icaci conference & symposium technical papers_20 & 21 dec

R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conferenceand Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on

20-21, December 2013 Hotel Hyatt Regency, Mumbai

ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE

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Technical PapersVolume

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Technical PapersVolume I





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Technical PapersVolume I


2-3, Nagree Terraces, Soonawala Agiary Road, Mahim (West), Mumbai 400 016. Tel.: +91 - 022 - 2446 9175 w Telefax: +91 - 022 - 2446 0760 w Email: [email protected]

Web: www.icaci.com

American Concrete Institute

Korea Concrete Institute The Institution of Structural Engineers, UK

Supported by

Technical Papers

iiRN Raikar Memorial International Conference & Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on


Mr. R. N. Raikar was a man of unparalleled virtues: an engineer par excellence, a thorough professional, an earnest teacher, and most importantly a pious human being.

As the first Civil Engineer in the family, Mr. R. N. Raikar or RNR as he was fondly called graduated in the year 1961 from Pune Engineering College. Such was his charisma and encouragement that most of his family members followed in his foot-steps and pursued civil engineering. Today, his first family boasts 11 Civil Engineers and five Architects.

After gaining experience in Military Engineering Services and Bombay Port Trust he decided to form his own company, Structwel, in 1967. Started initially as a structural engineering organization, he immediately diversified into Forensic Engineering in construction and repaired the first building in the inaugural year of his company.

Mr. Raikars outstanding flair for building repairs, rehabilitation and restoration prompted the State Government to invite him to the advisory panel of the Repairs Board in 1968 a unique recognition for an engineer with only seven years of professional experience.

He became a Member of the prestigious IStructE, UK in

R. N. Raikarthe year 1969 a membership highly coveted and attained only after a grueling seven-hour examination. Needless to say Mr. Raikar cleared it in his first attempt, became a member, was subsequently awarded Fellowship of IStructE, UK, and finally made it as the organizations India representative.

It was his intense desire to share knowledge that urged him to become a visiting lecturer at the J. J. School of Architecture a duty he carried on till 1975 when he had to grudgingly discontinue due to increased professional commitments.

Mr. Raikars first technical contribution, Technology of Building Repairs was published in 1974. After four re-prints over four decades, the book continues to serve as a bible for engineers a testimony to his profound and timeless knowledge on the subject.

A recipient of countless national and international accolades in the field of Structural Engineering, and Rehabilitation and Restoration, Mr. Raikar was appointed as an advisor by State and Central Governments on almost all advisory panels for collapses of structures. His experience of Collapse investigations of more than 100 structures was documented in his second technical endeavor, Learning from Failures (1986) and in subsequent books Diagnosis and Treatment of Structures in Distress (1994) and Durable Structures through Planning for Preventive Maintenance (1994). He lived by the American Concrete Institute adage, Progress through Knowledge.

Mr. Raikar and few other like-minded professionals launched the India Chapter of American Concrete Institute (ICACI) in 1979. The Chapter is a proud recipient of the Excellent Chapter award for the past consecutive 14 years an insurmountable feat that could only be accomplished by a towering personality like Mr. Raikar.

Mr. Raikars contribution to the growth of the Chapter is unmatched. He was instrumental in organizing more than 35 seminars on concrete and construction related topics during his stint at the Chapter. It was his brain child to start a construction supervisors course which has recently completed its 19th installment. His initiative to bring Technicians training courses to India has given Indian engineers and technicians an opportunity to avail of these initiatives at affordable prices.

His passion, commitment and zeal towards knowledge advancement was recognized by the American Concrete Institute when he was awarded the celebrated Honorary Membership in 2004, becoming the first Asian to receive

(1939 2008)

iiiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

this honour and the first person to get it outside the United States of America.

Mr. Raikars organization, Structwel, is at the forefront of structural engineering. Its uniqueness is the presence of a structural design arm, a material testing laboratory, a Research and Development centre, and an army of trained engineers in the field of rehabilitation and restoration, with each department aiming for excellence. Integrity and professionalism - virtues of Mr. Raikar - are today displayed by every employee of Structwel, currently spearheaded by his able sons, Chetan and Kaustubh.

Mr. Raikar breathed his last on 8th of March, 2008 after being in coma for three months. He suffered from a brain stroke while delivering a key-note address at an ICACI seminar on Forensic Engineering on 6th December 2007. He walked into the seminar fully aware of the aneurism in his brain and the dangers it presented. But it was his destiny to be remembered by the fraternity as a brave soldier who departed this life with his shoes on.

The board of India Chapter of American Concrete Institute and the entire engineering fraternity salutes the invaluable contribution of Mr. R. N. Raikar - a legend like none other.

Technical Papers

ivRN Raikar Memorial International Conference & Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on


Surendra P. Shah is a Walter P. Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering at Northwestern University (emeritus). He was the founding director of the pioneering NSF Science and Technology Center for Advanced Cement-Based Materials. His current research interests include: fracture, fiber reinforced composites, non-destructive evaluation, transport properties, processing, rheology, nanotechnology and use of solid waste materials. He has co-authored two books: Fiber Reinforced Cement Based Composites and Fracture Mechanics of Concrete. He has published more than 500 journal articles and edited more than a twenty books. He is past editor in chief of RILEMs journal Materials and Structures.

Professor Shah is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He is also a foreign member of Chinese Academy of Engineering as well of Indian Academy of Engineering. He is the only civil engineer who is a member of these three academies. He has received many awards including the Swedish Concrete Award, ACI Anderson Award, RILEM Gold Medal, ASTM Thompson Award, ASCE Charles Pankow Award, and Engineering News Records News Maker Award. He was named one of the Most Influential People in the industry by Concrete Construction Magazine. He have spent time as an Honorary Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, under a Fulbright grant and at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology as a visiting member of Institute of Advanced Studies. Most recently, he was awarded an honorary membership in American Concrete Institute and RILEM (based in Paris).

Besides teaching at Northwestern, he has taught at the University of Illinois at Chicago and served as a visiting professor at MIT, University of Sidney, Denmark Technical University, University of Singapore, Darmstadt Technical University and LCPC, Paris. He has been an honorary professor at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and LAquilla University in Italy, Guest Professor at Southeast University and Honorary Academician at Dalian University. Currently he is member of Institute of Advanced Studies of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

Dr. Surendra P Shah

vOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

I am sorry that I cannot take part in the Conference but at the age of 90 my travel is severely limited.

I knew R.N. Raikar over many years and I have the highest regard for him. He was a great engineer, and his work on forensic engineering was seminal and is very highly regarded in England. He received the Structural Engineering Commendation from the Institution of Structural Engineers in London in 2005.

Best wishes for a successful conference.

Dr. Adam M. Neville

MessageDr. Adam M. Neville

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American Concrete Institute

The American Concrete Institute was founded in 1904 as a non-profit membership organization dedicated to public service and representing the user interest in the field of concrete. ACI gathers and distributes information on the improvement of design, construction and maintenance of concrete products and structures. The work of ACI is conducted by individual ACI members and through volunteer committees composed of both members and non-members.

The committees, as well as ACI as a whole, operate under a consensus format, which assures all participants the right to have their views considered.

Committee activities include the development of building codes and specifications; analysis of research and development results; presentation of construction and repair techniques and education.

Individuals interested in the activities of ACI are encouraged to become a member. There are no educational or employment requirements. ACIs membership is composed of engineers, architects, scientists, contractors, educators and representatives from a variety of companies and organizations.

Members are encouraged to participate in committee activities that relate to their specific areas of interest. For more details, visit www.concrete.org

viiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

Dear colleagues in India,

The American Concrete Institute is pleased to be a co-sponsor of the R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conference and the Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on Advances in Science & Technology of Concrete, in conjunction with many other associations representing the breadth of Indias civil engineering and concrete construction industry.

Attendees will be able to participate in an outstanding opportunity for technology transfer at the conference and symposium honoring two very significant persons in the Indian fraternity of civil engineers and both ACI Honorary Members. Honorary Membership is the highest citation that ACI can give to persons of eminence in the field of the Institutes interest, or one who has performed extraordinary meritorious service to the Institute. Only 219 ACI members have been elected to Honorary Membership, since the honor was first established in 1926.

The accomplishments of R. N. Raikar and Surendra Shah are two shining examples of how ACIs mission of advancing concrete knowledge has made an impact on the construction sector in India. We feel that the civil engineering and concrete contractor fraternity in India is an important partner with ACI in promoting the best concrete practices not only in India, but around the world, too.

We look forward to our continuing collaboration and hope to meet you at the R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conference and the Dr. Suru Shah Symposium.

Anne Ellis

MessageDr. Anne EllisPresident, ACI, USA

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The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is the premier professional institution in the sphere of concrete for over 100 years. Its motto is Progress through knowledge.

Indian Chapter is in its 35th year. Technical dissemination is a most appropriate method for enhancing our Continuous Professional Development (CPD). We have around 2,000 members spread all over India, who actively participate in the Chapter Program.

India Chapter, the largest ACI Chapter, is in its 35th year and is privileged to receive Excellent Chapter Award consecutively for the last 15 years. The Chapter is committed to train and propagate good concrete making practices through seminars, demonstrations, workshops and competitions for the construction industry. It believes in Continuous Progress and Development in Knowledge Dissemination as an ongoing activity. This conference is a sequel to it.

In 2009, India Chapter successfully launched the ACI Certification Programme of Concrete Field Testing Technician Grade I. In a short period of a year, the Chapter has trained and examined 200 Concrete Professionals and Technicians.

India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

INDIA CHAPTER OF

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

ixOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

Dear All,

It is heartening that I happen to be the President of India Chapter of ACI at a time when our chapter is organizing one of the biggest conferences and symposiums.

The title itself, R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conference & Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on Advances in Science & Technology of Concrete is so thrilling as it mentions two stalwarts of the global construction industry who have achieved fame across the world and made their countrymen proud.

Late Mr R. N. Raikar, my father, was and will remain the light of inspiration for me and several like-minded engineers in India to serve the fraternity and spread the motto of ACI, Progress through Knowledge.

Dr Suru Shah, is the Guru of hundreds of Ph.D. students across the globe. Their respect and affection for this doyen of academics and the construction field can be seen through their instant response to our first call for the symposium in his honour.

I once again express my happiness and gratitude to all the participants, partners and support agencies in making this conference and symposium a grand success.

We, the Chapter board would have been incomplete without you.

Warm regards and best wishes for Christmas and the New Year.

Chetan R Raikar

MessageChetan R RaikarPresident, ICACI

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My fellow concrete practitioners from India and abroad,

At the outset I must confess that I am or rather we at India Chapter of ACI are humbled by overwhelming and qualitative response to this inaugural R N Raikar Memorial Conference and Dr. Suru Shah Symposium from all over the world, nooks and corners of the country and cross section of the matrix of concrete practitioners in the Indian subcontinent. The response is more noteworthy as, these are the days of knowledge explosion and hence several concurrent meets nationally and internationally are attracting and dividing attention and presence of astute practitioners for such conferences. I get reminded of what Mahatma Gandhi said ... Find the purpose and the means follow.

Yes friendsthe purpose and the only purpose here is to have technology walk in and out for the posterity and for new-gen concrete practitioners of India which is today the epicenter of concrete activity along with her neighboring country China. As all of us are aware many a global interests are ready to establish their OUTREACH to this busy hub of activity where more than 350 million tons of cement and corresponding concrete is gainfully placed annually. This is a win-win situation for TECHNOLOGY, may it be for giver or for user / acceptor. And thats how we are embarking on this inaugural technical / technological extravaganza to be continued on biennial basis to keep the memory alive of a visionary who toiled for this cause. Yes, we are referring to one and only, honorary fellow of several international societies and also honorary fellow of ACI....RAMAESH NARAYAN RAIKAR.

He was possessed by the dream of BRICS before the term was ever coined. On several travels with me abroad and in India he would lament about the state of the art in India and hope about what can happen if the inherently intelligent and hardworking engineering community of India can be duly aligned to make a strong magnate out of it to lead the countrys progress effectively and set an international example. He was an enlightened person like BUDDHA or PROPHET MOHAMED or LORD KRISHNA who could clearly see ahead of contemporary time, and here we are today indeed seeing his prophecy coming true in terms of advances being made practically possible in this country which heitherto were considered Quixotic. For example, in Indian scenario where fly ash has become an integral part, was blasphemised to be ASH as an impurity in pious and pure cement. I remember one of the first efforts was done in India in the form of national seminar on fly ash by India Chapter when the NATION was even not ready to comprehend the idea. Fortunately I have become so old that I was part of the movement and the BIS committee meeting was held in Mumbai as a deviation from general norm.

MessageDr. S. K. ManjrekarConference Convenor and Past President, ICACI

xiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

That is RNR my friends. And that is his reverence to TECHNOLOGY and who make it happen. He had tremendous respect for genius and particularly our Indian Brain which drained due to personal necessities, however, made a mark on the course of concrete history of the world. Several illustrious sons of Mother India come to mind who have immensely enriched CONCRETE and RELATED MATERIALS SCIENCE by their glorious contributions of lifetime work. It is only appropriate to salute and felicitate them in front of their own National admirers, young practitioners, students and future nation builders to create an urge in them to follow the illustrious footsteps of the heros. AND who else could be more inspiring in the inaugural episode than the MASTER of MASTERS our own internationally acclaimed, may it be EAST or WEST, FRIEND, PHILOSOPHER and GUIDE to all - Dr. SURENDRA P SHAH?

We are indeed privileged to have acceptance from him to allow us to honor him by organising this symposium. It is the charisma that he has, which is of course due to his relentless quality work of five decades and ever helping attitude to generations of his students and collaborators, that made our task doable to garner the overwhelming technical support to this event. Contributions from 88 scientists / concrete practitioners from 25 nationalities is probably a testimony to goodwill of RNR, respect to Suru and acknowledgement to the hubbing activities of MOTHER INDIA.

Like mentioned earlier, Find the purpose and means follow. Once the idea was crystallized the support from stalwarts as well as cadres throughout the country and outside the country was overwhelming. Practitioners from more than 40 countries accepted to serve on International Organizing Committee and were actually present in a committee meeting held in Minneapolis during ACI Convention on 16th April 2013. The media coverage was outstanding and the spontaneous support from industry and academia was heartwarming. We are very grateful to one and all and request continued support for the forthcoming events. Thanks are due to ACI (American Concrete Institute, USA), KCI (Korea Concrete Institute) and IStructE (Institution of Structural Engineers, UK) for officially supporting the event. We are indeed delighted to have President - Dr. Anne Ellis and Executive Vice President - Dr. Ron Burg to open this conference and are thankful to them.

Finally, I hope that this tradition of making an effort for TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, HONORING OUTSTANDING IGNITED MINDS OF INDIA and keeping alive MEMORY of a visionary ....RAMESH RAIKAR ...Honorary fellow of ACI will be kept ongoing by the POSTERITY for the POSTERITY.

Yours very humbly,

Dr. Surendra K. Manjrekar FACI Convenor Inaugural R N Raikar Memorial International Conference - Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on Advances in Science and Technology of Concrete

Past President India Chapter of ACI [1995-1998] [1998-2001] [2005-2008]

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Dear Delegates,

On behalf of The Institution of Structural Engineers I offer my best wishes for the success of the inaugural R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conference.

Mr. Raikar was an eminent Fellow of The Institution of Structural Engineers and served for many years as the Institutions Representative in Mumbai. He is fondly remembered by many members and Past Presidents; all of whom have commented on his professionalism and generosity of spirit. Mr. Raikar was a leading light in the India Chapter of the American Concrete Institute. His drive and enthusiasm for all things pertaining to concrete are missed by all those who knew him.

Many of those attending will know well the remarkable contribution he made to the fraternity of Indian concrete practitioners, not least through his stewardship of many successful national and international conferences.

It therefore seems only fitting that he should be remembered by a new international conference, where speakers from across the globe will come together to share knowledge and ideas. It is very much in the spirit of his remarkable career.

I hope you enjoy what promises to be a successful and stimulating event.

Yours faithfully,

Y. K. Cheng

MessageY. K. ChengPresident, The Institution of Structural Engineers, UK

xiiiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

I am honored to receive your kind letter to the Inaugural Biennial event scheduled on 20-21 December, 2013. I am pleased to inform that KCI would willingly consent to support this important event.

I believe our participation in the event will strengthen the relationship between India Chapter of ACI and KCI. I wish you every success for the event and continued success of your institution.

Lan Chung

MessageLan ChungPresident, Korea Concrete Institute

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VOLUME I

1. Perspectives on Tall Buildings from around the world 1Dr. Anne M. Ellis

2. The American Concrete Institutes Voluntary Consensus-Based Knowledge & 4 ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Dr. Ronald G. Burg

3. Validating the structural behavior and response of Burj Khalifa: The Development of 6 full scale Structural Health Monitoring programs Ahmad Abdelrazaq

4. Early planning for the Concrete Work at the Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE 21Ahmad Abdelrazaq

5. Right Concrete, Right Way Spreading ACI Concrete Field Testing Course in India 30 through Train the Trainer Initiative Dr. Surendra K. Manjrekar

6. Metro Projects 36V.B. Gadgil

7. Fracture Mechanics Applications to Concrete Composites : Seminal contributions of Surendra P. Shah 43Vellore S. Gopalaratnam and Yeou-shang Jenq

8. Evaluation of service life of reinforced concrete in the Middle East-Preliminary results 59Mohamad Nagi, Usama Jacir, Yassar Abu Rous, Hussein Basma, James Aldred, Elias Saqan

9. Design for Blast Resistance: Review or Tests, Analyses & Design 65Arup K. Maji

10. Self Compacting Fiber Reinforced Cementitionous Composities: What now! what next? 71Liberato Ferrara

11. Durability enhancement of self consolidating Concrete by the use of Cactus Mucilage 84 as a shrinkage reducing admixture A Duran-Herrera and Ricardo De-Leon

12. Ultra Lightweight Cement Composite for Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 90Min-Hong Zhang

13. Blast protection of structures using Cellular Cement Foams 94Kolluru V.L. Subramaniam

14. Investigation of corrosion in cracked concrete using external polarization 97Kolluru V.L. Subramaniam

15. Calender Extrusion as a Method for Sustainable Production of Cement Composite Panels 103Bekir Yilmaz Pekmezci

16. An Overview of the Use of Fiber Reinforeed Polymer for Seismic Retrofit 111Ravi Kanitkar

Contents

xvOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

17. Development of Green cement based on partial replacement of clinker with limestone powder 121Yaniv Knop, Alva Peled, Ronen Cohen

18. Tools for monitoring the main stages of the shotcreting process 129Olga Rio and Angel Rodriguez

19. Understanding the relationship between GPR and REBAR Corrosion 140Niclole Martino, Reid Vilbig, Ming Wang, Ralf Birken, Kenneth Maser

20. Cracking of concrete structures: Interest and advantages of the probabilistic discrete approaches 145Pierre Rossi, Jean-Louis Tailhan

21. Concrete : A challenge for modeling complexity 153Klaas van Breugel

22. Flexural performace of HPFRCs and the role of fibre orientation 164Nilufer Ozyurt Zihnioglu and Irem Sanal

23. Predicting Microstructure, Property Development and Chloride Ion Transport 172 in Cementitious systems through the use of Electrical Measurements J. Jain, D. Ravikumar, J. Persun, N. Neithalath

24. Resilient Infrastructure Asset Management - A Global Perspective and 180 Lessons for Infrastructure in India Janvi Shah, Ian Jefferson, Dexter Hunt

25. A Long way in a decade - The changing face of Indian Concrete Technology 185Robert Lewis

26. Development of Innovative cement-based Sustainable Material Techniques 188Zongjin Li

VOLUME IIONCURRENT SESSION 5

27. Electrical Resistance Based Sensor System for Monitoring Early Age 195 and Long-term Properties of Concrete P A Muhammed Basheer, Sudarshan Srinivasan, W John McCarter, T Malcolm Chrisp, Jianghong Mao and Wei-Liang Jin

28. A Comprehensive Study of Polyester Fibre as Concrete Reinforcement 207Nemkumar Banthia

29. Cold bonding pelletization in manufacturing of artificial aggregates 219Raffaele Cioffi, Francesco Colangelo, Claudio Ferone, Francesco Messina

30. Durability Design of Concrete Structures in Severe Environments 231Odd E. Gjorv

31. Importance of Flow Values in Qualitative Evaluation of Carbon Nanotube 242 Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Tanvir Manzur and Nur Yazdani

32. Water Vapor Sorption in Cementitious Materials: Measurement, Modeling and Interpretation 247A. Kumar, S. Ketel, K. Vance, T. Oey, N. Neithalath and G. Sant

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33. Ultra Fine Slag: A unique supplementary cementitious material 260Dr. N.V. Nayak and B.V.B. Pai

34. Application of corrosion protection techniques for durability of concrete structures - 265 A consultants perspective Sudhir Chaturvedi and Anurag Sinha

35. Cause of Collapse of a 80 M high Raw Meal Silo - Case Study 269Shrinivas Kutumbale and N.Y. Choudhary

36. Dos and Donts of Concrete production, transportation, placement, compaction and curing 274Er. Cyrus Kekobad Pithawalla

37. Good Construction Practices on Project Site for Concreting 282Er. Cyrus Kekobad Pithawalla

38. Comparative Study of Thin Section Petrographic Analysis for 290 normal concrete and self compacting concrete Abhijeet S. Gandage, V. Vinayaka Ram and Rahul A. Joshi

39. Construction Demolition Waste Recycling for Re-use in Value-added Applications 294Prof. Mukesh Limbachiya

40. Effects of Nano-calcium Carbonate on Chemical Shrinkage of Cement Pastes 305Wanchai Yodsudjai and Kejin Wang

41. Evaluation of properties of concrete using the fly ash from TEC - Kosova 310Naser Kabashi, Anjeze Alaj, Hideo Komine, Tatsuya Numao, Cene Krasniqi

42. The Filler Effect : The Influence of Filler Content, Surface Area and 317 Blending Methodologies on Cementitious Reaction Rates T. Oey, A. Kumar, J. W. Bullard, N. Neithalath and G. Sant

43. Overview of Strategies and Means for Sustainable Construction with Cementitious Materials 327Arnon Bentur

44. Use of Pervious Concrete in Storm Water Drain Construction in Redevelopment Building Projects 333Vinod Vanvari and Dr. Sumedh Mhaske

45. Constructive use of Explosives for destruction of structures 337S. Kutumbale and S.B. Sarwate

46. Flowable Grout for Post-tensioned, Segmental Concrete Bridges 345Ashokreddy Annapareddy, Sooraj Kumar O.A., Tejaswi Annapareddy, Akilesh Ramesh, Chelsa Mariam and Radhakrishna G. Pillai

47. Ternary cement blends for paving blocks 352Vireen Limbachiya

48. Thixotropy and aging of cementitious pastes 361Shiho Kawashima, Mohend Chaouche and Surendra P. Shah

49. Review on Testing Method of Cracking Resistance Performance of Concrete at Early Age 366Zhifang Zhao, Hougui Zhou, Zhigang Zhao

50. Punching Shear Strength of Flat Slabs with Central bars 371Dr Satish Desai OBE

xviiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

51. Water Conservation & Pervious Concrete Pavement 376Ashok Kakade, P. E.

52. New Paradigms for Intergrating Laboratory Measurements with Performance Models 381Eric N. Landis and John E. Bolander

53. Improving the sustainability of Concrete Technology through the effective use of admixtures 387Ravindra Gettu, Radhakrishna G. Pillai, Manu Santhanam and B.S. Dhanya

54. Tensile Tests on Single Cast-in Anchors in Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) 398Sokhwan Choi, Sung-Chul Chun, Lan Chung and Changbin Joh

55. Reliable Modeling for CFRP-strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams 405 by Artificial Neural Networks Dr. Ibrahim M. Metwally

56. Application of Micro-indentation for Micro-mechanical properties of Concrete - Concrete Interfaces 416Santosh G. Shah and J.M. Chandra Kishen

57. Recycled Aggregate based Self Compacting Concrete (RASCC) for Structural applications 420C. Sumanth Reddy, K.V. Ratna Sai, Dr. P. Rathish Kumar and Prof. G. Rajesh Kumar

58. Importance of Water Cement Ratio: An Effective approach to prevent 427 Plastic Shrinkage and Mitigate Drying Shrinkage Dr. Rakesh Kumar and Vasu Krishna

59. Engineering properties of Fly Ash based GPC and its comparison with HVFAC 432E. Premalatha MS, Sameeer Charan Bisetti, Krishnan Unni A.S., Mohamed Ibrahim, Rekha R.

60. Crusher Dust- Flyash Combination in SCC 440Praveen Kumar

61. Corrosion Mitigation in RCC - much ado, some solutions 445Sourabh Manjrekar, Dr. R.S. Manjrekar and Ishita Manjrekar

62. Utilization of High Performance Concrete in Asia 451Dr. Ekasit Limsuan

63. Studies on Recycled Aggregates in India - An overview and prospectus 456Surya M., Kanta Rao VVL and Lakshmy P.

64. Use of Manufactured Sand in Concrete 464Vijay Gharat, Sunil Bauchkar and Viswanath Mahadevan

65. Ensuring Strength & Durability through Slump Retention (Received only abstract) 467Charles S. Jones

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xixOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

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With Be Wishes omKUVELKAR SALKAR ASSOCIATES

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A-2, Ramakant Bldg., 18th June Road, Panaji, Goa 403 001.

Tel : (0832) 2227527, 2421695

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B-4 Siddhivinayak Plaza, Plot No. B-31, Off New Link Road, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400 053Tel : +91 22 2673 6947 / 48 Fax : +91 22 2673 2978 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ibinfra.in

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With Best Wishes fromM/s. R. B. S. Candiaparcar

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Behind Main Post Oce,Ponda - Goa 403 001.

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With Be Compliments om

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910, Ninth Floor, Reasl Tech Park, Plot No. 39/2 Sector 30A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 400 705

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xxviiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute

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33

Perspectives on Tall Buildings from Around the World

1Organised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute


Dr. Anne M. EllisAmerican Concrete Institute

Email: [email protected]

AbstractThus far, the 21st century has been a time of robust activity in the design and construction of tall buildings. With this activity are apparent shifts in where, what, and how we design and construct tall buildings. Of particular note is the prevalence of concrete in 21st century tall buildings attributed to advancements in the fields of analysis, design, materials, and construction technology. These advancements have helped to overcome 20th century constraints that limited buildings height. With ever expanding ambitions, we are challenged to not only achieve new heights but also radically change our practices to achieve in new arenas including sustainability. This paper highlights 21st century iconic buildings from around the world and innovations in concrete technology helping to achieve our ambitions. The American Concrete Institute is key in capturing and transferring the concrete technology that makes these achievements possible.

IntroductionThe 21st century has been a time of robust activity in the design and construction of tall buildings. According to the global records from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured in year 2000,

there were 261 tall buildings, defined as 200 m (656 ft), or taller. By the end of 2012, the number of tall buildings had grown to 756, changing the skylines of cities globally. Along with this came a shift in where, what, and how we design and construct tall buildings.

Trends in Construction of Tall BuildingsIn the 20th century, North America was dominant in tall buildings. A geographic shift to Asia was underway by the end of the 20th century. Thus far in the 21st century, China has dominated tall building completions, adding 194 from 2001-2012, one third of the worlds tall buildings. In addition to China, there have been tall building completions in additional and less obvious, smaller, emerging geographies including Panama City, Panama; Abu Dhabi, UAE; and Busan, South Korea. Urbanization, affordable financing, and a desire to be recognized as a world leader are driving the shift to emerging geographies. Looking to activity already underway, by the year 2020, emerging geographies will continue to dominate tall building design and construction considering. By 2020, it is anticipated that only one of the worlds tallest 20 buildings will be in North America. The remaining will be in China, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. See Fig. 1 for a visual of the worlds tallest buildings, plus those under construction.

Fig. 1: The worlds tallest buildings, with Kingdom Tower (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1000+ m, under construction) and Burj Khalifa (Dubai, U.A.E., 828 m, 2009) leading the way.1

Technical Papers

2RN Raikar Memorial International Conference & Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on


These 20 buildings represent a diversity of location not previously seen in the 20th century residing in 15 cities in seven countries. China with ten of the 20 projects clearly stands out as the country most rapidly pursuing supertall buildings, followed by Korea (three), Saudi Arabia (two), and the UAE (two).

Today, the Middle East is home to the worlds tallest building, the 828 meter (2,717 feet) Burj Khalifa in Dubai, UAE. Compare this to the worlds tallest in 2000, the 452 m (1,483 ft) Petronas Towers. Prior to the completion of the Burj Khalifa, tall buildings were classified by the CTBUH as:

Tall > 200 m (656 ft)

Supertall > 300 m (984 ft).

After the completion of the Burj Khalifa, the CTBUH introduced an additional classification:

Megatall > 600 m (1,968 ft).

By the end of 2012, the worlds tall building stock included 756 tall buildings including 66 supertall and 2 megatall buildings.

Equally transformational is the shift in the structural material used in tall buildings. In the 1930s, 96 of the worlds 100 tallest buildings were constructed of steel. In the 1970s, 90 of the worlds tallest buildings were constructed of steel, and nine were constructed of concrete. Contrastingly by 2012, only 17 of the worlds 100 tallest buildings were constructed of steel (main lateral and vertical structural elements and floor system), while the remainder used structural concrete in the lateral and/or vertical structural elements and floor systems.

Credit this transformational shift to advancements in concrete technology analysis, materials, and construction practices. The combination of finite element analysis and advancement in computing capabilities of computers facilitates analysis and design of more complex systems. The use of cementitious materials and/or admixtures make a significant contribution to achieving high strength concrete which helps reduce the size of vertical elements and increase the modulus of elasticity. Reusable formwork and concrete pumping technology help to accelerate construction and reduce time-to-completion. Advancements in concrete technology have helped overcome the 20th century constraints that limited the height of tall buildings. Figure 2 details the evolution in structural framing systems and materials use in tall buildings.

Also defining the 21st century is the demand for more sustainable practices in the construction and operations of the worlds building stock. The objective or objectives may vary by geography, e.g. reducing the carbon footprint, greening building materials and finishes, reducing resource consumption, but the demand for more sustainable practices is pervasive geographically. This focus on

sustainability greatly impacts the constituent materials of concrete, seeds innovation in concrete applications, and drives engineering integration to leverage the thermal as well as structural properties of concrete.

Resources from the American Concrete InstituteThe American Concrete Institute supports these achievements in tall buildings, aiding in both capture and transfer of technology advancements. The American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development and distribution of consensus-based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design, construction, and materials, who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete. While the Institute has published hundreds of technical documents and tens of thousands of research articles, several of the most relevant to the design and construction of tall buildings include the following two consensus documents:

ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural lConcrete this document is one of the worlds leading standards for design and detailing for structural concrete. Completely reorganized for late 2014, the current and new ACI 318 covers the materials, design, and construction of structural concrete, as well as the strength evaluation of existing concrete structures.

ACI Field Reference Manual this compilation Manual lincludes ACI 301: Specifications for Structural Concrete, 17 related ACI committee documents, six ASTM standards, and select chapters of ACI 318. The focus of this Manual is to provide guidance on measuring, mixing, transporting, and placing concrete; curing; hot- and cold-weather concreting; consolidation; concrete formwork, and others.

Fig. 2: Use of structural materials in tall buildings.2



Finally, papers related to tall buildings are included in the following ACI topical symposium publications:

Analysis and Design of High-Rise Concrete Buildings l(SP 97)

Serviceability; Long-Term (SP 117) l

Utilization of High-Strength/High-Performance lConcrete, etc. (SPs 121, 149, 159, 172, 207, 228, 253, and more)

Design and Performance of Mat Foundation (SP 152) l

High-Strength Concrete; Seismic (SP 176) l

ConclusionThis paper highlights the use of concrete in tall buildings, provides evidence of its use as a structural system, and identifies available resources from the American Concrete Institute. Through its material and structural properties and numerous framing system options, concrete has consistently proven its ability to satisfy performance objectives required in the design and construction of tall, supertall, and megatall buildings.

References

1. Recent Global Trends in Tall Buildings: Location, Function & Structural Material, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 9th World Congress, September 19-21, 2012, http://www.ctbuh.org/Home/FactsData/ TrendsinTallBuildings/tabid/2776/language/en-US/Default.aspx (accessed September 19, 2013).

2. The Tallest 20 in 2020: Entering the Era of the Megatall (2012). Retrieved September 19, 2013 from http://www.archdaily.com/197572/the-tallest-20-in-2020-entering-the-era-of-the-megatall-by-ctbuh/diagram_tallestbreakdown_cctbuh/

Additionally, ACIs authors hundreds of consensus documents on the topics related to tall buildings. Some highlights include:

Creep, Shrinkage: ACI 209.2, 209R, 209.1R l

Durability, Service Life, Corrosion, Cracking: ACI 122R, l201.2R, 365.1R, 222R, 222.3R, 224R

Fire Resistance: ACI 216.1 l

Floors, Slabs, Flexural Members: ACI 302.1R, 302.2R, l421.1R, 421.2R, 435R, 435.8R

Formwork: ACI Formwork for Concrete l , ACI 347, ACI 347.2R

Foundations: ACI 336.2R, 336.3R, 543R l

Joints, Connections, Anchoring: ACI 224.3R, 352R, l352.1R, 355.2, 355.3R, 355.4M, 503.5R

Mixtures, Specialty, Practices: ACI 211.1, 211.4R, 207.1R, l221R, 237R, ITG-8R, 303R, 304.2R, 305R, 306R, 308R, 309R

High-Strength Concrete: ACI 363R, 363.2R, 441R, ITG- l4.1, ITG-4.2R, ITG4.3R

Reinforcement: l ACI Detailing Manual, ACI 439.3R, 439.4R, 423.4R, 440R, 440.1R, 440.4R

Specifications, QA, QC: ACI 117, 121R, 301, 303.1, 305.1, l306.1, 308.1, 311.6, 336.1, 423.7, 440.5, 440.6, 503.1, 503.2

Dr. Anne M. EllisDr. Anne Ellis, with 33 years of experience in the architecture, engineering and construction industries, has supported public- and private-sector clients; concrete industry collaboration and advancements; and the expansion of a global, publicly traded professional services firm.Dr. Ellis is the first female professional engineer to oversee the non-profit technical and educational society, American Concrete Institute (ACI), and the second woman in the organizations history to serve in a top leadership position.At AECOM, Dr. Ellis is responsible for business-critical initiatives and engages in policy, legislative and regulatory issues affecting AECOM and its clients, as well as overseeing the day-to-day operations of AECOMs Global Advisory Board and Government Services Advisory Council.

Technical Papers



The American Concrete Institutes Voluntary Consensus-based Knowledge & ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements

for Structural Concrete

Dr. Ronald G. Burg, P.E.American Concrete Institute


The American Concrete Institute (ACI) envisions a future where everyone has the knowledge needed to use concrete effectively to meet the demands of a changing world. In support of this vision, ACIs central mission is to develop and disseminate reliable technical knowledge on concrete and its uses. This mission is carried out by over 120 ACI technical committees through a voluntary consensus process. The process relies on expert volunteers who contribute their time and knowledge to reach consensus on codes, specifications, guides, and reports that are important to the concrete material, design, construction, and repair industries.

ACI Response to Industry Needs The booming construction industry in India and several other countries points to a need for up-to-date, dependable technical information. The volunteer members of ACI committees continually develop new technical information in response to construction innovations, research results, and other changes and trends in the concrete construction market. Below are some examples of ACI Committee response:

ACI Committee 130, Sustainability of Concrete, was lformed in 2008 and develops information on the three pillars of sustainability as they relate to concrete construction; environmental, social, and economic. The committee has held several symposia and published the resulting proceedings, including Concrete: The Sustainable Material Choice (SP 269), The Economics, Performance and Sustainability of Internally Cured Concrete (SP 290), and Advances in Green Binder Systems (SP 294). Committee members are currently developing a wide-ranging, state-of-the-art report on many aspects of sustainability, including: materials, proportioning, production, transport, construction, structures in service, rating systems, sustainability tools, design, specifications, codes, regulations, social impacts, environmental impacts, economic impacts, and conclusions relating to concrete sustainability.

ACI Committee 131, Building Information Modeling lof Concrete Structures, was formed in 2009 and is focused on developing data exchange standards for concrete and concrete structures. These data

exchange standards will facilitate new work process for concrete projects using BIM. The committee has presented case studies of successes on concrete BIM projects, will develop a short course on concrete BIM, and develop standard test models for BIM software.

ACI Committee 133, Disaster Reconnaissance, was lformed in 2013. Its goal is to report the effects of major disasters on concrete construction worldwide to related ACI committees. By working with other organizations that have reconnaissance programs, Committee 133 anticipates that ACI relations with technical societies and international partners worldwide will be strengthened.

ACI Committee 237, Self-Consolidating Concrete, lwas formed in 2003 and produces information on the production and use of self-consolidating concrete. Within four years, the committee members had published a state-of-the-art report, ACI 237R-07. The committee has held several symposia and published the resulting proceedings, including Workability of SCC: Roles of Its Constituents and Measurement Techniques (SP 233), Self-Consolidating Concrete for Precast Prestressed Applications (SP 247), and Fiber Reinforced Self-Consolidating Concrete: Research and Applications (SP 274).

ACI Committee 239, Ultra-High Performance Concrete, lwas formed in 2011. The Committees will be hosting two symposia in 2014: UHPC Innovation in Seismic Performance and UHPC Behavior under Blast and Impact Load Effects.

ACI Committee 349, Concrete Nuclear Structures, was lformed in 1949, and has produced concrete standards for the nuclear energy industry for many decades. Active standards include, Evaluation of Existing Nuclear Safety-Related Concrete Structures, Reinforced Concrete Design for Thermal Effects on Nuclear Power Plant Structures, and Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety-Related Concrete Structures.

ACI Committee 377, Performance-Based Structural lIntegrity & Resilience of Concrete Structures, was formed in 2012. Committee goals include examining the current ACI 318 integrity requirements; identifying

The American Concrete Institutes Voluntary Consensus-based Knowledge & Aci 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete


collapse resisting mechanisms in load redistribution in case of initial damage; determining how detailing can enhance structural integrity and resilience; and proposing approaches and methods for functional and disaster-resilient design of structural components and systems. The Committee will host a symposium in 2104, titled Structural Integrity and Resilience.

ACI committees are formed and maintained by interested individuals, and international participation in ACI technical committees is strongly encouraged. ACI strives to collaborate with its international partners and chapters to provide information, publications, and standards that are technically correct and useful to the concrete industry around the world.

ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete is one of the worlds foremost standards for the design and detailing of structural concrete. Because of its adoption into virtually all U.S. building codes and full or partial adoption in over 20 international building codes, ACI 318 plays a key role in many areas related to concrete including material limits and acceptance, design and detailing, construction, education, and research. ACI 318-14 will be published in late 2014. This edition will include the technical requirements from the 2011 edition, and has been reorganized for greater ease of use and increased confidence that designs satisfy all code requirements.

ACI 318-14 is organized from an engineers perspective, and is centered on several member based chapters. When designing a member, such as a column, all relevant

design and detailing requirements are noted within that member chapter, thus providing users with an explicit set of relevant provisions. Furthermore, the information in each member chapter has a parallel arrangement of design and detailing requirements, creating an intuitive feel to the code.

In 318-14, all Code requirements related to minimum construction requirements are located in a single chapter. The engineer is expected to review this chapter to ensure that the project construction documents comply with the Code.

There are several reference chapters that contain information common to several member chapters, such as rebar development lengths. Provisions within reference chapters are cited by the member and system chapters.

The code language and presentation of related information has also been updated. The reorganized Code includes dozens of concise tables that replace a significant amount of text to increase the engineers speed of understanding. Language in the 2014 edition of the Code has been edited for consistency.

ACI will hold a public comment period in mid-2014 and encourages international users to review it and provide comment. Upon its release in late 2014, ACI 318-14 will be available in English and Spanish, and will be published in U.S. customary units and S.I. units. In addition, the Code will be available in various electronic formats with enhanced search functions and internal links. To learn more about the Code and sign up to be notified about the public comment period, please visit www.concrete.org/ACI318.

Dr. Ronald G. Burg, P.E.Executive Vice-PresidentAmerican Concrete Institute

Technical Papers



Validating the Structural Behavior and response of Burj Khalifa: The Development of full scale Structural Health Monitoring Programs

Ahmad AbdelrazaqSenior Executive Vice President, Highrise& Complex Building, Samsung C & T, Seoul, Korea


AbstractA new generation of tall and complex buildings reflects the latest developments in materials, design, sustainability, construction, and IT technologies. While design complexity can be managed through advances in structural analysis tools and software, ultimately the design of these buildings still relies on minimum code requirements that are yet to be validated in full scale. The involvement of the author in the design and construction of BurjKhalifa from inception until completion prompted the author to develop an extensive survey and real-time structural health monitoring program to validate the assumptions made during the development of the design and construction planning of the tower. At 828m, BurjKhalifa is the worlds tallest man-made structure, composed of 162 floors above grade and 3 basement levels. The focus of this article is to provide a brief description of the structural and foundation system of the tower and to discuss the development of the survey and realtime Structural Health Monitoring Programs (SHMP). Correlation between the predicted and actual measured structural behavior will also be discussed, however, because of confidentiality the actual measured data cannot be disclosed at this time. The SHMP included 1) monitoring the towers foundation system, 2) monitoring the foundation settlement, 3) measuring the column/wall strains and shortening during and after construction, 5) real time measuring of the tower lateral displacement and dynamic characteristics during construction, 6) measuring the building lateral movement under lateral loads (wind, seismic) during construction, 7) measuring the building displacements, accelerations, dynamic characteristics, and structural behavior during service life and 8) monitoring the Pinnacle dynamic behavior and fatigue characteristics. While the SHMP developed for BurjKhalifa was a futuristic model at the time of its development, this field is constantly evolving and a new generation of SHM systems will emerge that uses the latest technological advances in devices and IT technologies

KeywordsTallestbuilding, structural health monitoring(SHM), survey

IntroductionThe BurjKhalifa is a multi-use tower with a total floor area of 460,000 square meters that includes residential, hotel, commercial, office, entertainment, shopping, leisure, and parking facilities. It is designed to be the center piece of the large scale BurjKhalifa Development that rises 828 meters and consists of more than 162 floors above grade and 3 basement levels. The tower massing is organized around a central core with three wings. Each wing consists of four bays. At every seventh floor, one outer bay peels away as the structure spirals into the sky. The modular Y-shaped building, with a setback at every seventh floor, was part of the original design concept that embodied the wind engineering principles and aerodynamic shaping into the architectural design concept to mitigate the dominant dynamic wind effects. This paper will provide 1) the key issues considered in selecting the structural and foundation systems of the tower, 2) a description of the structural and foundation system behaviours of the tower, which are critical to developing the survey and SHMP for the tower; and 3)a description of the real-time SHM and survey programs.

The purpose of the SHMP for BurjKhalifa is to confirm the towers structural behaviour during construction and throughout its lifetime. The program monitors the following:

Pile load dissipation into the soil l

Raft foundation settlement l

Fig. 1: Photo of the Completed BurjKhalifa



Column shortening at corewall and the exterior lcolumnsColumn/corewall total strains due to gravity load at lseveral levels during constructionLateral displacement of the tower during and after lconstructionTower movement and dynamic characteristics during lconstruction at one locationTower movement (displacement & acceleration) and ldynamic characteristics during the lifetime of the project at seven (7) locations along the heightMeasuring the wind speed and profile, temperature lvariation, and humidity along the heightMonitor the fatigue behavior of the pinnacle l

These extensive survey and monitoring programs have, since their inception, provided real time feedback into the actual in-situ material properties, the towers dynamic characteristics, and structural behavior and response under wind and seismic excitations. Comparison between the measured responses and the predicted behaviour of the tower will also be discussed

Structural System Brief DescriptionGeneral

The structural system of the tower was designed to behave like a giant column with a cross sectional shape that reflects the buildings massing and profile. Managing the gravity load flow to the building extremities was significant consideration in the development of the structural concept to overcome the overturning moments caused by extreme lateral loads (wind, seismic, and stability). Most of the tower overturning resistance to lateral loads is managed by the towers own gravity loads. In addition,

managing the column/wall shortening issues (overall and differential) from the early design concept required that all columns and walls were sized to resist gravity loads on equal stress basis, and tied rigidly by multi-story walls at approximately every 21 floors to overcome the differential column shortening issues, which is important criterion to consider in tall building design and planning. A full discussion of the development of the structural and foundation concepts of BurjKhalifa cannot be covered here, but understanding the structural and foundation system behavior of the tower is important in selecting the location of the monitoring devices and survey systems.

The tower superstructure of BurjKhalifa is designed as an all reinforced concrete building with high performance concrete from the foundation level to level 156, and is topped with a structural steel braced frame from level 156 to the highest point of the tower.

Strategy for Structural System SelectionThe selection of the structural system of the tower involves the following strategies:

Select and optimize the tower structural system for lstrength, stiffness, cost effectiveness, redundancy, and speed of constructionUtilize the latest technological advances in structural lmaterials available in the local market, and with due consideration to the availability of local skilled labor and construction methodManage and locate the gravity load resisting system lso as to maximize its use in resisting the lateral loads while harmonizing with the architectural planning for a luxury residential and hotel towerIncorporate the latest innovations in analysis, design, land construction methods

Fig. 2: Photo of completed Tower, Lateral Load Resisting System, and tower mode shapes

Technical Papers



Limit the building movement (drift, acceleration, ltorsional velocity, etc.) to within internationally accepted design criteria and standardsControl the relative displacement between the vertical lmembersControl the dynamic response of the tower under wind lloading by tuning the structural characteristics of the building to improve its dynamic behavior and to prevent lock-in vibration due to the vortex shedding

Lateral load Resisting System

The towers lateral load resisting system consists of high performance, reinforced concrete ductile core walls linked to the exterior reinforced concrete columns through a series of reinforced concrete shear wall panels at the mechanical levels. See Figures 2 and 4. The core walls vary in thickness from 1300mm to 500mm. The core walls are typically linked through a series of 800mm to 1100mm deep reinforced concrete or composite link beams at every level. Due to the limitation on the link beam depths, ductile composite link beams are provided in certain areas of the core wall system. These composite ductile link beams typically consist of steel shear plates, or structural steel built-up I-shaped beams, with shear studs embedded in the concrete section. The link beam width typically matches the adjacent core wall thickness.

At the top of the center reinforced concrete core wall, a very tall spire tops the building. The lateral load resisting system of the spire consists of a diagonal structural steel bracing system from level 156 to the top of the spire at

approximately 750 meter above the ground. The pinnacle consists of structural steel pipe section varying from 2100mm diameter x 60mm thick at the base to 1200mm diameter x 30mm thick at the top (828m).

Gravity Load Management & Structural System Optimization

While the wind behaviour of supertall buildings is one of the most important design criteria, gravity load management is also critical as it has direct impact on the overall efficiency and performance of the tower and it should be addressed at the early design stage for integration of the architectural and structural design concepts. The means and methods of mobilizing and redistributing gravity load can have its own inefficiencies and demands; if it is not managed properly it could result in its own design and construction complexities. The balance between the gravity load management and the smooth gravity load flow in concrete structure is a structural engineering art that requires consideration of materials and the structural system behaviour from the early design concept stage. Figure 3 provides the gravity load analysis performed by the author while at SOM, that compares the concrete area required to support the tower gravity loads, without considerations to minim member sizes, to the actual concrete provided for the tower final design. Figure 3 shows that the total material needed to support the gravity load and that required to resist the combined effect of gravity and lateral loads is one and the same, which testify to the efficacy of the structural system. Limiting the center

Fig. 3: Lateral Load Resisting System and photo of the completed tower



and wing corewall thicknesses to 500mm and 600mm respectively allowed the gravity load to flow freely into the center corridor Spine web walls (650mm) to the hammer head walls and nose columns for maximum resistance to lateral loads. Along these load flow lines and vertical columns the strain gages are installed to track the gravity load flow and to measure the column shortening.

Floor Framing SystemThe residential and hotel floor framing system of the Tower consists of 200mm to 300mm two-way reinforced concrete flat plate spanning approximately 9 meters between the exterior columns and the interior core wall, which were modified during construction to flat plate system with 50mm taper at the walls. The floor framing system at the tips of the tower floor consists of a 225mm to 250mm two-way reinforced concrete flat slab system with 150mm drop panels. See Figure 4 for typical floor framing system at typical residential and mechanical levels.

Foundation SystemThe Tower is founded on 3700mm thick high performance reinforced concrete pile supported raft (at -7.55 DMD) over 192 -1500mm diameter bored piles, extending approximately 45 meters (at -55 DMD) below the base of the raft. All piles utilize high performance self compacting concrete (SCC) with w/c ratio not exceeding 0.30, placed in one continuous concrete pour using the tremie method. The reinforced concrete raft is placed over a minimum 100mm blinding slab over waterproofing membrane, over at least 50mm blinding slab. The raft foundation bottom and all sides are protected with waterproofing membrane. See Figure 5 for raft foundation plan and raft construction. In addition, the installation of a complete cathodic protection for the tower foundation system ensures its longevity

against corrosive effects of soil and water that have high levels of chloride and sulphite.

Wind Engineering ManagementWind engineering is one of the primary concerns in planning the design of tall buildings. The shape of the BurjKhalifa project is the result of collaboration between SOMs architects and structural engineers. Several wind engineering techniques were employed in the design of the tower to control the dynamic response of the tower under wind loading by disorganizing the vortex shedding formation (frequency and direction) along the building height and tuning the dynamic characteristics of the building to improve its dynamic behaviour and to prevent lock-in vibration. The wind engineering management of the tower was achieved by 1) Varying the building shape along the height while continuing and without interruption the building gravity and lateral load resisting system, 2) reducing the floor plan along the height, effectively tapering the building profile, 3) using the building shapes to introduce spoiler type of effects along the entire height of the tower, including the pinnacle, to reduce the dynamic wind excitations, 4) changing the orientation of the tower , along it stiffest direction, in response to the most severe wind direction, and 5) and finally tuning the building natural frequencies and mode shapes to optimize the building dynamic response against wind excitations, including maximizing the towers generalized mass.

Wind Engineering ManagementWind engineering is one of the primary concerns in planning the design of tall buildings. The shape of the BurjKhalifa project is the result of collaboration between SOMs architects and structural engineers. Several wind engineering techniques were employed in the design of the tower to control the dynamic response of the tower

Fig. 4: Typical Floor Framing Plans at a) typical hotel level and b) Typical Mechanical Level

Technical Papers



under wind loading by disorganizing the vortex shedding formation (frequency and direction) along the building height and tuning the dynamic characteristics of the building to improve its dynamic behaviour and to prevent lock-in vibration. The wind engineering management of the tower was achieved by 1) Varying the building shape along the height while continuing and without interruption the building gravity and lateral load resisting system, 2) reducing the floor plan along the height, effectively tapering the building profile, 3) using the building shapes to introduce spoiler type of effects along the entire height of the tower, including the pinnacle, to reduce the dynamic wind excitations, 4) changing the orientation of the tower , along it stiffest direction, in response to the most severe wind direction, and 5) and finally tuning the building natural frequencies and mode shapes to optimize the building dynamic response against wind excitations,

including maximizing the towers generalized mass. Figure 6 depicts the early conceptual sketches developed to demonstrate the significance of varying the building shape along its height to minimize the wind forces on the tower. The variation of the tower shape and width have resulted in wind vortices around the perimeter of the tower, which occurred differently at different shapes with different frequencies, thus disorganizing the interaction of the tower structure with the wind. An extensive wind tunnel studies and testing regimes were established to confirm the favourable wind engineering management strategies described above.

Structural Health Monitoring System DescriptionConstructing the BurjKhalifa to a degree of accuracy similar or better than that attained in steel construction

Fig. 5: Tower raft foundation plan and photo of raft construction

Fig. 6: Vortex shedding formation, with different resonance frequencies, along the building height; (scanned copies of original sketches/concepts developed by the author while working at SOM)



required the implementation of a state-of-the art survey and structural health monitoring program which included:

Extensive Survey Monitoring Program to measure the lfoundation settlement, column shortening, and lateral building movement during constructionInstallation of strain gages to measure the total strains lat the main structural members including piles, raft foundation, walls, columns, and outrigger shear wall panelsInstallation of the temporary real-time health lmonitoring program to measure the building lateral displacement and acceleration during construction, and to identify the building dynamic characteristics (frequencies, damping, etc) during construction. This system included bi-directional accelerometers, GPS system, and weather station (wind speed, wind direction, humidity, and temperature)Installation of a permanent real-time structural health lmonitoring (SHM) program to measure the building motions (acceleration, displacement) due to lateral loads (wind, and seismic in particular), and any other unexpected lateral loads. In addition to the installation of GPS System, bi-directional accelerometers and sonimometers were installed at several levels along the building height to provide real time building accelerations and wind data. The installation of these devices in essence resulted in 1) the development of full scale aeroelastic model of the tower while providing full feedback and details on the dynamic characteristics of the tower, 2) sufficient data to assess the fatigue behaviour of the steel structure in general and at the pinnacle in particular, 3) wind speed and distribution along the building height, and 4) real-time information on the building movements and characteristics to allow the building facility and management team to make management decisions about any issues that may arise during the tower lifetime

Description of the Survey Monitoring Programs

Tower construction was monitored through several survey programs utilizing the latest developments in geodetic electro-optical total stations. These instruments refer to fixed reference points with known coordinates, which are critical to the precision of the entire surveying process. However, the constantly increasing height of BurjKhalifa made it difficult to use ground level fixed points since the distance between these fixed points and the total station at the uppermost construction level became excessive for exact referencing and the relative distance between the fixed points became too small.

The precision of the survey system is further complicated by the increasing height, slenderness, and the movement of the tower during construction. The movement of the tower is the result of 1) dynamic wind excitations, 2)

large and concentrated crane loads at the uppermost constructed level, 3) foundation settlement, 4) column shortening due to elastic, creep, and shrinkage effects, 5) daily temperature fluctuations, which could result in more than 150mm change in building height at the top of the concrete, over 6 hour period, 6) uneven solar effects that could result in building tilt, 7) lateral drift of the building under gravity loads due the asymmetrical load distribution relative to the tower center of rigidity, 8) building construction sequence, and 9) mix of concrete (from foundation to level 156)and steel construction (from level 156 to the top of the pinnacle at 828m). Rationalizing these movements created a number of challenges to consider in setting the building at the correct theoretical design position.

To overcome the difficulties described above and to achieve accurate monitoring of the building position relative to its vertical axis at any instant in time required 1) the full understanding of the survey team of the building movements and behavior throughout its construction period, involving ongoing consultation between the author and the survey team 2) the development of extensive monitoring programs of all elements that affect the building movement, and most importantly 3) the use of the latest development in GPS technology, the Leica Geosystem, in combination with precision inclination sensors, clinometers, to provide a reliable position of the building at the highest construction level almost immediately, even when the building is moving.

The complexity and the size of the auto climbing formwork system (ACS) required a very large number of control points at each level, which likewise added to the complexity of the survey method. Therefore, it was necessary to simplify the survey procedure so that the control points, even when the building was moving, would be measured only once. The measurement system was developed for use at every level and comprised of 1) three (3) GPS antenna/ receivers fixed on tall poles at the top level of the ACS formwork to establish the survey control at the uppermost level, 2) three (3) tiltable circular prisms placed under each of the GPS antennas, and 3) Total Station instruments (TPS) that were set on top of the concrete and visible to all GPS stations. See Figure 7 for an overall view of the measurement system.

The measurement system at every floor is integrated with the installation of eight (8) clinometers, Leica NIVEL 200 dual-axis precise clinometers, at approximately every 20 floors from the foundation level, to track immediately the towers lateral movements due to the loads and movement described above and to make the necessary correction to bring the ACS formwork system to its geometric center at every level. This correction program was necessary to maintain the building verticality and to keep the building within the required tolerance at every level (within 15 mm).

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Fig. 7: Measurement System : (3)GPS Control points, Total Station, Reference Base Station

Fig. 8: Schemtic for integrated measurement system with clinometers.



The measurement system at every floor is integrated with the installation of eight (8) clinometers, Leica NIVEL 200 dual-axis precise clinometers, at approximately every 20 floors from the foundation level, to track immediately the towers lateral movements due to the loads and movement described above and to make the necessary correction to bring the ACS formwork system to its geometric center at every level. This correction program was necessary to maintain the building verticality and to keep the building within the required tolerance at every level (within 15mm).

The Eight (8) Leica NIVEL200 dual-axis precise clinometers were also used to immediately determine the rotation of the tower, and to compute the displacement/alignment of the tower in the x and y direction relative to the raft foundation. The clinometers are mounted on the centercorewallin areas with no disturbances and

connected to RS-485 single bus cable to the LAN port dedicated PC with the Leica GeoMos software located at the survey office. See Figure 8 for schematic of the integrated measurement system with the clinometers. The clinometers are calibrated relative to the survey control at that level by verticality observations from the raft. A series of observations provided the mean x and y displacements for that tiltmeter at that time and that was used for all subsequent readings. The data and observations collected from the clinometers, GPS with the prisms, and the total station were analyzed and synthesized to accurately position the top level of the ACS formwork system.

The execution of the survey monitoring program developed for BurjKhalifa periodically measures the actual building movements, including 1) foundation settlement, 2) column and wall total shortening resulting from elastic, shrinkage

Fig. 9: 3-D FEA model and Simplified Construction Schedule used for Sequence Analysis

Fig. 10: 3-D FEAM, contours of raft foundation Settlement, Foundation survey point, and actual measured foundation settlement

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and creep effects, 3) overall lateral displacement of the tower at every setback level, and 4) lateral displacement of the spire/pinnacle structure during construction and lifting operation. All periodical survey and monitoring were performed early in the morning, to minimize the differential solar effects, at a time when the cranes were shut down in order to reduce number of variables to be considered in the survey.

A detailed 3-dimensional finite element analysis model (FEAM) program was developed to predict the building movement described above to the actual measured movements (x,y,z). This FEAM takes into account the actual material properties (concrete strength, modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, etc), the foundation system flexibility (subgrade modulus), and the actual construction sequence of the tower with due consideration to the actual works being performed for all trades, as a function of time. Figure 9 depicts the 3-D FEAM and actual construction schedule. The FEAM predicts 1) the foundation settlement, 2) the tower lateral displacements (x&y) at all levels, 3) the column/wall shortening, due to elastic/creep/shrinkage effects, 4) the core-wall and column elastic/shrinkage/creep strains as a function of time 5) the dynamic building characteristics, 6) the strength design check of the critical elements, especially at the outriggers and link beams, 7) and the lateral displacement (x,y,&z) due to any seismic or wind events during construction and after the completion of the tower.

Foundation settlement Survey

As described above, a soil structure interaction three dimensional finite element analysis model (3- D FEAM) was developed to simulate the construction sequence of the tower that includes a detailed analysis of the raft foundation system, including the foundation system flexibility. The foundation settlement was initially estimated based on the subgrade reaction modulus provided by the geotechnical engineering consultants; however, the foundation stiffness was adjusted in this model to reflect the actual in-situ measured settlements shown in Figure 10. The 3-D FEAM and soil structure interaction analysis model took into account the pile axial shortening, soil flexibility, and the stiffening effect of the superstructure. Sixteen (16) survey points at the top of the raft foundation were installed to measure the tower foundation settlement monthly until the completion of the structure. Comparison between the predicted settlements and the measured settlement values were. However the measured settlements were significantly lower than those predicted by the geotechnical engineering consultants. The geotechnical engineering consultants used 3-D Plaxis for predicting the foundation settlement.

Column and Corewall Shortening Survey

Since BurjKhalifa is a very tall structure, column differential shortening was one of the most critical

issues considered at the early design and construction stages. The development of the tower structural system addressed this issue fundamentally by equalizing the stress level and geometry (V/S ratio) of the vertical elements. For estimation of wall and column short-term and long-term shortening, Samsung developed extensive concrete creep and shrinkage testing programs at the start of construction. The actual concrete test data were used in the 3D-FEAM construction sequence analysis of the tower to predict the column/wall strains and shortening during construction and through the buildings lifetime. Correlation between predicted and actual column/wall total strains and shortening during construction were excellent, thus providing confidence in the analytical predictions and allowing Samsung to make adjustments to the compensation program as needed.

An extensive survey monitoring program concept was also developed by the author as shown in Figure 11 to monitor the total columns shortening at every setback level, which was reported by the survey team every month. These survey measurements were 1) analyzed every month by the author and compared against the predicted measurements, 2) used as a tool to keep track of the overall building structural behavioural characteristics, and 3) allowed for better management of the actual construction sequence of the tower. Figure 11 depicts a number of survey points measured at a typical level and a sample of the column shortening at the center of the core subsequent to concrete placement until the completion of the tower superstructure. Evaluation of the measured column/wall shortening at all locations indicates that the column differential shortening is within the predicted range.

Survey of the Tower Lateral Movement during Construction

Because of the tower constant changes in shape and the shift of center of gravity load relative to the center of stiffness, the tower was expected to move laterally during construction. In order to keep track of the tower movements and to make the necessary corrections for the keep of

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