who want to leave

for various reasons

B) the candidates have all been required to

write an essay on the current economic

situation in Europe

C) the applicants were invited for an

interview before a committee of

specialists

D) it is essential that future managers must

be trained as thoroughly as possible

E) it usually puts an advertisement in a

newspaper

96. ____ , he refuses to accept any of their

suggestions.

A) Even though the committee members had

approved the plan in full

B) While the speaker considers politics to be

the art of persuasion

C) Since he is so prejudiced in this matter

D) Because the discussions at the conference

would have included a wide range of

issues

E) if they told him that he had to make up his

mind as soon as possible

97. ____ how much this Finnish director’s films

manage to communicate.

A) You didn’t show any reaction

B) It really is surprising

C) The audience was suddenly startled

D) The dramatic cough is an instance

E) There are certain advantages with black

and white movies


Sayfa 16 / 68

98. As heavy rain had been forecast for the area,

____ .

A) record harvest are expected this year

B) they would presumably cancel the

excursion to the ruins in the valley

C) I can’t imagine why they neglected to take

all necessary precautions to avoid flooding

D) farm labours would have to work overtime

and weekends

E) the resulting floods caused widespread

hardships

99. If only they had realised that our supplies

were running out ____ .

A) the crisis might still be avoided

B) those in charge could put the matter right

C) nobody could appreciate the gravity of the

situation

D) there were reinforcement ready to be sent

out

E) they would most certainly have done

something about it

100. ____ that least affects the behaviour of

companies, investors, shoppers and workers.

A) The inflation rate has been reduced

B) The best inflation rate is the one

C) The article concerning inflation maintains

D) The price index has raised so much

controversy

E) The outcome of the recent economic

reforms has received much praise from

the public

101. The new longer-acting drugs promise to

protect asthma patients for up to 12 hours,

____ .

A) even though medical authorities had been

concerned about the side effects

B) as long as the results of this research

project are confirmed within the month

C) so that they can sleep better at night

D) since the findings have not yet been

thoroughly studied

E) which could have proved to be a most

remarkable medical breakthrough

102. Before Freud shed light on dreams and

extraordinary role of the subconscious ____ .

A) the relationship between stress and

dreams would surely have been

recognised

B) there are many who have grasped their

significance

C) many traditional ways of interpreting

dreams are being analysed

D) educated people often regarded dreams

as meaningless and pointless

E) many great writers still draw on the

principles of human psychology

103. Our first impression of the new director was

distinctly favourable ____ .

A) though we were sorry to see the old one

go

B) unless his manner was more formal than

we were used to

C) however reluctant we are to go along with

the new policy

D) until the efficiency of his methods can be

established

E) that he was determined to restore the firm

to its former glory


Sayfa 17 / 68

104. ____ , it was not long before they could

resume broadcasting.

A) If only their permit had been renewed

B) Once the fault in the system had been

found

C) So long as the electrical supply remains

stable

D) Since the maintenance team were on

leave

E) However unwelcome the delay might be

105. Before Freud shed light on dreams and

extraordinary role of the subconscious, ____

A) there are many who have grasped their

significance

B) educated people in particular regarded

dreams as meaningless and pointless

C) many traditional ways of interpreting

dreams are being analysed

D) the relationship between stress and

dreams would surely have been

recognised

E) many great writers still draw on the

principles of human psychology

106. ____ until Thomas Paine published The

Common Sense and sparked off the

American Revolution.

A) George Washington considered himself a

loyal British subject

B) Idealism hasn’t often been a determining

factor

C) Voltaire’s influence would have been more

pervasive,

D) That was a period of radical change in all

spheres

E) They were the people responsible for

shaping the national character of the United

States

107. ____ that scientists are now sending out “e

prints” instead of preprints of unpublished

articles.

A) Prior to the internet, it was not possible

B) One change that the advent of the

internet has brought is

C) The internet has indeed opened many

doors

D) The benefits of technology should not be

overrated

E) Among academics, technological advances

attract less attention

108. Though Hong Kong used to be one of the

world’s most alluring shopping centres, ____

A) competition seems to be growing even

keener

B) this was no longer the case

C) it might have remained a fashionable

holiday resort

D) others did not share this opinion

E) it is now one of its most expensive

109. I would naturally have felt extremely

disappointed ____ .

A) since he must have been by far the best

applicant

B) unless the competition has had very few

entrants

C) even though the two teams were

extraordinarily well matched

D) if they hadn’t sent us an invitation to the

concert

E) as the first prize went to a racist author


Sayfa 18 / 68

110. The speaker from China has pointed out ____

A) so that preserving agricultural land is his

government’s primary economic policy

B) that terracing the soil is one conservation

method used widely in his country to

control erosion

C) since urban renewal has completely

changed the look of the cities in his

country

D) as regards the fact that a handful of

industrial nations monopolised deep sea

fishing until the early 1970’s

E) while rich tropical forests are vanishing at

the rate of some 11 million hectares a year

111. The overall quality of life in today’s world

cannot be improved ____ .

A) just as population growth would strain the

global urban environment

B) while the underdeveloped countries were

ignored completely by international

agencies like the United Nations and the

World Bank

C) as the population of that part of the world

rose from 800 million in 1960 to 1.2 billion

in 1985

D) unless the developed countries are

prepared to offer a helping hand to the

underdeveloped

E) whenever the OECD declines to support a

series of projects for the development of

poorer countries

112. Some avalanches move no faster than 40

kilometres per hour, ____ .

A) while others have been estimated to have

a speed of about 300 kilometres per hour

B) even if the damage they did was minimal

compared with the destruction caused by

hurricanes and earthquakes

C) despite the fact that snow lying on a steep

slope is always liable to avalanche

D) for the wind sometimes reaches a force

almost equal to that of a tornado

E) so that in such areas measures may be

taken to prevent large avalanches

113. ____ that treatment policies suitable for one

age group may not be justified in another.

A) A controversy immediately arose

B) The article has considerable originality

C) A recent study into cholesterol levels

suggests

D) They had fully convinced

E) The implications were not at first realised

114. ____ how intimately and lastingly blacks had

affected American life throughout history.

A) Thomas Jefferson, one of the leaders of

the American Revolution, had opposed

B) In his paper of slavery in America he

demonstrated with impeccable scholarship

C) Whites in America have always

objectednIn colonial America, Virginia was

the largest and most populous colony

where

D) The American slaves, often subject to

arbitrary punishment, learned to be

hypersensitive

115. ____ , but most of them don’t see a doctor

because they think it’s something they just

have to live with.

A) It was reported earlier in this decade that

about one third of all patients had

received treatment for impotence

B) Over 200 thousand men have received

proper medical treatment

C) Impotence is something we have learned

to deal with

D) Urologists and other doctors have always

been concerned with impotence

E) Impotence affects over ten million men

nationwide


Sayfa 19 / 68

116. Though free politics and free-market

economics go most happily together, ____ .

A) no new aid would be approved for six

months they could no longer blame the

colonialists, who

B) had withdrawn from America two or three

decades before

C) five years ago, dictatorships proclaiming

socialists policies prevailed in Africa

D) one does not necessarily lead to the other,

nor guarantee its success

E) Africans have shown that they want multi-

party democracy and are beginning to

achieve it

117. The Nazi occupation of the Netherlands is

best known to most of us through Anne

Frank’s diary, ____ .

A) even though another significant record of

the era was made by Dutch

photographers, both professional and

amateur

B) while the Dutch government had banned

the publication of all newspapers

C) since most of the Jewish population in the

country were prepared to emigrate to the

United States

D) that her description of the atrocities

committed by the enemy has provided

historians with valuable details

E) when her parents had hidden her in the

attic of their house

118. ____ , the U. S. population, now 266 million,

will increase to 400 million by 2050.

A) Although the governments have

encouraged large families through tax

reduction and welfare subsidies

B) Even though the growth rate has been

among the highest of the developed world

C) If current trends continue, and they seem

likely to do so

D) Since the birth rate has now outgrown the

country’s agricultural capacity

E) Because stringent measures need to be

introduced to reverse population growth

119. The elderly gentleman sitting over there is an

artist ____ .

A) whose many articles about their

commitment to the cause of human

welfare and happiness in Africa would be

controversial

B) that he shares the vision of young people

for a peaceful and prosperous world in the

next century

C) whose work has been exhibited widely in

many countries in Europe

D) since his awards include gold and silver

medals presented by various organizations

E) whereby he had unanimously been elected

an honorary member by the Society of

Modern Arts

120. He pointed out that the issue was simply

____ .

A) in case the surgery recommended was

approved by the medical board

B) whether surgical intervention was right for

this particular patient

C) when the patient has been admitted for an

emergency operation

D) to what extent the treatment

recommended for this particular patient

has been successful

E) why the medical board is expected to

refuse his appointment


Sayfa 20 / 68

121. Since these new printers weigh less than 900

grams, ____.

A) they really deserve to be called portable

B) their performance is invariably admirable

C) most people have been misled by their

price

D) they were readily available at all the best

retailers

E) the research team has already moved onto

a new project

122. ____ that he has exaggerated the problems

of the health-care system, using misleading

arguments and deceptive statistics to

support his case for reform.

A) He was being interviewed by a group of

journalists

B) Many experts and policy makers believe

C) This is an extremely radical suggestion

D) Under the present circumstances most

people are encouraged

E) The report ignored the leading question

123. Many Egypt’s ruins are unfortunately being

destroyed by the very people ____ .

A) whose living habits had been depicted in

the monuments

B) that actually aren’t trained

conservationists

C) who will ask for international funding

D) that is the result of faculty renovation

E) who were hired to fix them

124. Unless the Central European countries can

keep their labour costs at this level, ____ .

A) exports are already starting to drop

B) they haven’t been able to compete with

Western Europe

C) unrest in these countries would have been

unavoidable

D) the finished products will have to go up in

price

E) a firm control of distribution and sales has

not proved adequate

125. While businesses and stores have started to

perform well and make profits, ____ .

A) only a crack in the stock market was to be

feared

B) inflation and unemployment have been

held in check

C) the economy ought to be able to

withstand a recession

D) the Euro currency could stand up to so

much criticism

E) fiscal transfers across European nation

states were of minimal importance

126. ____ , there will be a notable decrease in the

profits of most businesses.

A) If people start to spend less and save more

B) However efficiently the inflation was

curbed

C) Had these reasonable measures been

introduced earlier

D) Before the financial situation could be fully

understood

E) Though the leading economists had

started to grow more hopeful


Sayfa 21 / 68

127. The changes in the legal system are finally

being regarded with approval ____ .

A) whenever there is a series of unsolved

crimes

B) until another wave of crime spread across

the country

C) because recently there has been a definite

decline in the crime rate

D) while the police force itself is dubious

about it

E) as if there could have been some other

feasible alternative

128. A new generation of business leaders is

coming to the fore, ____ .

A) whether the state continues to meddle in

corporate affairs

B) whose methods are more vital, more

international and more aggressive

C) who aimed to impress international

investors

D) which was realistic about the importance

of economic growth

E) so that they work to gratify not politicians

but their own shareholders

129. Unless they promise to use some of the

money to improve career prospects for

young scientists, ____ .

A) the issue under discussion has been

dropped

B) there were a number of things we had to

take into account

C) no one else thought of opposing the

scheme

D) the money left over from donations could

be included

E) we feel we cannot give our support to the

campaign

130. ____ , Japanese firms moved the more

intensive phases of their production process

to cheap labour sites in East Asia.

A) As production cost in Japan had become

excessive

B) Unless the working day is kept at eight

hours

C) Once the trade unions in Japan have won a

few more victories

D) So long as a reduction in costs remains the

primary goal

E) If interest rates in Japan had remained

high

131. Since some food lose popularity rather

quickly, ____ .

A) the best age group to aim at would

undoubtedly have been teenagers

B) many such companies actually went

bankrupt

C) the industry has constantly to be ready

with fresh ideas

D) in the end it was the need for collective

bargaining that was understood

E) the job didn't offer him anything

interesting

132. Though the construction of a bridge across

the river would doubtless prove popular,

____ .

A) the technology to be transferred is quite

suitable

B) eight councils would have been committed

to arrange it

C) similar designs are on view everywhere

D) it will not be easy to raise enough money

to do it

E) it is a German-Japanese consortium that

gives the orders


Sayfa 22 / 68

133. ____ , a committee will be set up to

determine just how to turn the museum into

private non-profit corporation.

A) As long as there were no rival claims

B) As soon as the board has approved the

project

C) However much disappointment it would

have caused them

D) If such a crisis could have been avoided

E) Whoever managed to deceive you

134. ____ , their environmental consequences are

very disturbing.

A) Whatever high-yielding variety of wheat is

recommended

B) Because traditional Indian food is of high

nutritive value

C) Though artificial fertilisers ensure high

crop-yields

D) Since new agricultural policies have been

introduced by the government

E) However costly the construction of new

irrigation systems may have been

135. ____ that the first women's college was

founded in England as early as 1849.

A) To be fair, what I recommended was

B) I wouldn't have been at all impressed

C) It was owing to the ceaseless efforts of Mrs

Raid

D) Victoria had been queen for twelve years

E) He showed little interest

136. ____ a greet many alarming theories are sure

to spring to the fore.

A) Before the truth had been verified

B) Even though his death had almost

certainly been from natural causes

C) If several perfectly natural explanations

had been put forward

D) Whenever there are anonymous terrorist

attacks

E) As soon as this admittedly unpleasant

incident got forgotten

137. ____ I would never have felt the need to

read them.

A) Whichever of these modern plays he may

decide to direct

B) Unless some books on the care of house

plants are given to me as a present

C) However many cookery books my husband

may care to give me

D) Until I saw him intently reading those

sermons

E) If she had not written so enthusiastically

about the diaries of Scott of the Antarctica

138. ____ she did not turn seriously to writing

until after her husband's death in 1883.

A) Although Kate Chopin had previously

contemplated a literary career

B) Since Kate Chopin had been thinking about

a literary career

C) As far as Kate Chopin's interest in

literature was concerned

D) Once Kate Chopin had decided to live the

rest of her life in New Orleans

E) However much interest Kate Chopin's

short stories have aroused


Sayfa 23 / 68

139. In 1922 Hemingway settled in Paris ____ .

A) whether he would be awarded the Nobel

Prize in Literature in 1954

B) if the life of a journalist hadn't attracted

him even more than the life of a novelist

C) that he wrote stories and novels about the

Americans living there just as Henry James

had done

D) since he soon gave up journalism for

fiction

E) where he moved in a circle of American

expatriates that included Ezra Pound and

Scott Fitzgerald

140. Since Samaranch assumed leadership of the

International Olympic Committee, ____ .

A) any disagreements at meetings had been

leaked to the press

B) he has done much to raise the prestige of

the Games

C) his policies conflicted with the principles of

the ancient Olympics

D) the present situation concerning the 2002

Games calls for urgent action

E) this was the first time he talked about his

resignation

141. Since the cleaning up of the pollution of the

seas is so expensive, ____ .

A) the project had progressed as expected

B) large corporations would offer

contributions

C) the question of liability inevitably arises

D) excessive care provided the answer

E) the final result has still to be analysed

142. ____ that his play “The CrucibIe” was a cry of

protest against the anti-Communist zealotry

of the McCarthy era.

A) Arthur Miller had been seriously

misunderstood

B) Among the modern American dramatists it

was Arthur Miller

C) Arthur Miller himself always maintained

D) Arthur Miller has been widely read

E) As far as Arthur Miller is concerned

143. Though the word "democracy" is often used,

____ .

A) they are basically quite different from

each other

B) we had agreed on a definition

C) majority rule and minority rights went

back even further

D) it means different things to different

people

E) it has been argued that democracy and an

advanced level of civilisation go together

144. ____ we review our recruitment procedures.

A) As long as the problem received adequate

recognition

B) Such a problem can not be ignored

C) Even though it was becoming increasingly

obvious

D) What I would recommend is that

E) In case they were disappointed with the

new manager's performance.


Sayfa 24 / 68

145. ____, the current flows steadily in one

direction, and this is called directed current.

A) When a battery is connected to a circuit

B) Though the electric plugs have still to be

checked

C) As electrical energy can easily be

transformed into other forms of energy

D) Whenever the supply of electricity to

homes and factories is cut off

E) Because the electric wiring has been

specially designed to carry heavy loads

146. Unless he gives people a chance to get to

know him better, ____.

A) he would have been misunderstood by

everyone in the company

B) he won't collect enough support to win

the election

C) everyone got dissatisfied, and it showed in

their work

D) taking over the job of a much-loved and

highly-respected manager is not at all easy

E) his proposal actually wasn't either

particularly original or even feasible

147. The doctor has prescribed some new pills

____.

A) which really do bring relief from pain

B) if we could afforded them

C) even though she requires them regularly

D) why the others had ceased to be effective

E) that had just come onto the market

148. ____ when some groups of the population

become wealthier while others become

poorer.

A) Consumption will depend partly on the

real wealth of individuals

B) A high standard of living is enjoyed by all

C) Income distributions become more equal

D) Practically all the income transferred to

the poor will be spent on necessities

E) Inflation affects all members of a society

149. As biologists continue to study

interrelationships of living systems that

inhabit our planet, ____.

A) metabolic reactions occur continuously in

every living organism

B) an expanding human population and

increased consumer demand for energy,

homes and highway are causing the rapid

destruction of vital ecosystems

C) energy is required to maintain the precise

order that characterizes ecosystem

D) research in molecular biology and genetics

has led to new insight into disease

processes

E) they enhance our awareness of impact on

the environment

150. ____, it should not be assumed that a theory

is "proved" by testing.

A) Whereas many people think of science as a

mechanical process of collecting facts and

devising theories

B) Although the testing of theories is a

distinguishing feature of science

C) Since physics is one of the major branches

of science

D) When the history of science tells us that

long-held theories are replaced by new

ones

E) Insofar as the careful carrying out of

experiments is a crucial part of scientific

activity


Sayfa 25 / 68

151. Whenever we pick up a newspaper or turn

on the TV, ____ .

A) there are, of course, numerous non-

economic forces that determine and

mould our decision-making process

B) there are clear lines of demarcation

between economics and politics

C) it is natural that economics constitutes a

significant percentage of our media

coverage

D) generally politics is defined as the art of

government and, as such, is seriously

concerned with economics

E) we are likely to be bombarded with facts

and figures on such subjects as pollution,

unemployment and inflation

152. People sometimes wonder ____.

A) because the richest sources of vitamin A

are foods of animal origin such as liver, fish

oil, milk and eggs

B) in case a shortage of vitamin A was not the

main problem

C) that, in the typical western diet, about half

of the vitamin A was not the main problem

D) if the eating of liver too frequently can

cause vitamin A toxicity

E) just as most foods with vitamin A activity

are brightly coloured, often yellow or

orange

153. Iron deficiency is one of the commonest

causes of anaemia ____.

A) since even in a good diet the supply of iron

is only just adequate.

B) why adolescents outgrow their stones of

iron

C) which would result in brittle nails

D) though new ways of treating pernicious

anaemia were soon introduced

E) as numerous iron preparation are

available for Treatment

154. Pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to

develop a vaccine for an uncommon disease

like leprosy ____.

A) how early diagnosis could help

B) so that pressure would be put on them

C) if the choice had been given to them

D) until the various charities were informed

E) that can be treated with drugs

155. At concert halls, the centre of the stage is

increasingly being taken over by

percussionists ____.

A) who were trying out a wide range of new

instruments

B) that there is now a vast array of

instruments

C) whose performance showed amazing

virtuosity

D) who used to stand at the back of the

orchestra tapping out the rhythm

E) so that a great range of new musical sound

was being developed

156. Unless a country can establish the fact that

its economy is sound, ____.

A) only the very rich have risked their money

there

B) the world's public and private lenders alike

refuse to extent bonds

C) trade-agreements were rarely made in its

favour

D) the industrial projects there did not

receive adequate backing

E) even an abundance of mineral resources

could not have saved the situation


Sayfa 26 / 68

157. Because a relatively high proportion of breed

is included in the daily food intake of most

peoples, ____.

A) the main ingredients have always been

flour and yeast

B) it would be subsidised in many countries

C) there are several other methods of

producing it

D) different shapes were being evolved to

provide some variety

E) it is of considerable importance from the

point of view of diet

158. The authorities intensified their

investigations into the smuggling of nuclear

material _____ .

A) that the police had received a tip-off to

this effect

B) until they found evidence of radioactivity

C) immediately after the radioactive plates

were found

D) if any other explanation could be found

E) even if there have been several cases of

attempted plutonium trading

159. If aluminium is used in place of steel in

bridge construction, ____.

A) this would be especially suitable in long-

spanbridges

B) resistance to atmospheric corrosion had

been better

C) there would have been a reduction in

maintenance costs

D) erection and foundation costs will be

lower

E) there has been a considerable increase in

the safe volume of traffic

160. ____, so the introduction of metalworking

made trade with the outside world

inevitable.

A) Compared with those of the iron age,

stone age tools were very primitive

B) Many ones, such as copper and tin are not

found in all countries

C) The "bronze age" is a term used in

prehistoric archaeology

D) The chemical processes involved in the

smelting of ones were not as complicated

E) subsequently the knowledge of

metalworking must have spread among

the less advanced communities around

161. ____ despite the claim of his lawyers that his

statements had been made under "highly

coercive conditions".

A) John Walker refused to reveal the secrets

of his life in Afghanistan

B) The American Taliban, John Walker, had

been denied bail by the court

C) John Walker, the American Taliban, came

from a humble background

D) John Walker was indicted by a federal

grand jury

E) John Walker played a leading role in

Taliban activities

162. Though some scholars argue that ____,

others say that the beginning of the 15th

century saw its real rise.

A) by the latter part of the 12th century most

of the literary conventions of Urdu

literature have already been well

established

B) the 12th century was the time of the great

religious movements in India

C) Urdu literature dates back to the 12th

century

D) most of the literary writings in India in the

12th century consisted of religious tracts

and allegories

E) most Urdu poets in the 12th century

turned to romances and narratives of

heroic deeds


Sayfa 27 / 68

163. ____, to whom they report.

A) A growing body of evidence does indeed

suggest that Enron was a case of bad

management

B) In theory a company's auditors are

appointed independently by its

shareholders

C) The Enron fiasco has shown that ail is not

well with the governance of many big

American companies

D) Harvey Pitt has been appointed the new

chairman of the Securities and Exchange

Commission in the US

E) In Congress, politicians are engaged in an

investigation of Enron's managers

164. ____ where they ate mosquito larvae and so

helped prevent malaria.

A) British engineers regarded these canals as

"dead rivers"

B) The people of Bengal still talk of digging

canals across the Ganges delta

C) Indeed irrigation gave a much-needed

boost to declining agricultural production

D) The dam prevents ail silt from flowing

downstream

E) The flood waters even brought fish into

the fields

165. Though coral reefs are among the richest

ecosystems on the planet, ____.

A) they grow in crystal-clear waters that

contain hardly any nutrients

B) nutrient uptake is closely related to the

degree of movement in the sea

C) the rough surfaces are what make this

possible

D) they are also skilled at recycling

E) changes in turbulence accurately predicted

the rate of nutrient uptake

166. ____, there just wasn't enough evidence to

convict him.

A) If the trial had been postponed to a later

date

B) Since almost nothing the accused himself

said could be substantiated

C) Though he seemed extremely reluctant to

sign the statement

D) Even before the judge had finished

summing up the case

E) Although everyone was convinced that

Smith had committed the murder

167. In his annual report, the accountant failed to

clarify the position and explain ____.

A) why expenditure had been in excess of the

budget

B) whether the budget really is unrealistic

C) what procedures will have been used in

banking

D) that more serious aspects were being

overlooked

E) which items in particular are being

reconsidered

168. Environmentalists are not often fond of dams

____.

A) which had been built for both energy and

irrigation

B) though two negative ecological forces

cancelled each other out

C) unless the dams actually held back a vast

sedimentation load

D) since they frequently trap migratory fish

E) that failed to preserve their biological

variety over the years


Sayfa 28 / 68

169. Today more than 100 million people have a

breathing problem ____.

A) if only the rise in asthma cases has

stopped

B) that asthma levels are dropping in those

born after 1985

C) which costs $6 billion a year in the US

alone

D) unless they prefer not to admit it

E) since exposure to antibiotics while in the

womb is generally regarded as a further

irritant

170. The clarinet solo at the start of the

movement provides the theme ____.

A) if the sense of longing were once more

brought to the fore

B) that unifies the whole work

C) once the slow tempo had been re-

established

D) until yet another ecstatic climax was

reached

E) that the work begins quickly and

harmoniously

171. ____ despite the claim of his lawyers that his

statements had been made under "highly

coercive conditions".

A) John Walker refused to reveal the secrets

of his life in Afghanistan

B) The American Taliban, John Walker, had

been denied bail by the court

C) John Walker, the American Taliban, came

from a humble background

D) John Walker was indicted by a federal

grand jury

E) John Walker played a leading role in

Taliban activities

172. Though some scholars argue that ____,

others say that the beginning of the 15th

century saw its real rise.

A) by the latter part of the 12th century most

of the literary conventions of Urdu

literature have already been well

established

B) the 12th century was the time of the great

religious movements in India

C) Urdu literature dates back to the 12th

century

D) most of the literary writings in India in the

12th century consisted of religious tracts

and allegories

E) most Urdu poets in the 12th century

turned to romances and narratives of

heroic deeds

173. ____, to whom they report.

A) A growing body of evidence does indeed

suggest that Enron was a case of bad

management

B) In theory a company's auditors are

appointed independently by its

shareholders

C) The Enron fiasco has shown that ail is not

well with the governance of many big

American companies

D) Harvey Pitt has been appointed the new

chairman of the Securities and Exchange

Commission in the US

E) In Congress, politicians are engaged in an

investigation of Enron's managers


Sayfa 29 / 68

174. ____ where they ate mosquito larvae and so

helped prevent malaria.

A) British engineers regarded these canals as

"dead rivers"

B) The people of Bengal still talk of digging

canals across the Ganges delta

C) Indeed irrigation gave a much-needed

boost to declining agricultural production

D) The dam prevents ail silt from flowing

downstream

E) The flood waters even brought fish into

the fields

175. Though coral reefs are among the richest

ecosystems on the planet, ____.

A) they grow in crystal-clear waters that

contain hardly any nutrients

B) nutrient uptake is closely related to the

degree of movement in the sea

C) the rough surfaces are what make this

possible

D) they are also skilled at recycling

E) changes in turbulence accurately predicted

the rate of nutrient uptake

176. ____ there just wasn't enough evidence to

convict him.

A) If the trial had been postponed to a later

date

B) Since almost nothing the accused himself

said could be substantiated

C) Though he seemed extremely reluctant to

sign the statement

D) Even before the judge had finished

summing up the case

E) Although everyone was convinced that

Smith had committed the murder

177. In his annual report, the accountant failed to

clarify the position and explain ____.

A) why expenditure had been in excess of the

budget

B) whether the budget really is unrealistic

C) what procedures will have been used in

banking

D) that more serious aspects were being

overlooked

E) which items in particular are being

reconsidered

178. Environmentalists are not often fond of dams

____.

A) which had been built for both energy and

irrigation

B) though two negative ecological forces

cancelled each other out

C) unless the dams actually held back a vast

sedimentation load

D) since they frequently trap migratory fish

E) that failed to preserve their biological

variety over the years

179. Today more than 100 million people have a

breathing problem ____.

A) if only the rise in asthma cases has

stopped

B) that asthma levels are dropping in those

born after 1985

C) which costs $6 billion a year in the US

alone

D) unless they prefer not to admit it

E) since exposure to antibiotics while in the

womb is generally regarded as a further

irritant


Sayfa 30 / 68

180. The clarinet solo at the start of the

movement provides the theme ____.

A) if the sense of longing were once more

brought to the fore

B) that unifies the whole work

C) once the slow tempo had been re-

established

D) until yet another ecstatic climax was

reached

E) that the work begins quickly and

harmoniously

181. In Japan, the brighter economic picture of

the first 6 months of 2002 failed to carry over

into the second half of the year ____. This

was no doubt influenced by rising

unemployment which is now at a record

high.

A) External demand supported Japan's

exporters to some degree, but the

domestic market was at a low ebb

B) The year 2003 will doubtless be another

difficult year for the Japanese economy

C) Recovery looks like being slow

D) This uncertainty gave rise to a cut in

interest rates

E) Once global investor confidence returns,

equity markets will, in all likelihood, start

to perform well again

182. There is a popular theory that suggests we

only use 10 per cent of our brain, and that if

we could just find a way to tap the other 90

per cent it might be employed in the

important question o how it works ____. A

recent spate of studies shows that all areas

of the brain are active when performing day-

to-day functions and there is no 90 per cent

that remains untapped.

A) There are countless other ways in which

the human brain is unique

B) Unfortunately, this theory has turned out

to be wrong

C) We should also remember that other

animals are clever too, though in different

ways

D) Another theory tries to account for the

fact that we are suspicious of other's

motives

E) This explains why, unlike other animals,

we are able to ignore the selfish dictates

of our genes

183. Satellite tracking of sharks has at last put an

end to a 50-year-old assumption about their

habits, ____. Instead, they travel vast

distances all year round in search of

zooplankton, their favourite food.

A) Our knowledge concerning the habits of

sharks has increased immensely during

this period

B) Some assumptions never do get tested

C) In this respect sharks are quite unlike

whales

D) It has now been finally established that

they do not hibernate

E) Such an assumption was easy enough to

discredit


Sayfa 31 / 68

184. A recent survey carried out by the UK

lecturers' union shows that almost a quarter

of respondents rate their academic freedom

as limited, poor or non-existent. ____. In 30%

of cases, that pressure had come from the

organization paying for the research.

A) Researchers in every sector know that

they must get positive results into journals

B) Most worrying is the results of this loss of

integrity on medical research

C) Some researchers said they had been

pressurized to alter results, delay their

publication or even bury them

D) The public loss of confidence in science

has reached serious proportions and must

be faced squarely

E) Those with access to the truth are too

often those with most to gain from

avoiding it

185. For many of the world's crucial arable lands,

the availability of water is the single greatest

threat to yields. ____. One way to ensure this

is drip irrigation which delivers water direct

to the plants' roots. It is unfortunately, far

more expensive than flood irrigation.

A) Actually, certain minor changes could

greatly improve the efficiency of many of

the world's largest irrigation system

B) Moreover, the monitoring of soil moisture

can also be useful

C) Agricultural researchers are working to

develop strains of rice that require lass

water

D) In certain areas the food eaten by livestock

comes from irrigated fields

E) It is therefore essential that less water is

wasted

186. Zambia's people have a literacy rate of 78%,

which is high compared with many poor

African countries. However, it has only

library, one university and no television

stations. Its economy is very limited, with

copper mining accounting for over 80% of

the country's foreign currency intake. ____.

A) Even so, in 2001, its president, Chiluba,

contemplated changing the constitution to

allow him to run for another presidential

term

B) In fact, it has an annual industrial growth

rate of only 1 per cent

C) Early humans inhabited present-day

Zambia two million years ago

D) In 1972, Kenneth Kaunda, the first

president o the country, outlawed all

opposition political parties.

E) In 1924, the British government took over

the administration of the region

187. Though Gertrude Stein desired the acclaim of

a larger public, ____

A) even her close friend, Alice Toklas, could

have been mistaken about it

B) she had certainly not achieved all the

respects he deserved

C) her originality, even her eccentricity, was

apparent at a very early age

D) she was really only appreciated in the

world of the avant-garde

E) that her autobiography was published as

the work of Alice Toklas

188. As the company manufactures nearly all its

cars in Germany, ____.

A) the sterling started to weaken against the

euro

B) the sports car in particular finds a market

in America

C) every effort has to be made to minimize

the short-term impact of currency swings

D) other companies have not always been so

successful

E) its costs are mostly in the European

currency, euros


Sayfa 32 / 68

189. Since the images of Stanley and Livingstone

have changed so much over the years, ____.

A) the new image of Livingstone makes him a

deeper and braver man than his legend

B) there would have been no necessity for

yet another book on the subject

C) one would expect some account of this in

a new book about them

D) Victorian England was nevertheless

obsessed with the magic of free trade

E) the final journals of Livingstone were

polished to ensure that he appeared as a

saintly man

190. ____ that this is one of the most heart-

breaking films ever made about an American

family.

A) The film demonstrates the audacity and

structural power of its director

B) The film centers round a family of five

C) The subject matter is indeed sensational

D) Some critics are of the opinion

E) In this film the family is reaffirmed as the

most powerful subject for great drama

191. Unless you take their backgrounds into

consideration, ____.

A) they could not have been more different in

appearance and temperament

B) neither of them would have admitted the

fact to anyone

C) second-generation Jewish- American

business families may be expected to have

certain traits in common

D) the suggestion couldn't be considered

E) these two women have nothing at all in

common

192. Advertising has increasingly less credibility

with consumers ____.

A) whether it plays a role in sustaining an

established brand

B) that a fundamental rethinking is clearly

called for

C) as if it were the indispensable foundation

of marketing

D) though they cannot always reject its

messages

E) since it was rarely effective in building a

new brand

193. This book will be a source of instruction and

delight for divers and marine biologists and

indeed for anyone ____.

A) who genuinely loves the sea

B) whose childhood will be spent by the sea

C) whether they loved the sea or not

D) that they live close to the sea

E) if they heard the call of the sea

194. The Thatcher government in Britain

succeeded in limiting the power of some of

the unions ____.

A) which would have made it easier for

companies to sack striking workers

B) whether or not the workers had resumed

work

C) that had previously held the country to

ransom

D) if they had been in politically sensitive

sectors

E) why bargaining demands were felt to be

reasonable


Sayfa 33 / 68

195. Crew members will have to pass several

endurance tests ____.

A) as the balloon flight will take them into the

harshest of environmental conditions

B) even if they were to be provided with

special space suits

C) however short the duration of the balloon

flight turned out to be

D) for huge physical demands have been put

on their bodies

E) that they are required to follow strict

fitness and dietary regimes

196. It would be inaccurate to say ____.

A) whether economic or environmental

issues are the most explosive

B) that there are cameras monitoring

virtually all public places

C) since personal freedom and privacy are

already a luxury

D) as if there were no ethnic hatred in Europe

at the moment

E) why the situation has become more tricky

and less stable

197. Most trees produce a ring of new wood each

year and these circles of growrth can easily

be seen in a crosssection of the trunk of a

felled tree ____. First, the rings become

narrower with the increasing age of the tree.

Second, the amount a tree grows each year is

affected by fluctuations in climate.

A) A narrow growth ring may be the result of

a cold spell in spring

B) In temperate regions, sunlight may be

more important than rainfall in affecting a

tree's growth

C) Several conditions can contribute to a

particularly thick annual ring

D) These rings are not of uniform thickness

and vary for two reasons

E) Results have been particularly impressive

in the American Southwest for a variety of

reasons

198. If Johannesburg is to live up to its potential,

it must overcome its apartheid legacy of

division. Contact between the races often

remains awkward ____. The hope is that

with more children mixing at school, the next

generation will coexist more easily.

A) This is very understandable as the idea of

equality is still very new

B) One major concern that all races have in

common is crime

C) In the worst parts of the city, for example,

one in three people was robbed last year

D) The best restaurants of Africa are to be

found in Johannesburg as are the best

hospitals

E) Indeed, in some suburbs living conditions

are good, but in many quarters they

remain harsh and often violent

199. To help users find reliable nutrition

information on the internet, this university

maintains an online rating and review guide

called the Nutrition Navigator ____. Each

website receives a score from 1 to 25, and

links are provided to recommended sites.

A) For instance, many televised nutrition

messages are presented by celebrities,

food editors and chefs

B) Even so, the Nutrition Navigator remained

the best site from which to launch

ventures into nutrition cyberspace

C) Many people tüm to their physicians for

dietary advice, expecting them to know all

about healthrelated matters

D) The ratings reflect the opinions of a panel

of nutrition experts on selected websites

on the basis of their accuracy and depth

E) The Internet offers no guarantees of the

accuracy of the information found there


Sayfa 34 / 68

200. Police may soon have a new weapon in the

fight against crime: Earprints. Earprints are

left when criminals press their ears against a

door or window to listen for sounds within

____.

A) They will also develop a database for ear

shapes, scars and creases

B) The Forensic Ear Identification Project is

expected to come up with a solution to

this problem

C) As with fingerprints, earprints could help

detectives to place suspects at the scene

of a crime

D) Even so, earprints are already being used

as evidence in parts of Europe

E) So it seems unlikely that earprints will ever

be used as evidence in courtrooms

201. Robots could soon be doing their bit for the

environment ____. The results suggest that

herbicide use could be reduced by 70% if

farmers used these robots to adopt more

selective spraying techniques.

A) The longer term goal is to avoid herbicides

altogether

B) Trials are presently underway for a Danish

robot that maps the position of weeds

growing among crops

C) Naturally it would be better to have the

robot pull the weeds out of the ground

rather than poisoning them

D) These robots cannot distinguish between

plant species and treat anything green as a

weed

E) The problem is not one of expense

because herbicides are cheap

202. The Internet introduces a technology which

poses new challenges to the protection of

individual privacy ____. Each of these

systems is capable of monitoring, capturing

and storing communications that pass

through it.

A) Apparently Internet technology can gather

personal information without first seeking

consent

B) In the US, most federal privacy laws apply

only to the federal government

C) It can be argued that intruding into others'

lives through unobtrusive surveillance

through market research or through any

other means is a violation of privacy

D) Screening for employment purposes can

certainly be regarded as an invasion of

personal privacy

E) Information sent over this vast network of

networks may pass through many

computer systems before it reaches its

final destination

203. While most people still saw computers as

science fiction, ____.

A) the discriminating few immediately

appreciated their advantages

B) the early ones were large in size and low in

performance

C) they continue to get smaller and more

versatile

D) it is hard to imagine how banks earned on

their work without them

E) a majority still wish they had never been

invented


Sayfa 35 / 68

204. ____ so long as you pay attention and stick

to the rules.

A) There is a huge number of fascinating

wrecks around Britain

B) Wrecks under the sea can contain

hazordous materials like oil and mutions

C) Scuba diving is very safe

D) Scuba was first patented in 1865 and was

perfected over the years

E) Scuba divers get a great deal of pleasure

from exploring wrecks

205. ____ unless there is an agreement to the

contrary.

A) Copyright is a form of protection provided

to the creators of "original works of

authorship"

B) The authors of a joint work are co-owners

of the copyright in the work

C) There is list of countries that maintain

copyright relations with the United States

D) Works by the US government were not

eligible for copyright protection

E) Works consisting entirely of information

that is common property were given no

such protection

206. Although Japan has one of the world's most

rapidly ageing populations, ____.

A) Japanese companies will be world leaders

in catering for the elderly

B) other countries such as China and South

Korea and most of Western Europe are

closing the gap

C) in 2004 one-fifth of its population will be 6

or over and there will be more than 20,000

people over the age of a hundred

D) the increasing burden of providing

pensions and health care for the growing

number of elderly will cause Japan's public

finances to remain by far the worst in the

developed world

E) to safeguard the financial assets of its

pensioners, the bank of Japan will not be

able to take any radical measures

207. ____ that a road once linked the newly

discovered settlement with one of the great

Inca cities.

A) The whole is in a remarkable state of

preservation

B) We wouldn't be surprised

C) The surrounding area would have been

cultivated

D) There are at least 30 stone structures

E) It seems likely

208. Teachers cannot be criticized for failing to

promote engineering ____.

A) so the manner in which design is

presented is of first importance

B) that it is not a required field of study in

most technical universities

C) whether students should follow enough

maths and science courses to quallty for

engineering school

D) if they have not been exposed to it

themselves

E) as all the young children had a flair for

designing and building

209. This new pink cell phone actually gives

advices on ____.

A) Which dieting techniques should have

been avoided

B) why the display doubles as amirror

C) how to dress in accord with the day's

weather

D) how often the battery would have to be

charged

E) where its special features will be included


Sayfa 36 / 68

210. Most cultures have their own foundation

myths to explain ____.

A) how long the world had been in existence

B) why society is as it is

C) so as to satisfy their curiosity concerning

how the world began

D) what has been happening in still earlier

times

E) unless there was no trace of any former

inhabitants

211. ____, they are especially common during the

spring and early summer.

A) Although tornadoes can happen at any

time of the year

B) Since the conditions that lead to the

formation of tornadoes are most often to

be found in the central and southern

United States

C) As a tornado is a dark funnel-shaped colud

made up of violently rotating winds

D) White tornadoes in the United States

generally travel in a northeast direction

E) Because tornadoes are capable of lifting

houses off their foundaitions and hurling

them considerable distances

212. The artist's work should take the viewer to a

place ____.

A) so it gave his paintings a shadowy aged

appearance

B) where there were domestic situations

based around one or two figures

C) if his paintings are deliberately vague

D) which reflect the confidence that emerged

in her childhood

E) that he cannot go to on his own

213. If there had been no one to encourage her

and feed her ego at this time, ____.

A) she might well have given up writing

altogether

B) the critics were indeed merciless

C) even her best novels attracted little

attention

D) like many of her friendships, this one was

short- lived

E) she has not been able to repeat the

success

214. When the feminist movement came into

being, ____.

A) a major issue is still the right to vote

B) the aim had been to combat oppression

C) women were seen as constituting a single

class

D) discrimination against women still

continues in the workplace

E) the professional-class working mother is

another exception

215. ____ that Mars has experienced a striking

diversity of processes throughout its history.

A) In fact, nobody suggested

B) It is now apparent

C) The discussion is likely to continue

D) Majority opinions are not necessarily

correct

E) The evidence they presented

216. ____ since it came into being some 4.5 billion

years ago.

A) Earth is one of several rocky plants

B) Earth’s atmosphere is variable

C) Heat and gravity continued to shape Earth

D) Constant change has characterized Earth

E) Life on Earth was impossible


Sayfa 37 / 68

217. Though people continue to be fascinated by

the explorer, Livingstone, ____.

A) his rival Stanley had been admired more

B) the way people regard him has changed

dramatically

C) some of his former possessions sold

recently for over a million dollars

D) he was physically brave and morally

righteous

E) he made several more Africa expeditions

218. ____ America should buy local gram and

distribute that, thus stimulating agriculture

where it is most needed.

A) As soon as aid from European countries

tends to have fewer stings attached

B) While remaining one of the world’s

stingiest donors of aid

C) Instead of dumping America’s cereal

surpluses as aid on hungry countries

D) Because Africa leaders often point out

E) In case Europe allows the world’s poorest

countries to export many goods tariff-free

219. Oil, the world’s most sought-after substance,

often seems to curse the countries, ____.

A) when there was a sudden influx of money

B) though they had grown rich

C) whether this was actually the case

D) where it is found

E) If it were encourage people to take out

loans

220. Celebrities, ____, cause 14 times as many

people to copy them as do other suicides.

A) whose suicide was reported in newspapers

B) who kill themselves

C) whom journalists try to interview

D) as the impact of their suicide on society is

studied

E) when they are reported in the media

221. Animals are particularly vulnerable ____.

A) when they are in their infancy

B) whether they could fend for themselves

C) as soon as they had left their mothers

D) so that their offspring will survive

E) unless every effort has been made by the

parents

222. As with many Iong-term projects, no one

knows ____.

A) whether it had exploded or not

B) that the Apollo program, starting from

scratch, cost a hundred billions US dollars

C) if it had turned out to be even more

expensive

D) why we could have afforded it

E) what the real costs will turn out to be

223. The building of the Toshka canal in Egypt was

carefully planned ____.

A) if the inlet starts at a point 8 km north of

Toshka bay

B) as the mistakes made in earlier canals had

proved costly

C) as if the desert could become green

D) until the amount of water required was

agreed on

E) that wealthy investors could easily be

found


Sayfa 38 / 68

224. There has been a decrease in deaths from

motor vehicle crashes over recent years,

____.

A) since speed limits would be lowered

B) which is partly due to improved safety

features in cars

C) if there were public intolerance of drinking

and driving

D) as there has been improved safety design

in occupational machinery

E) in which improved medical care had

played a part

225. This conductor offers an orchestral balance

quite unlike ____.

A) as if some string passages almost get lost

B) as you simply do not hear the violins as the

"main line" of the music

C) what we are used to

D) that he adds something of his own

E) since the work is hardly recognizable

226. We are determined to give the contract to an

architect ____.

A) since a great many problems had already

arisen

B) whose handling of the interiors was

outstanding

C) who is committed to environmentally

responsible design

D) until we learn the kind of garden that is

possible

E) if their requirements were even slightly

unusual

227. The name "dolphin" is generally applied to

species with a beaklike snout and slender

body, ____.

A) as it is dark above and white below, with

bands of grey, white and yellow on the

sides

B) which also had included porpoises

C) but there are also some freshwater forms

which are largely confined to rivers in Asia,

Africa and South America

D) whereas the name "porpoise" is reserved

for the smaller species with a blunt snout

and stocky body

E) though dolphins cannot actually smile

228. If the company is to invest in long-term

growth, ____.

A) the main aim is nevertheless to improve

customer relations

B) there was still a need for short-term

profits

C) it will clearly have to sacrifice short-term

profits

D) a new sales force is already being trained

E) the investment would ultimately yield a

return

229. Although microeconomic theories try to

explain how large numbers of firms act in the

marketplace, ____.

A) economists faced several unique problems

B) they are quite poor at describing or

predicting the actual behaviour of any one

particular real-world firm

C) managers try to minimize inventory costs,

meet production schedules and devise

diverse product mixes

D) behavioural theories had been far more

descriptive and predictive of the behaviour

of individual firms and managers

E) its primary aim is to promote

organizational values and interests


Sayfa 39 / 68

230. ____ even though certain difficult economic

conditions prevail.

A) European equities display strong profit

growth

B) In 2004, the European economy remained

fundamentally sound

C) Inflation had actually begun to improve

D) There were several other encouraging

signs

E) It should have been easy to maintain the

competitiveness

231. ____ when the occupancy levels in the hotel

fall off steeply.

A) There are no profits to be made during the

cold winter months

B) The hotel regained its five-star rating in

1996

C) The rebuilt Star has retained the original

shell, but scarcely any of the fittings

D) Training schemes were receiving even

greater attention

E) Outside temperatures reached 50°C

232. ____ that makes his job worthwhile.

A) Hopefully, you'll hear things you never

heard before

B) For the orchestra, it is the dedication of

the conductor

C) In the first place, there must be an

audience

D) For the conductor, it is the possibility of

making new discoveries

E) Indeed, he has approached every piece of

music in this way

233. Because energy production expends

resources and causes pollution, ____.

A) we depend upon nature to provide the

basics of life, such as food and oxygen

B) many resources are used once and then

thrown away

C) modern technical challenges are seldom

met by scientists

D) scientists and engineers must work to

develop energy- efficient processes

E) engineers must solve problems without

even understanding the underlying theory

234. If only she had come up with some

positivesuggestions, ____.

A) the scheme certainly had very many

drawbacks

B) nobody else is likely to complain

C) so far this is the best thesis to be

submitted

D) the others will already have been rejected

E) I wouldn’t have minded her criticism of the

project

235. ____ while such African languages as Hausa

and Swahili continued to serve the everyday

needs of the masses.

A) During the colonial era in Africa, English

becamethe shared language of the

administration and a Western- educated

elite

B) In colonial Africa, the teaching of English

literature is no longer popular

C) Modern African writers have found it

necessary to adapt certain aspects of

English

D) Today, English is the official language of

sixteen countries in Africa

E) English as a second language has been

taught in Africa for nearly four hundred

years


Sayfa 40 / 68

236. ____.but cannot be proved and is difficult

toassess.

A) The influence of Samuel Johnson’s

Dictionary of the English Language on the

development of the language has been

widely assumed

B) Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English

Language played a role in propagating a

standard spelling among the less literate

C) Samuel Johnson was an enthusiastic

reader of classical and English literature

from his earliest years

D) It took Samuel Johnson eight or nine years

to complete work on his Dictionary of the

English Language

E) With his Dictionary of the English

Language, Samuel Johnson provided a

powerful but conservative model of

language usage

237. Before the 21st century has run its course,

____.

A) the powers of computers have expanded

vastly due to advanced research

B) countless technologies not envisioned yet

will be available to us

C) a great deal of scientific effort is being

made to find solutions to complex

problems

D) most people in developed countries enjoy

a state of true health throughout their

lives

E) our knowledge of the world around us has

improved to a great extent

238. Smallpox was once a dreaded human

disease, ____.

A) while genetic engineering can be used in

several ways to make vaccines

B) although today DNA technology is helping

medical researchers develop vaccines

C) even if artificial-mutant vaccines may

cause fewer side effects than natural

mutants

D) but it was eradicated worldwide in the

1970s by widespread vaccination

E) since there has been no effective drug

treatment for many viral diseases

239. Neanderthals were a recent evolutionary

humanrelative ____.

A) who lived in Europe and became extinct

30,000-40,000 years ago

B) as researchers studying human origins

debated this question for decades

C) which are muscular and robust, with a

brain similar to ours in size

D) while the relationship between humans

and Neanderthals may best be described

as sister species

E) despite the fact that they had hands as

nimbleas those of present-day humans,

with a thumband fingers

240. The Welsh language has changed so little

through the centuries ____.

A) whose annual Eisteddfod celebration

honours its best poets and writers

B) that an educated Welshman can still read

the Welsh of the Middle Ages

C) as more and more English families settle in

Wales, bringing their habits with them

D) although Wales recently formed its own

national assembly

E) unless it embodies the kind, unambitious

nature of the Welsh people


Sayfa 41 / 68

241. By 1809, Sweden’s military power had

waned to such an extent____.

A) as a new constitution transferred power

from the king to Parliament

B) so that it could no longer continue as a

greatpower

C) that the country was forced to surrender

part of its territory to Russia

D) in that nearly one million Swedes

migrated,mostly to America

E) even though the Swedes had contributed

to Europe’s Age of Enlightenment with

advances inscience

242. Road and rail connections in Italy are

generally better in the north, ____.

A) because between the snowy peaks of the

Alpsand the rugged shores of Sicily lies a

whole series of regions, each with its

distinctive culture

B) but there are many other attractive

historic townsand cities

C) but people speak of two Italies: the rich

industrial North and the poorer

agricultural South

D) just as the government has allocated extra

funds for road repairs

E) where Milan, Bologna and Verona are the

key transport centres

243. Until China becomes the most powerful

nation in the world, with Chinese spoken

universally, ____.

A) the problems of wide variations in English

may well be lessened

B) English will remain the primary language

of science and diplomacy

C) many countries in the world have shifted

to printing their scientific journals only in

English

D) immigrants to the United States or Britain

acquire English rapidly and well

E) people who speak English and another

language have an advantage over those

who speak only English

244. ____before grapes can be transformed into

fine wine.

A) Harvesting was a very costly and tiring

process

B) Farmers were expecting higher prices

C) Drought does much damage to grape vines

D) The farm workers in France have protested

at lower wages

E) There is much work to be done

245. ____ what makes Hong Kong so exhilarating.

A) It’s hard to explain

B) Many travellers are curious

C) One soon becomes aware

D) It has been debated

E) We have been much impressed

246. ____, yet it is not possible to go much further

without any breakthroughs in battery

technology.

A) Electric cars don’t make economic sense in

view of the harsh environmental

regulations in force

B) Electric cars have simply been a

technological failure

C) Hybrid cars are certainly a step in the right

direction

D) Any fuel savings resulting from electric or

hybrid cars are likely to be offset by the

cost of the cars themselves

E) One fears that the hybrid car may be yet

another technological failure


Sayfa 42 / 68

247. ____ because he had led the country into

four wars which he had lost, and brought

economic ruin to his people.

A) Serbia experienced widespread corruption

under Milosevic, who ruled the country as

a dictator,

B) Many Serbians felt humiliated by the

atrocities commited in Bosnia by the

Milosevic government

C) Milosevic’s rule in Serbia literally meant

political tyranny, which led to pro-

democracy protests in the country,

D) Milosevic, the ex-president of Serbia, was

protested nationwide and then removed

from power

E) Today Serbia’s writers constantly remind

their people of the shameful past of their

country under Milosevic

248. Many of the larger companies in Somalia

have issued shares, ____.

A) if the lack of a government in the country

poses a wide range of problems

B) since the local telecom offers the best and

cheapest phone service in Africa

C) although there is no stock exchange or

financial authority of any sort in the

country

D) but business leaders have taken steps to

increase the country’s foreign-trade

capacity

E) even if foreign aid might have benefits as

well as drawbacks

249. Traditionally, textbooks on British

government and politics have focused on

institutions and behaviour ____.

A) whether it is appropriate to describe the

British Constitution as uncodified rather

than unwritten

B) in case political institutions and issues are

inseparable and need to be discussed

together

C) just as a brief analysis of the leading types

of government found in the modern world

was left out

D) because one had to explore in detail the

impact of Thatcherism upon British politics

E) while ignoring the controversies and issues

which are the fundamentals of politics

250. Meteorites are extraterrestial complex rocks

with roughly equal amounts of metal and

silicates ____.

A) because the moon has been studied

extensively by spacecraft and has been

sampled directly at a few locations

B) which have major implications for the

collisional history of planetary bodies

C) whereby the various planetary and

asteroidal bodies in the solar system

contain a specific isotopic label

D) so that each meteorite is a small sample of

a much larger parent body, probably an

unidentified asteroid

E) while measurement of the oxygen isotopic

composition of the Sun is the highest

priority of NASA’s Genesis mission


Sayfa 43 / 68

251. Climate change may alter the genetic

composition of species, ____.

A) but assessment of any shift in this respect

requires genetic data sampled over time

B) even though, for most species,

environmental conditions have some

impact on breeding

C) despite the fact that recent analyses

clearly show the magnitude and direction

of genetic shifts in various populations

D) which, according to the evidence available,

is geographically widespread from North

Africa to Scandinavia

E) so long as one can observe the genetic

impact that environmental differences

have on living beings

252. ____ street crime in major Asian cities is still

less common than in most European cities.

A) Since the governments are concerned

B) Because severe measures had been taken

C) Though it is rising sharply

D) If one were to admit it

E) Before reliable statistical data can be

obtained

253. Though the smell of fumes in an aircraft

cockpit may not always spell danger, ____.

A) a forced landing could have been avoided

B) even a small sensor can detect a wide

range of chemicals

C) harmless fumes had been caused by a

small leak of oil

D) it is guaranteed to alarm the pilot

E) such a detector can easily be fitted into an

aircraft

254. Because children enjoy the process of play,

____.

A) various other options had been taken into

consideration

B) they are not primarily focused on

achieving a product or achieving a goal

C) group demands begin to grow steadily

D) many alternative approaches also had to

be tested

E) the acquisition of social skills is a positive

asset

255. ____ when countered by antistress measures

such as exercising, enjoying time with

friends and cultivating a hobby.

A) The ladder of success is a hard one

B) There must be a balance between tension

and relaxation

C) Workloads seem lighter

D) Relaxation techniques are easy to learn

E) Stress can be understood in a variety of

ways

256. If there is too much mineral accumulation in

the compost, ____.

A) roots get burnt and plants die

B) some plants need less fertilizer than

others

C) the flowering season was greatly reduced

D) most plants grow far more quickly in wet

areas

E) the growing conditions also need to be

considered


Sayfa 44 / 68

257. ____ that the reasons for introducing the

new- design dollar bills were the persistent

reports of high quality counterfeits

circulating in the Middle East.

A) Following a US Secret Service probe, the

US Federal Reserve has wondered

B) Enormous quantities of dollar bills are held

in reserve in the US and overseas

C) All of them are old allegations made by the

US Federal Reserve

D) The US government’s currency policy has

been sharply criticised

E) It has been claimed, but never confirmed

by the US Federal Reserve

258. The United Nations officially recognized the

greenhouse effect in 1995, ____.

A) when its International Panel on Climate

noted that human activity had a

discernible influence on global

temperatures

B) as the economies of developing nations

will grow over the next few decades

C) if developing nations were exempted from

the Kyoto Agreement

D) since the US government announced that

it would not participate in Kyoto

Agreement

E) that the participating nations must make

large and costly changes in their energy

systems

259. Oxygen, sugars and amino acids are allowed

into the brain ____.

A) as toxins could severely impair the brain’s

functioning

B) which provided early evidence of the

blood-brain barrier

C) but most other substances are kept out

D) that controls which molecules in the

bloodstream can enter the brain

E) just as no other organ is equally efficient

260. Africa Report is a weekly TV programme

____.

A) unless it showcases the very best in Africa

B) that focuses on business and investment in

Africa

C) though it covers everything from economic

reform to rewarding investment

opportunities

D) so it has 250 million viewers in Africa alone

E) as it is brought to you by the world’s

leading business channel

261. Environmentalists are criticizing the patent

office for delaying its decision on some new

measuring instruments ____.

A) while the guidelines have been

consistently ignored

B) if applications for patents on plants are on

the increase

C) before objections were filed against

patents on a herbicide resistant plant

D) since they believe that these are urgently

needed to detect certain problems

E) as if the controversy had actually died

down

262. ____, they operate as effective carriers and

may pass it on to other birds which are more

susceptible.

A) Though many migratory birds are immune

to the effects of the avian flu virus

B) Since many residents of outlying villages

have refused to carry out the culling of

their chickens to prevent the spread of

avian flu

C) Despite the fact that the avian flu virus is

spread, primarily, by migratory birds

D) As symptoms of bird flu in humans are

similar to those of common flu

E) If the spread of the avian flu virus through

populations of wild birds remains

unchecked


Sayfa 45 / 68

263. If Iran were to go nuclear, ____.

A) Russia and China did their best to stop it

B) the United States may have taken

preventive Action

C) other countries in the region would follow

suit

D) the UN Security Council sanctions need to

be enacted without delay

E) it can fire hundreds of missiles at Israel

264. During the Cold War, even as they prepared

to destroy one another, ____.

A) the West has always sought opportunities

to make peace with the Soviet Union

B) the United States and the Soviet Union

had been involved in a constructive

dialogue

C) Britain has imported enormous quantities

of timber from the Soviet Union

D) the West and the Soviet Union struck deals

and traded in energy

E) the Soviet Union contributes a great deal

to China’s economic development

265. ____ after strong winds and a heatwave

started dozens of forest fires.

A) Many villages in the area will be evacuated

B) No precautions had been taken

C) The government would have set up a

special team of fire fighters

D) Many fire fighting teams will have been

called in

E) Last summer, Athens was engulfed in thick

Smoke

266. ____ because they were continually forced to

defend their own conquests against other

invaders.

A) The Romans did not usually impose heavy

tax burdens on the cities they conquered

B) The geography of the Italian peninsula had

a decisive influence on Rome’s

development

C) The Romans were descended from various

Indo- European peoples that had crossed

the Alps intoItaly during the second

millennium B.C.

D) The Romans were a sternly military society

almost from the moment they settled on

Italian soil

E) The Romans looked to their gods to

bestow upon their households and their

city the blessings of prosperity, victory,

and fertility

267. ____ that they influenced cultures across the

Mediterranean.

A) Phoenician textiles commanded a high

price everywhere their merchants went

B) The Phoenicians may have played an

important role in introducing urban life

into the Greek world

C) Phoenician cities oriented themselves

towards the sea

D) The Phoenicians became famous as

merchants and seafarers

E) The widespread colonial and mercantile

efforts of the Phoenicians meant


Sayfa 46 / 68

268. Economic as well as social problems plagued

Europe during the 1970s and 1980s ____.

A) but these problems had actually begun

much earlier

B) because new industries continued to

prosper

C) in case the West German growth rate

would slow down

D) whereas seven hundred thousand French

workers had been laid off

E) unless demand for manufactured goods

fell Sharply

269. ____, it does not necessarily produce peace,

equality, or homogeneity.

A) If a key feature of globalization has been

the transformation of the world economy

B) Just as globalization has radically altered

patterns of trade around the world

C) Whenever globalization has forced the

reorganization of economic enterprises

D) Since globalization suggests a uniform

process, one that operates similarly

everywhere

E) Although globalization means worldwide

economic integration

270. Everyone knows ____.

A) that the politics of oil is crucial to life in

the Middle East

B) whether to the Arabs oil means the vast

petroleum reserves lying under the desert

sands

C) if in the Middle East oil is a precious source

of wealth and all too often a cause for war

D) since non-OPEC oil producers currently

account for 58% of total production

E) as Iraqi crude oil exports in 2007 were

more than 5% lower than in 2006

271. According to a report released by the US

Secret Service, the Middle East is one of the

world’s hotspots ____.

A) as there are other conspiracy theories

emanating from the region

B) whether Iran and Syria are actively

engaged in economic warfare against the

US

C) when it comes to counterfeit US currency

D) while the Iranian government dismisses

charges of collaboration with

counterfeiters

E) although there is a conspiracy to

undermine the US economy through

counterfeit currency

272. Few figures in Western history have held the

attention of the world ____.

A) so long as Napoleon pursued serious

interests in history, law, and mathematics

B) as Napoleon did during the fifteen years of

his rule in France

C) because Napoleon’s character seemed

suited to the age in which he lived

D) since Napoleon’s particular strength as a

leader lay in his capacity for inspiring

others

E) just as Napoleon believed that he was

destined to be the saviour of France

273. Although the British Royal Navy claims that it

was not operating any warships in the area

at the time, ____.

A) underwater noise hasn’t been fully

recognized as a form of pollution

B) it must have been military sonar that killed

the whales and dolphins

C) there are no hard and fast guidelines for

seismic surveys

D) the UK would have had 25 warships which

carried active sonar

E) a number of marine mammals beached

themselves during this American military

operation


Sayfa 47 / 68

274. Half of the increase in EU Aid for Trade is

specifically targeted toward the African,

Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP), ____.

A) unless the European Commission set up

this programme to promote investment

and technology flow in these countries

B) although the EU has used trade to advance

its development cooperation objectives in

the ACP nations for decades

C) with which the EU is negotiating regional

Economic Partnership Agreements

designed to remove all tariff and quota

barriers to the EU market

D) which could have enabled the least-

developed countries to use trade more

effectively to achieve their development

goals

E) because the European Commission

allocated billions of dollars for cooperation

with non-ACP countries

275. ____, but just over 1 per cent of them spend

the night in Umbria, in the south of Tuscany.

A) Visitors to Lake Trasimeno will see few

other tourists

B) Perugia is home to a world-famous jazz

festival in the summer and a chocolate

festival in the fall

C) In the town of Deruta, handmade gift-

items fill many shop windows

D) Tuscany attracts more than 12 per cent of

all visitors to Italy

E) Scenic stone hilltowns such as Assisi and

Gubbio are among the main attractions

276. If labour could be measured adequately in

simple homogeneous units of time, such as

labourhours, ____.

A) it covers many other kinds of areas as well,

such as social security and worker

satisfaction

B) a change in the organization of the

community’s labour would be likely to

increase the annual production of wealth

C) earlier economists failed to find a simple

relation between the value of a product

and the quantity of labour that it

embodied

D) different uses of the available supply of

labour need to be considered

E) the problems of economics would be

considerably simplified

277. ____, where they are often seen floating in

the water like logs, with only their nostrils,

eyes, and ears above the surface.

A) The Mississippi alligator, the American

crocodile, and the Chinese alligator are the

only other species

B) Crocodiles are found near swamps, lakes,

and rivers in Asia, Africa, Australia, and

Central America

C) As recently as several decades ago,

crocodiles were plentiful in much of the

tropics and subtropics

D) This would have helped crocodiles to

adapt to different environments

E) Crocodiles can grow up to 7 metres in

length, and have long, powerful tails that

propel them when swimming


Sayfa 48 / 68

278. While some argue that the Elgin Marbles,

____, are more carefully preserved there, the

Greek government does not accept the

legality of the sale that took place in 1816

and believes they belong in Athens.

A) after they were acquired from the

Ottoman authorities of the time

B) since they are also called the Parthenon

Marbles

C) so they are very famous indeed

D) which are kept in the British Museum in

London

E) as if they were sold to the British nation

279. A colour-blind person cannot see any

difference between two colours ____.

A) while to people with normal sight they are

clearly different

B) as if red and green were completely

different

C) if this were the case with traffic-lights

D) since this is a potentially dangerous

situation

E) whether the top light or the bottom light

signals “stop”

280. All the major cities and islands of Spain have

airports, ____.

A) but buses will be a faster and more

frequently used option between smaller

towns

B) until Spain has an increasingly efficient

transportation system

C) even if both the road and rail networks

were greatly improved during the 1980s

and in the run-up to the Barcelona

Olympics in 1992

D) so in much of rural Spain, public

transportation is limited and a car is the

most practical solution for getting around

E) though only a few of them cater to

international flights

281. In the US in 1882, Peter J. McGuire, who is

generally given credit for the idea of Labor

Day, suggested to the Central Labor Union of

New York____.

A) if there was any particular significance for

the date

B) that there should be a holiday honouring

American workers

C) whether the significance of Labor Day in

the US had changed

D) whereas, in many other countries, May

Day serves a similar purpose

E) when the first Monday in September was

to be known as Labor Day

282. Germany is similar in many ways to France,

Italy and the UK ____.

A) unless it attaches primary importance to

both multilateral and bilateral diplomacy

B) as though the EU were essentially in

control of environmental policies

C) where the foreign policy process in

Germany had to agree to a compromise in

recent years

D) although this had led to arguments

concerning the proper role of the German

Foreign Ministry in shaping and

implementing policy

E) in that it is one of just a few European

states which attempt to maintain

worldwide representation


Sayfa 49 / 68

283. If the cost of health benefits for working

people in a country rises, ____.

A) soaring health costs are one of the big

factors that have crippled the economy

B) usually employers cut wages or pass on

the costs as higher prices to customers

C) firms should, in fact, be indifferent to

whether they pay employees cash wages

or benefits

D) those costs have nearly doubled this

decade alone in many industrialized

countries

E) the current economic difficulties have

forced politicians to focus on health

reform

284. ____ that bats use ultrasonic beams to follow

insects through the dark.

A) A group of students are experimenting

B) Scientists had wondered

C) A great deal of evidence needs to be

gathered

D) It’s long been known

E) Over the years, no scientist has questioned

285. ____, while just 1.7 tonnes of corn yields the

same result.

A) A team of scientists has claimed that the

traditional methods of production in

plastics are extremely costly and have an

adverse impact on the environment

B) It has been announced that a company in

China, sponsored by the government, is

planning to harvest plastics from crops of

corn

C) Eight tonnes of crude oil are currently

needed to create one tonne of polyol,

which is an alcoholic substance used in a

number of plastics

D) Scientists are now using a new type of

microscope that lets them view internal

structures of materials in greater detail

than ever before

E) The device the company’s scientists use

utilizes X-ray analysis technology and

reveals chemical compositions of objects

being studied

286. ____, but it failed to halt the rise of Adolf

Hitler and the Nazi war machine.

A) During World War II, France was split into

a German-occupied north and an

unoccupied south

B) Following World War II, France turned its

attention to its African colonies, where

there was a growing demand from the

natives for independence

C) After a series of extremely savage battles,

Allied armies liberated France in August

1944 from the German occupation

D) In May 1940, the Germans marched into

an undefended Paris, and in the following

month the French government signed an

armistice

E) Beginning in 1919, French foreign policy

aimed at keeping Germany weak through

a system of alliances


Sayfa 50 / 68

287. Although there were plenty of sceptics when

Mauritius tried a decade ago to become an

offshore financial centre, ____.

A) it has partly attained its goal, since it now

hosts 19 national and international banks

B) it has built a textile industry that has made

the country relatively prosperous

C) last month it brought in a new labour law,

making it easier to hire and fire

D) it imports most of its food and energy as

rising world prices are pushing up inflation

E) much of the economy remains

concentrated in the hands of a few local

magnates

288. In his opinion, poetry is essentially an effort

to elude facts, ____.

A) since he had been regarded as a promising

young poet

B) whereas prose is essentially a means of

unearthing and exhibiting them

C) but his poems have been published in

respectable literary journals

D) because many critics share the view that

poets should be concerned with politics

E) if many prose writers enjoy writing about

social and cultural issues

289. Missions to the Moon’s previously unvisited

mountains and polar regions will aid the

search for water, ____.

A) since the first crewed mission will be

planned for the far side of the Moon

B) whereby test landings are scheduled to

begin in 2010

C) which is vital to any future lunar base to

be set up by NASA

D) even if the mission aims to land astronauts

on the surface of the Moon by 2015

E) even though dense clouds of interstellar

dust conceal the heart of our galaxy

290. New radiocarbon dating of fossils suggests

____.

A) that mass extinctions of mammoths and

wild horses 10,000 years ago were caused

by natural climate shifts

B) whether humans were to blame for

extensive destruction in the natural world

and also for the pollution of the oceans

C) how scientists began to understand clearly

what dinosaurs ate and why they

disappeared from the face of the Earth

D) if an olive branch buried for thousands of

years in volcanic ash could have revealed

the fate of the great Minoan civilization on

the Greek island of Thera

E) when it was scientifically established that

dinosaurs belonged to a large group of

reptiles called archosauria

291. ____, it would be regarded as a disaster at

home and abroad.

A) Since power generation in China fell by 7%

last year

B) As India had enjoyed a big economic

advantage over China

C) Because unrest and even insurgency are

widespread in many countries

D) If China’s growth rate were to fall to 5% or

less

E) While India is considered to be a major

economic power

292. In the early years of the global warming

debate, there was great controversy over

____.

A) while China has been blamed for the

climate crisis today

B) although scientists have concluded that

this warming is dangerous

C) since the details of future forecasts about

warming remain unclear

D) that warming would be a significant

problem in the decades ahead

E) whether the planet was indeed warming


Sayfa 51 / 68

293. ____ that the basic principle of collective

ownership of rural land will remain

unchanged.

A) In the past, many people in China feared

B) The Chinese government had already

decided

C) Some politicians in China took part in a

debate

D) The Chinese Prime Minister has stated

E) Chinese peasants held a protest meeting

last Sunday

294. ____, but it no longer sponsors terrorism.

A) North Korea had long wanted to reach an

agreement with the US

B) North Korea had, until recently, no

intention of giving up nuclear weapons

C) The North Koreans and the Japanese have

had talks on a variety of issues

D) Two decades ago, two North Korean

agents blew up a South Korean airliner

E) North Korea’s regime may be brutal in all

sorts of ways

295. Because Brazil’s exports include a wide

variety of valuable raw materials, ____.

A) the unpredictable exchange rates had

damaged the country’s economy a lot

B) the government introduced a number of

austerity measures to reduce inflation

C) the country has had huge earnings in

foreign currency over the past few years

D) the country’s economy cannot satisfy

domestic demand without higher inflation

E) most economists agree that a weaker

currency will mean higher inflation

296. ____ where bones that span six million years

of human evolution have been dug up over

the last 25 years.

A) New archaeological evidence helps us to

understand the evolution of primitive

humans

B) Various fossils have recently been found in

an Ethiopian valley

C) The history of human evolution can best

be traced through the study of fossils

D) The new discoveries in Ethiopia

significantly expand our knowledge of

primitive humans

E) In Ethiopia, a wide range of fossils,

including teeth, skull, jaw and hand bones,

have been discovered

297. When François Mitterrand nationalized

France’s banks in 1981, ____.

A) he opposed the view that economic liberty

had been under attack

B) he had already decided to minimize these

risks in a short term

C) he had tried to avoid populist gestures

D) his ultimate aim has been to regulate

France’s financial system

E) he did so because he thought the state

would run them better

298. In the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia became

one of the international centres for illegal

drug production and trafficking ____.

A) because the drug cartels virtually

controlled the country

B) even though 2 million Colombians have

left the country in the past several years

C) that the government unsuccessfully

attempted to stem the guerrilla violence

D) just as the leading drug dealers were

offered lenient punishment in exchange

for their surrender

E) since the country has turned into a

battleground with bombs, killings and

kidnappings


Sayfa 52 / 68

299. New Zealand consists of two main islands

and a number of smaller, outlying islands,

which are so scattered ____.

A) while the country has been in the

forefront in instituting social welfare

legislation

B) as other inhabited islands include the

Chatham Islands and Great Barrier Island

C) even if the North Island and the South

Island are separated by the Cook Strait

D) since the Maoris, who consisted of several

tribes, were the first inhabitants of the

country

E) that they range from the tropical to the

Antarctic

300. Suriname, now a Latin American country,

was originally explored by Spain in 1593,

____.

A) because the English transferred

sovereignty to the Dutch in 1667

B) but by 1602 the Dutch began to settle the

land, followed by the English

C) since colonization was confined to a

narrow coastal strip

D) although African slaves made up the

workforce for coffee and sugarcane

plantations

E) while after 1870 plantation workers were

mostly imported from British India

301. Some types of breast cancer grow very

slowly and spread to other parts of the body

____.

A) as an infected breast usually appears red

and swollen

B) so long as they can be detected

C) only after they become very large

D) so that the diseased breast may be

removed

E) because recently two separate genes for

breast cancer have been identified

302. The prevalence of schizophrenia worldwide

appears to be slightly less than 1 per cent

____.

A) if schizophrenia is a relatively serious

mental disorder

B) since it is regarded as a major public

health problem throughout the world

C) because schizophrenia and other

delusional disorders share certain features

D) although areas of higher or lower

prevalence have been identified

E) unless people with schizophrenia occupy

one fourth of all hospital beds

303. During the early decades of the Industrial

Revolution, ____, while in France it was

checked not only by government

interference but also by the bounty of its

sources.

A) it took nearly a fortnight to travel from

London to Edinburgh

B) textiles made up over 50 per cent of

Britain’s exports

C) the steam engine, invented by James

Watt, supplied continuous and reliable

power

D) technology in Britain was developed by

new industrial requirements

E) Britain had a transport network without

parallel in Europe


Sayfa 53 / 68

304. According to Marx’s theory of history, when

the French Revolution overthrew the old

order, ushering in bourgeois political power

and industrial capitalism, ____.

A) the stage of feudal or aristocratic property

relations ended

B) world history had passed through three

major stages, each characterized by

conflict between social groups

C) the revolutionary character of capitalism

would undermine the bourgeois economic

order

D) recurring economic crises would bring

capitalism to collapse

E) each individual best understood his or her

own interests and was therefore left free

305. ____ that space and motion are relative to

each other instead of being absolute.

A) As early as 1905 Einstein became

convinced of the equivalence of mass and

energy

B) Einstein’s most famous theory, the

principle of relativity, states

C) By 1915 Einstein had proposed entirely

new ways of thinking about matter, time,

and gravity

D) Einstein’s theories paved the way for

revolutionary developments in physics

E) Einstein devoted much of his life to

promoting peace and social justice

306. ____ whether it is a work of high quality or

just a worthless piece of writing.

A) Today in Europe and America, there is a

tremendous outpouring of printed books

from the publishers

B) B)The appreciation of literature is surely

concerned with judgement of complete

works

C) The majority of works of literature are

lengthy novels, plays, and poems

D) Experienced literary critics can tell with

some certainty from just the first

paragraph of a novel

E) The English language has resources which

enable us to express thoughts in different

ways

307. ____, but the two forms of writing are so

unlike each other that they probably

developed independently.

A) Some historical linguists have postulated

that early Egyptian might represent the

survival of a root language

B) Among the many facets of Egyptian

culture that have fascinated archaeologists

is the Egyptian system of pictographic

writing

C) The photographic nature of Egyptian

hieroglyphics may indicate an early

influence from the Sumerian cuneiform

script

D) Contrary to the Sumerian cuneiform script,

Egyptian hieroglyphics never evolved very

far towards a system of phonograms

E) As in Sumer, writing technology quickly

becamean important tool for Egyptian

government and administration


Sayfa 54 / 68

308. Medieval scholars knew as Roman authors

only Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero, ____.

A) but during the Renaissance the works of

others such as Livy, Tacitus, and Lucretius

were rediscovered and made familiar

B) whether Greek scientific and philosophical

writings became available to Westerners

in Latin translations through Islam

C) because Renaissance thinkers not only

knew many more classical texts but they

also used them in new ways

D) whereby Renaissance writers were more

aware of the conceptual and chronological

gap that separated their world from that

of their classical sources

E) since Renaissance humanism was a

programme of studies that aimed to

replace medieval scholastic emphasis on

logic and metaphysics

309. Mozart, who was one of the leading

representatives of the “Classical” style in

music, was only thirty-five ____.

A) because the Church continued to provide

support for music

B) as opera flourished in the eighteenth

century

C) when he died of rheumatic fever

D) even though Bach was certainly the

greatest composer of Baroque music

E) just as Rousseau composed music and

wrote an Opera

310. ____, infectious disease continued to kill half

of all Europeans before they reached the age

of twenty.

A) Although famines became less common

and less widespread in Europe in the

eighteenth century

B) Unless the total number of urban dwellers

across Europe as a whole did not change

markedly between 1600 and 1800

C) Because improved sanitation, together

with a better diet, may have played some

role in the rise of Europe’s population in

the 1820s

D) Since Naples went from a population of

300.000 in 1600 to nearly half a million by

the late eighteenth century

E) Just as many of the million or so men and

women employed in the textile trade in

northern France in the seventeenth

century lived in cities

311. In his famous work Novum Organum, Francis

Bacon emphasized that natural science could

not advance ____.

A) so that this could mean gaining knowledge

of nature through the senses

B) whether the knowledge of ancient

authorities was the best guide to truth

C) if knowledge was best gained through

cooperation among researchers

D) unless it cast off the inherited errors of the

past

E) whereby he left a deep mark on the

development of modern science


Sayfa 55 / 68

312. In the mid-1930s, ____, unemployment

dropped from over 6 million to under two

hundred thousand.

A) if Hitler was to maintain power and enjoy

a sizeable amount of popular support

B) so long as Hitler promised to lead

Germany back to national greatness

C) as the Nazis built the entire German

military infrastructure

D) unless Hitler’s plans for national recovery

called for full-scale rearmament

E) since Hitler, like Mussolini, moved to

abolish class conflict in Germany

313. ____, but they provide a wonderful way to

see the countryside and the wildlife.

A) Hitchhiking is still fairly common in some

European countries

B) There are several ferry services between

France and Britain

C) One of the finest ways to get a taste of life

in Finland is to go boating on a lake

D) Cycling is certainly a most enjoyable way

of seeing parts of central France

E) Trains in Argentina are much less frequent

and efficient than buses

314. ____, even though the number of paintings

he produced wasn’t large.

A) It is true that Leonardo da Vinci lived in

Milan until 1499 when the city was

captured by the French forces

B) Leonardo da Vinci was born in or near the

small town of Vinci, a day’s journey from

Florence

C) Leonardo da Vinci’s writings on painting

were first published in 1651 in Paris from

his scattered notes as Treatise on Painting

D) Leonardo da Vinci is one of the very few

artists whose reputation has from his own

time onwards always remained at the

highest level

E) When Leonardo da Vinci came to Florence

as a young man, he became the Florentine

painter Verrocchio’s apprentice

315. ____ that either depend on those hormones

or are inhibited by them.

A) Hormone therapies raise or lower levels of

certain hormones to limit the growth of

cancers

B) In the opinion of most physicians, surgery,

radiation therapy, and chemotherapy play

definite roles in treating tumours

C) Unfortunately, some tumours, such as

those in the stomach, pancreas, or kidney,

respond only partially to radiation therapy

D) Progress in cancer therapy has come with

better combinations of drugs, altered

dosages, and better coordination with

radiation therapy

E) Almost everyone who receives

chemotherapy or radiation therapy

experiences certain side effects, such as

nausea or vomiting

316. ____, just as his sister represented female

excellence.

A) Homer’s epic The Iliad, in which the

Olympian gods are portrayed, refers to

Apollo as the god who sends disease with

his arrows

B) Apollo was one of the twelve gods of

Olympus and, during the Trojan War, he

supported the Trojans against the Greeks

C) In mythology, Apollo, who was the twin

brother of Artemis, known also as Diana,

was considered to represent masculine

physical perfection

D) Among the ancient Greeks, Apollo was

worshipped not only as the god of poetic

and musical inspiration but also as the god

of the sun

E) In antiquity, Apollo’s temple at Delphi was

often visited by large crowds because it

was a major centre for prophesies


Sayfa 56 / 68

317. ____ because the Byzantine empire was the

uninterrupted successor of the Roman state.

A) A new period in the history of Western

civilizations began in the seventh century

B) It is impossible to date the beginning of

Byzantine history with any precision

C) The history of Western civilizations is

largely a story of rivalries and interactions

D) In medieval Italy, commerce and cities

continued to flourish due to trade with the

East

E) By 650 the Arabs had taken most of the

Byzantine territories, including Jerusalem

318. Our knowledge of the Etruscans is severely

limited ____.

A) that, by the sixth century B.C., the

Etruscans had established a confederation

of independent citystates

B) while Etruscan women enjoyed a

comparatively elevated place in society

C) whether the Etruscans shared with the

Greeks a religion based on the worship of

gods in human form

D) just as it appears that Etruscan

settlements in Italy go back to the late

Bronze Age

E) since their language, although written in a

Greek alphabet, has not yet been fully

deciphered

319. In the late 1920s, many politicians were

cautiously optimistic ____.

A) if the Nazis tried to eliminate the

influences of American popular culture,

which they regarded as an example of

cultural degeneracy

B) in case the Nazis, like other authoritarian

governments, had used mass media as an

efficient means of indoctrination and

control

C) that the economic troubles and political

turmoil, which had been brought about by

World War I, could easily be overcome

D) just as one powerful influence on the

artists and intellectuals of the time was

neither social nor political, but scientific

E) so that artists might continue to focus on

subjective experiences, multiplicities of

meaning, and personal expression

320. ____, the Vietnam War, which relied on a

disproportionate number of black soldiers,

magnified racial inequality in the United

States.

A) When President Johnson began the

strategic bombing of North Vietnam

B) As Martin Luther King, Jr., pointed out in

the 1960s

C) Although the South Vietnamese

government resisted efforts at reform

D) Even if the peace talks in Paris between

the United States and North Vietnam

failed

E) Since the 1954 Geneva Accords divided

Vietnam into North and South


Sayfa 57 / 68

321. Following World War II, Japan emerged as a

major industrial power because large state

subsidies supported the success of Japanese

firms, ____.

A) if the Japanese government launched a

series of austere economic measures to

reduce unemployment

B) unless the firms themselves concentrated

on the efficiency and technical reliability of

their products

C) even though every Japanese government

regarded the creation of prosperity as a

fundamental patriotic duty

D) while a well-funded programme of

technical education aided research and

the development of new goods

E) whereas Japan, as a fully industrialized

country, not only led the way but also

became the most influential model of

success

322. Galileo observed sunspots, ____.

A) which he sketched and documented as

real irregularities on the surface of the sun

B) since he claimed that the craters of the

moon were the features of its landscape

C) even if, with the support of the Medici

family, he was able to pursue his work on

astronomy

D) so long as his ideas on astronomy brought

him into conflict with powerful opponents

E) whether he was already a famous

mathematician at the University of Padua

323. Whether you are interested in the ancient,

medieval, or modern world, ____.

A) the Cities of the Dead are cemeteries in

Cairo that have become home to

thousands of the city’s poorest

B) you can visit the Old City of Jerusalem,

which is home to countless Jewish,

Christian, and Muslim sacred sites, such as

the Wailing Wall

C) you can see the ancient cities of Harappa

and Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan dating back

to 3000 BC that are still under excavation

D) you can find art and architecture from

each time period anywhere people resided

in the Middle East

E) the Egyptian Museum in Cairo is a treasure

chest of mummies, statues, and thousands

of other items of historic value

324. ____, while larger sailing cruisers are used

for long-distance racing.

A) Smaller sail boats are used for weekend

and holiday cruising

B) Many different types of smaller sailing

dinghies have gone on the market

C) Fibreglass has helped extend the use of

smaller boats to more people

D) The yacht Maiden was used to compete in

a long race with the first female crew

E) The kayak is the most popular type of

canoe in Europe

325. Because social relations are so crucial for

human life, ____.

A) young adults often devote long hours to

work, leaving little time for other activities

B) relationships that cut across both racial

and ethnic lines are nothing new

C) it is not surprising that loneliness and

personal rejection are major sources of

distress

D) loneliness can take many forms and

cannot be detected simply by looking at

someone

E) it is possible to experience one type of

loneliness but not the others


Sayfa 58 / 68

326. ____, but it is easy to see proof of major

market failures there as well.

A) It is possible for trade policy to ignore

national welfare altogether

B) Domestic market failure calls for domestic

policy changes based on cost-benefit

analysis

C) Most deviations from free trade result in

market failure

D) We need to realize that economic theory

does not provide a dogmatic defence of

free trade

E) The evidence that markets perform poorly

is a little less obvious in advanced

countries

327. Although young children are certainly

sensitive to other people’s facial expressions,

____.

A) they find it difficult to learn that

something is bad for them

B) their brains are not capable of fully

understanding the emotions that cause

them

C) it is still not a good idea to send them to

school at a very early age

D) they generally want things that they

cannot have

E) it is hard for them to deal with being

separated from their caregivers

328. The language game is similar to other games

in that it is structured by rules ____.

A) upon which certain notions have not yet

been defined clearly by linguists

B) which provide a picture of a world without

laws

C) so that individuals are initiated into their

own society and culture by their parents

D) which speakers learn simply by belonging

to a particular speech community

E) and these are completely irrelevant to the

actual users of the language

329. There are hundreds of mental or cognitive

ability tests available worldwide, ____.

A) while aptitude tests are typically used to

predict future performance

B) therefore new applicants are assumed to

be more successful in such tests

C) so people need to study very hard if they

want to get a good score

D) though people have to be careful and

make sure they know their mental ability

E) yet the number of people who value their

results remains very low

330. A glacier is an enormous ice mass ____.

A) since a mountain valley carved out by a

river is usually steep

B) as long as the surrounding rock is scoured

by the ice and sediment

C) that results from more snow falling and

accumulating in winter than melts in the

summer

D) while the sun rays are not as strong during

these times

E) which shows that our mild climate is only

an interval between ice ages

331. People lose one of the most obvious ways in

which they can identify their place in society

____.

A) when they leave the workforce

permanently

B) so they need to gain a lot of work

experience

C) because they generally love to socialize

D) as their retirement is a reward for years of

hard work

E) despite their failure to change their habits


Sayfa 59 / 68

332. You will feel right at home with Florida’s

outrageous broadcasts ____.

A) whereas analogue sound has higher

fidelity than digital sound

B) if you are accustomed to the

sensationalism of cheap daily newspapers

C) although they give you direct access to

many TV channels

D) whether you have to choose from a wide

variety of radio channels

E) as though your favourite song was on air

all day long

333. He says that if any such evidence existed,

____.

A) they will conduct the experiment under

controlled conditions

B) he is most probably wrong in interpreting

the evidence

C) it would have been published in a scientific

journal

D) there can be some counter claims

regarding the sample

E) you might as well follow the advice from

the researchers

334. Just as nobody could have predicted the

impact of the steam engine in 1750, ____.

A) 3D printers were used for photocopying

for many years.

B) 3D technology is likely to disrupt every

field it Touches

C) it is unclear whether 3D printing requires

additional material and effort

D) technological change is profound enough

to reset the economics of 3D printing

E) it is impossible to foresee the long-term

influence of 3D printing

335. Although obsession with the latest clothes

and gadgets is common among teenagers,

____.

A) materialism actually peaks during pre-teen

years

B) praise from peers about their clothing

diminishes their self-esteem

C) higher levels of materialism can also lead

to obsession

D) boosting teenagers' self esteem can help

improve their performance at school

E) the "must have" mentality is significant in

shaping one's personality

336. ____ since he speaks English, French and

Italian fluently.

A) They asked him to teach Turkish on many

occasions

B) He is having to take lessons in order to

learn English

C) He seems qualified to be in charge of the

department of multilingualism

D) There is talk of splitting the large

internalmarket portfolio

E) It is hard to see him dealing with the

French delegates

337. ____ before calm can resume and a stable

new order can emerge.

A) The country has a long way to go

B) Mobile phones continue to spread news

C) Liberal voters wish to win an electoral

victory

D) The latest unrest may die down

E) No one can be sure of a new order


Sayfa 60 / 68

338. ____ they would probably do well, perhaps

even win.

A) Had they been informed in advance

B) Provided they are ready

C) Unless a general election is called

D) If there were fair elections

E) Should there be a cancellation of elections

339. Some politicians were asked to describe the

emotions their own demise would arouse

and what would happen after they died,

____.

A) therefore all groups gave highly favourable

opinions on the measures that were taken

by the government

B) while others were given the rather less

difficult task of answering questions about

their TV viewing habits

C) when the study showed a politician can be

a charismatic leader advocating home

security measures

D) whereas a politician usually faced an uphill

battle to win the approval of voters in an

impending election

E) even if you could imagine an unscrupulous

politician having a quiet word in the ear of

an intelligence officer

340. With satellite digital radio, good reception is

guaranteed, ____.

A) before your receiver has been installed by

the mechanic

B) if you pay too much money for the digital

radio

C) after you sign up for a monthly payment

D) as long as you point your receiver at the

satellite

E) unless you purchase a good satellite digital

radio

341. ____, scientists are entirely dependent on

their instruments to hear the toothed

whales' clicks

A) Since humans can hear only sounds

between 20 and 20,000 hertz

B) As the vessel has made both acoustic and

visual observations of whales

C) While other whales use sound to hunt,

orient themselves, and communicate

D) Given that sound travels easily through air

and water

E) Because the blue whale’s vocalizations are

very easy to recognize

342. Warsaw is rich in museums and historic

sights ____,

A) where the streets are less crowded than

most European cities

B) because the inhabitants of the city are

proud of their history

C) although most of them were damaged

during World War ll

D) when it finally became the capital city of

Poland in 1596

E) because Warsaw is visited by thousands of

tourists every year

343. ____, while in sailing ships the wind has been

an essential source of power for even longer.

A) Windmills have been used for at least

3,000 years, mainly for grinding grain or

pumping water

B) In Germany, scientists have constructed a

new wind turbine that generates a great

amount of electricity

C) Wind power has come to fall into disuse

with the advent of cheap fossil-fuelled

engines

D) There is now a reappraisal of wind energy

because of the dramatic increases in crude

oil prices

E) Lately, there has been widespread interest

in using wind energy for remote dwellings


Sayfa 61 / 68

344. In addition to the normal problems of

working out a satisfactory marital

relationship, ____.

A) the expansion of a family could happen in

a variety of ways, including having a child

and the moving in of a relative

B) people now seem to prefer getting

married at a later age when compared to

the past

C) most relationships are exchanges of

valued resources and involve an analysis of

costs and benefits

D) couples from different cultures may have

to cope with social discrimination and

isolation

E) more needs to be done for parents who

are unable to meet the educational needs

of their children

345. As the population of Asia’s wild tigers has

declined over the years, ____.

A) the improved health of Thailand’s forests

suggests that the tiger population could

continue to grow

B) it is known that global alarm for the

species first sounded in 1969 following a

peak in the tiger skin trade

C) they are also regarded as powerful

swimmers and can supplement their diets

with marine life

D) these legendary animals have become a

thing of the fable as much as reality

E) they are not picky about their food and

environment like pandas

346. Though a stronger global recovery would

ease some of the pain in recruitment, ____.

A) some governments will introduce

extensive programs focusing on young

people

B) labour experts believe the problem of

youth unemployment demands special

attention

C) the gap between the skilled and unskilled

workforce has been filled with in-service

training

D) those who graduate from universities have

now more difficulty in finding a job than in

the past

E) the employment of young people is said to

overcome recession in developed nations

347. ____, because it is driven uniquely by its

financial returns.

A) Conventional tourism management lacks

adequate market assessment

B) Tourism is, after all, a social activity that

many people enjoy

C) A tourism development plan is important

for a city to manage visitors

D) The implementation stage in tourism

development includes plan objectives and

public concerns

E) Tourism planning usually fails to take

environmental and social impacts into

account


Sayfa 62 / 68

348. ____, why don’t we all have serious trouble

with our body image?

A) Provided that a deficit plays the leading

role in the development of anorexia

B) If various biological and environmental

factors come together to create a problem

in the body

C) Given that each of us is extensively

exposed to images of presumably perfect

bodies

D) When our body image and functioning go

hand in hand in a healthy manner

E) Now that a sportswoman can become

overly concerned with her deformed body

shape

349. You can still make it your own and increase

your chances of achieving it ____.

A) even if your goal has stemmed from an

external motivation

B) in case forming a new habit requires

choosing between the pleasant and

familiar

C) once you have found the reason for giving

up an unsatisfying job

D) unless you look for an activity that will

help you tackle challenges more

enthusiastically

E) after you stop trying to make an important

change in your lifestyle

350. ____, they are often exposed to indoor

pollution.

A) Because people can be affected to a great

extent by a city’s infrastructure

B) Though the majority of factories use fuel

especially for the production process

C) If facilities for health care are a concern in

all countries across the world

D) When cars are used more frequently than

public transportation

E) Since poor households are more

dependent on solid fuel for heating and

cooking

351. Statements made in the media can plant

distortions in the minds of millions, ____.

A) while the news often has an implicit bias

that may portray opinions in misleading

ways

B) although people attribute some

misconceptions to a predetermined

campaign of certain authorities

C) instead they are most likely the result of

common types of reasoning errors

D) but learning to recognize commonly used

fallacies will help you separate fact from

fiction

E) and TV shows should be supplied with

both educational and entertaining

characteristics

352. Colours, sounds and smells are always

present in the material world but are

meaningless to us ____.

A) although separate analyses of art and

mind lead to a misunderstanding of each

B) yet the things we cannot perceive with our

five senses are called ‘abstract notions’

C) so we have specific knowledge of the brain

as reflected by neurological principles

D) whether we are just beginning to

understand these natural processes

E) unless they first activate our senses and

are then represented as cognitive events

353. Even if we have a lot of work, ____.

A) we have some difficulties in making our

future plans clear

B) we do not usually complain about being

busy

C) there are various conditions that affect our

behaviour

D) we never tend to pay attention to

relationships

E) some details can remind us of our early

experiences


Sayfa 63 / 68

354. ____, while the early pioneers of intelligence

testing were mostly interested in theoretical

questions about the nature of intelligence.

A) IQ tests initially ignored the development

of intelligence

B) Determining what intelligence is and how

it changes has not been easy

C) Theoretical issues in intelligence testing

tradition have overshadowed practical

ones

D) Any approach to intelligence must have

confronted the question of its structure

E) The pragmatic origins and uses of IQ tests

have recently been emphasized

355. When employees lack skill and interest,

____.

A) performing a job well means people

should also help manage it

B) expecting them to lead a project

successfully is unrealistic

C) the goal would be to increase

communication in a unit

D) unnecessary interference and distractions

will cease

E) too much appraisal will make it tough for

people to concentrate

356. If they are striving to do their work ethically,

____.

A) history teachers will need to discuss the

moral implications of events with their

students

B) no one can effectively teach children how

people should behave in a conflict

C) citizens’ worldviews are often related to

the realities of their daily lives

D) there will be aspects of human rights that

underpin society

E) how processes are described in a society is

very Important

357. Although plays were being written as early as

300 BC, ____.

A) the Greek audience’s view of the stage

was framed by the landscape and sky

B) Roman theatres included large

amphitheatres for the audience which

could be built into hills

C) the action of the play took place on a

raised stage or pulpitum

D) the first permanent theatres where they

could be staged properly were not built

until much later

E) the function and proportion of theatrical

elements changed significantly

358. A 10% increase in the cost of hospital

services would cause poorer households to

cut back their hospital care by 4.7%, ____.

A) in spite of the fact that many developing

nations subsidize medical care by about

5%

B) thus the difference between poor and

wealthy households is even larger

C) whereas the wealthy would have to do the

same by only 2.9%

D) because the higher price of medical care

would not affect the wealthy at all

E) but the same pattern occurs in the

demand for medical services in poorer

households

359. Some firms provide special services for

frequent buyers such as encouraging repeat

business with discounts ____.

A) because their previous experience may not

be relevant

B) so that making purchases from them

becomes a part of the customer’s routine

C) although this practice is similar to the

process of problem solving

D) when consumers face a really new concept

E) as it does not confirm how long this offer

will be Valid


Sayfa 64 / 68

360. Enthusiasts in some countries had been

building small rockets and thinking about

space travel for many years, ____.

A) which went on to launch the first

astronauts on the Redstone rocket in 1961

B) therefore most of this work involved

building large rockets for actual space

travel

C) whereas a Russian teacher worked out

many of the principles of rocket science 50

years ago

D) but it was a team of scientists and

engineers in Germany that finally made

the dream a reality

E) even though they had been fascinated by

the idea of space travel since their

childhood

361. ____, London has decided to transform its

poorest neighbourhood into a display of

what the Olympic Games can mean beyond

medals.

A) Since the athletes are competing to win

gold, silver and bronze medals

B) Because many people question the value

of hosting the Olympic Games

C) Whenever the idea of hosting the Olympic

Games emerges

D) Though the political support would be

dependent on being chosen to host the

Olympic Games

E) If hosting international events is

considered to be a valuable experience

362. In general, copyright law takes the view that

computer programs are not patentable ____.

A) when an antivirus program is

recommended for safe computer use

B) if checking e-mails on a daily basis has

become a habit

C) now that lengthy court battles benefit

neither party

D) even though some programs have simply

undergone a digital transformation

E) unless they are genuine innovations with

industrial applications

363. In order to make the first vessels to cross

stretches of water, ____.

A) ancient civilizations depended heavily on

these for their survival and expansion

B) the Greeks brought the art of rowing to a

level of perfection that has never been

surpassed

C) early attempts were often unique to the

societies that originated them

D) people had already developed them for

such purposes as fishing and transporting

goods

E) early humans employed materials ranging

from animal skins to small pieces of timber

364. While several other minerals are needed for

muscle function, ____.

A) knowledge of your body and its functions

can be a great ally in health matters

B) most of the calories in the food we eat are

used by our muscles

C) the contours of the body alter as the

muscles strengthen

D) exercise is a vital ingredient for keeping

the human body in good health

E) continuous intake of calcium helps to

maintain a healthy skeleton

365. Despite the political upheavals in the Arab

world, ____.

A) the Middle East is gaining ground to

become one of the world’s popular tourist

destinations

B) business boom, in places like Dubai and

Abu Dhabi, has had little impact on the

economies

C) the airlines are rapidly expanding their

routes in Europe and Asia

D) emphasis on new policies is required to

overcome recession in these countries

E) stability, strong economic growth and

value for money are the key factors of

economic mobility


Sayfa 65 / 68

366. Whereas there are undoubted social benefits

to increasing home ownership, ____.

A) the mortgage companies that finance

home buyers can go bankrupt

B) there are some economic problems

associated with it

C) more and more people prefer to buy

homes than rent

D) the existing laws make it financially more

attractive to purchase

E) incentives to rent houses still remain at

historically low levels

367. No matter how good the food we eat is, if it

is not well digested, absorbed into the blood

and assimilated into the cells, ____.

A) we can, in time, develop symptoms and

nutritional deficiency

B) food must be well chewed and mixed with

saliva

C) an alkaline environment is needed for the

next stage of digestion

D) it reaches the stomach where it is mixed

with pepsin

E) the breakdown of the protein in food

begins here

368. ____, Indian culture was primarily oral, with

a high value placed on recounting tales and

dreams.

A) No matter how extraordinarily diverse

Indian customs and culture have been

B) As native American Indians evolved into

complex hierarchical societies that

practiced human sacrifice

C) Even though the first Indians began

constructing earthen burial sites and

fortifications around 600 BC

D) If all European emigrants had left their

homelands to escape political oppression

E) Although some North American tribes

developed a type of hieroglyphics to

preserve certain texts

369. ____, you can work on extinguishing any

undesirable behaviours.

A) Unless you proceed to the interviewer’s

office for your interview

B) Although previous work experience is

sought by almost all employers nowadays

C) Once you are able to see yourself

interacting with others

D) Whereas there is much to be learned

about human nature in general

E) Just as any communicative event requires

at least one person to be around

370. It might not be practical to use a different

password for every single website that you

log into ____.

A) so online shopping involves more than just

a seller and a buyer

B) although it is more suggestible for

someone to rely on a computer engineer

C) since nicknames on the Internet are not

enough to protect you from harm

D) while the term ‘surfing’ has become more

widespread as more people use computers

E) but it is definitely worth having more than

one for security reasons

371. The nests birds leave behind provide clues

about their lives and environment ____.

A) as the architectural complexity of these

nests hardly untangles their genealogy

B) just as archaeological sites supply glimpses

of human history

C) but nest-collecting was a popular boyhood

hobby in the 19th century

D) despite the fact that they remain a largely

untapped scientific resource

E) before they lay eggs in order to sustain the

continuation of their species


Sayfa 66 / 68

372. ____, not only cell operators but also law

enforcement have come under fire for

exploiting personal data without the user’s

knowledge.

A) After the companies have agreed widely

on privacy policies

B) Although law enforcement units permit

users to reach all sites

C) Since market demand is driving some of

the biggest collectors of data into piracy

D) As smart phones’ tracking abilities have

become more sophisticated

E) Now that banking transactions via mobile

devices are almost completely secure

373. ____, while in sailing ships the wind has been

an essential source of power for even longer

A) Windmills have been used for at least

3,000 years, mainly for grinding grain or

pumping water

B) In Germany, scientists have constructed a

new wind turbine that generates a great

amount of electricity

C) Wind power has come to fall into disuse

with the advent of cheap fossil-fuelled

engines

D) There is now a reappraisal of wind energy

because of the dramatic increases in crude

oil prices

E) Lately, there has been widespread interest

in using wind energy for remote dwellings

374. In addition to the normal problems of

working out a satisfactory marital

relationship, ____.

A) the expansion of a family could happen in

a variety of ways, including having a child

and the moving in of a relative

B) people now seem to prefer getting

married at a later age when compared to

the past

C) most relationships are exchanges of

valued resources and involve an analysis of

costs and benefits

D) couples from different cultures may have

to cope with social discrimination and

isolation

E) more needs to be done for parents who

are unable to meet the educational needs

of their children

375. As the population of Asia’s wild tigers has

declined over the years, ____.

A) the improved health of Thailand’s forests

suggests that the tiger population could

continue to grow

B) it is known that global alarm for the

species first sounded in 1969 following a

peak in the tiger skin trade

C) they are also regarded as powerful

swimmers and can supplement their diets

with marine life

D) these legendary animals have become a

thing of the fable as much as reality

E) they are not picky about their food and

environment like pandas


Sayfa 67 / 68

376. Though a stronger global recovery would

ease some of the pain in recruitment, ____.

A) some governments will introduce

extensive programs focusing on young

people

B) labour experts believe the problem of

youth unemployment demands special

attention

C) the gap between the skilled and unskilled

workforce has been filled with in-service

training

D) those who graduate from universities

have now more difficulty in finding a job

than in the past

E) the employment of young people is said

to overcome recession in developed

nations

377. ____, because it is driven uniquely by its

financial returns.

A) Conventional tourism management lacks

adequate market assessment

B) Tourism is, after all, a social activity that

many people enjoy

C) A tourism development plan is important

for a city to manage visitors

D) The implementation stage in tourism

development includes plan objectives and

public concerns

E) Tourism planning usually fails to take

environmental and social impacts into

account

378. ____, why don’t we all have serious trouble

with our body image?

A) Provided that a deficit plays the leading

role in the development of anorexia

B) If various biological and environmental

factors come together to create a problem

in the body

C) Given that each of us is extensively

exposed to images of presumably perfect

bodies

D) When our body image and functioning go

hand in hand in a healthy manner

E) Now that a sportswoman can become

overly concerned with her deformed body

shape

379. You can still make it your own and increase

your chances of achieving it ____.

A) even if your goal has stemmed from an

external motivation

B) in case forming a new habit requires

choosing between the pleasant and

familiar

C) once you have found the reason for giving

up an unsatisfying job

D) unless you look for an activity that will

help you tackle challenges more

enthusiastically

E) after you stop trying to make an important

change in your lifestyle

380. ____, they are often exposed to indoor

pollution.

A) Because people can be affected to a great

extent by a city’s infrastructure

B) Though the majority of factories use fuel

especially for the production process

C) If facilities for health care are a concern in

all countries across the world

D) When cars are used more frequently than

public transportation

E) Since poor households are more

dependent on solid fuel for heating and

cooking


Sayfa 68 / 68

381. Statements made in the media can plant

distortions in the minds of millions, ____.

A) while the news often has an implicit bias

that may portray opinions in misleading

ways

B) although people attribute some

misconceptions to a predetermined

campaign of certain authorities

C) instead they are most likely the result of

common types of reasoning errors

D) but learning to recognize commonly used

fallacies will help you separate fact from

fiction

E) and TV shows should be supplied with

both educational and entertaining

characteristics

382. Colours, sounds and smells are always

present in the material world but are

meaningless to us ____.

A) although separate analyses of art and mind

lead to a misunderstanding of each

B) yet the things we cannot perceive with our

five senses are called ‘abstract notions’

C) so we have specific knowledge of the brain

as reflected by neurological principles

D) whether we are just beginning to

understand these natural processes

E) unless they first activate our senses and are

then represented as cognitive events

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