IMFASHANYIGISHO IGAMIJE KONGERA

UBURUMBUKE BW’UBUTAKA N’UMUSARURO

W’IBIHINGWA MU RWANDA

Kamena 2015 This publication was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The opinions expressed herein are the sole responsibility of IFDC and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

IBIMENYETSO BIRANGA

IBURA RY’INTUNGAGIHINGWA

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IBIKUBIYEMO

Amagambo ahinnye .................................................................................................................................... 3

1. INTANGIRIRO ........................................................................................................................................ 5

2. Uko wamenya ibura ry’intungagihingwa muri rusange .................................................................... 7

2.1 Azoti (N) ............................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1.1 Azoti mu kimera ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibihingwa bibura Azoti ................................................................... 7

2.2. Fosifori (P) ....................................................................................................................................... 7

2.2.1 Fosifori mu bimera .................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Ibimenyetso biranga ibihingwa bibura Fosofori .................................................................. 8

2.3 Potasiyumu (K) ................................................................................................................................. 8

2.3.1 Potasiyumu mu bimera ............................................................................................................. 8 2.3.2 Ibimenyetso biranga ibihingwa bibura Potasiyumu ............................................................ 8 2.4 Sufure (S) ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.4.1 Sufure mu bimera ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.4.2 Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibihingwa bibura Sufure ................................................................ 9

2.5 Boroni (B) .......................................................................................................................................... 9

2.5.1 Boroni mu bimera ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.5.2 Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Boroni mu bihingwa ........................................................... 9

2.6. Zenke (Zn) ...................................................................................................................................... 10

2.6.1 Zenke mu bimera ..................................................................................................................... 10 2.6.2 Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Zenke mu bihingwa .......................................................... 10

2.7. Manyeziyumu (Mg) ....................................................................................................................... 10

2.7.1 Manyeziyumu mu bimera ....................................................................................................... 10 2.7.2 Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibihingwa bibura Manyeziyumu ................................................. 10

2.8 Umuringa (Copper: Cu)................................................................................................................... 2

2.8.1 Umuringa mu bimera ............................................................................................................... 2 2.8.2 Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibihingwa bibura Umuringa ......................................................... 2

3. Uko wamenya ibura ry’intuganagihinga kuri buri gihingwa ........................................................ 3

3.1 Ibigori ................................................................................................................................................. 3

3.2 Ibirayi ................................................................................................................................................. 7

3.3 Ingano .............................................................................................................................................. 10

3.4 Umuceri ........................................................................................................................................... 12

3.5 Imyumbati ....................................................................................................................................... 16

3.6 Ibishyimbo ...................................................................................................................................... 19

3.7 Ibitunguru........................................................................................................................................ 22

3.8 Inyanya ............................................................................................................................................ 25

4. Imvano n’ahashobora kuboneka andi makuru ................................................................................. 28

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Amagambo ahinnye

K: Potasiyumu

P: Fosifori

Zn: Zenke

S: Sufure

B: Boroni

Mg: Manyeziyumu

Cu: Umuringa

N: Azoti

DAP: Ifumbire igizwe na Azoti hamwe na Fosifori

NPK: Ifumbire igizwe na Azoti, Fosifori hamwe na Potasiyumu.

IFDC: Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cyita ku Iterambere ry’Amafumbire

RAB: Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Iterambere ry’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi

MINAGRI: Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi

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IJAMBO RY’IBANZE

Binyuze muri Gahunda Mbaturabukungu mu Buhinzi yatangijwe muri 2007, Abahinzi

b’Abanyarwanda babashije kongera umusaruro w’ibihingwa bakoresha ku buryo

bukomatanyije ifumbire mvaruganda, imborera n’imbuto z’indobanure harimo iburide z’ibigori

(ibyimanyi). Mu gihe kiri imbere, umusaruro uhagije urakenewe, kandi ushobora kugerwaho;

bityo umuhinzi akihaza mu biribwa, kandi akanasagurira amasoko ndetse n’intego igihugu

cyihaye mu kuzamura ubukungu binyuze mu buhinzi zikagerwaho.

Imwe mu ngorane Abahinzi b’abanyarwanda bahura nazo mu kuzamura umusaruro, ni

ubumenyi mu bijyanye n’intungagihingwa zibura n’ibindi bibazo by’ubutaka, cyane cyane

ubusharire bw’ubutaka. Mu gice kinini cy’u Rwanda, ubutaka bubura intungagihingwa

zitandukanye. Izo ntungagihingwa zibura ku rugero rutandukanye hatagendewe gusa ku

karere k’igihugu ku kandi, ahubwo zikaba zitandukanye ku murima ku wundi ndetse no kuva

ku gihingwa ujya ku kindi.

Iyi mfashanyigisho ni intambwe ya mbere y’ingirakamaro mu kwigisha abahinzi kurebera ku

mababi ndetse no ku mbuto z’igihingwa bakamenya intungagihingwa zibura:

intungagihingwa eshatu z’ibanze zikenerwa ku rugero runini arizo Azote, Fosifore na

Potasiyumu, ebyiri zikenerwa ku rugero ruringaniye arizo Sufure na Manyeziyumu n’eshatu

zikenerwa ku rugero ruto arizo Boroni, Zenki n’Umuringa. Iyi mfashanyigisho yunganira

Imfashanyigisho ku mikoreshereze y’Amafumbire mu mirima y’ikitegererezo, itanga inama ku

muhinzi mu gukemura ikibazo cy’intungagihingwa ibura mu butaka.

Ndashishikariza Ikigo Mpuzamahanga gishinzwe guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry’Ifumbire

(IFDC) gukwirakwiza iyi mfashanyigisho. Iyi mfashanyigiho kimwe n’izindi zizakorwa

zizafasha abahinzi b’Abanyarwanda kongera ubumenyi bakeneye mu kuzamura umusaruro

w’ubuhinzi.

Professor Mbonigaba Muhinda Jean Jacques

Umuyobozi Mukuru

Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Iterambere ry’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi (RAB)

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1. INTANGIRIRO

Ibikubiye muli aka gatabo bigamije gufasha abahinzi, abashinzwe iyamamazabuhinzi

n’abacuruzi b’inyongeramusaruro kumenya ibura ry’intungagihingwa urebeye ku mababi no ku

bindi bice by’igihingwa. Gusobanukirwa n’ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’intungagihingwa

bifasha umuhinzi kumenya ubwoko bw’ifumbire yakongerwa mu butaka kugira ngo yongere

umusaruro w’ibihingwa.

Kubera ubutaka buto bw’u Rwanda n’imirima mito (impuzandengo y’igice cya hegitari),

abahinzi basabwa kongera umusaruro kugira ngo n’inyungu ziva mu buhinzi ziyongere.

Byakorwa gute? Kongera no kunoza ikoreshwa ry’amafumbire mvaruganda bifite uruhare

runini mu gusubiza iki kibazo. Muri iki gihe, abahinzi bo mu Rwanda bakoresha kuri hegitari

kimwe cya cumi (1/10) cy’ifumbire mvaruganda ugerereranyije n’ikoreshwa n’abahinzi mu

bihugu byo muri Aziya ku butaka buto nk’ubw’abahinzi bo mu Rwanda. Ariko mu by’ukuri

kongera ingano y’amafumbire asanzwe akoreshwa (Ire, DAP na NPK) ntabwo bihagije.

Ibipimo by’ubutaka mu Rwanda byerekana ko ubutaka budakeneye gusa intungagihingwa za

Azoti, Fosifori na Potasiyumu (ziboneka muri Ire, DAP na NPK). Kandi na none ibyo bipimo

byagaragaje ko akenshi ubutaka bubura imwe cyangwa nyinshi muri izi ntungagihingwa eshanu

zikurikira: Sufure (Sulfur), Boroni (Boron), Zenke (Zinc), Umuringa (Copper) na Manyeziyumu

(Magnesium).

Abahinzi bamenya bate intungagihingwa zibura mu mirima yabo kugira ngo umusaruro

wiyongere?

Amakuru mu rwego rw’Akarere (region): Intambwe ya mbere ku bahinzi ni ukureba

amakuru rusange ku butaka cyangwa ku mirima yo mu karere baherereyemo:

Ibipimo by’ubutaka: Muri 2014, IFDC yasuzumishije ibipimo 1000 by’ubutaka bivuye

hirya no hino mu Rwanda. Ibisubizo by’iryo suzuma bikubiye mu rutonde rw’amakarita

icumi yerekana aho ubutaka bukennye muri imwe muri za ntungagihingwa umunani,

bigendanye n’indi miterere itandukanye y’ubutaka (Reba mu gice cya 4). RAB na IFDC

byashyize ahagaragara aya makarita mu mfashanyigisho ku mikoreshereze y’amafumbire

mu mirima y’icyitegererezo. Iyo mfashanyigisho yahawe abacuruzi b’inyongeramusaruro

bose, abafashamyumvire b’ishuri ry’abahinzi mu murima n’abandi bantu bakorana

n’abahinzi.

Imirima y’igerageza ry’amafumbire: Muri 2013-15, RAB na IFDC byashyizeho imirima

myinshi y’igerageza mu Rwanda hose. Iyo mirima y’igerageza yerekana ko imvange

zinyuranye z’intungagihingwa zishobora kongera umusaruro cyane. Ubu bwiyongere

bw’umusaruro bukaba bushobora guhinduka bitewe n’uturere dutandukanye.

Amakuru yihariye ajyanye n’ahantu: Amakuru yavuye mu isuzuma ry’ubutaka mu

karere (region) runaka n’ayavuye mu mirima y’igerageza ry’amafumbire ntabwo ahagije

kugira ngo umuhinzi amenye intungagihingwa zikenewe ku murima we wihariye. Ubutaka

bw’u Rwanda ntibutandukanira gusa ku turere ahubwo no mu ntera ntoya usanga

bunyuranye. Ubutaka bwo ku mpinga y’imisozi muri rusange burera cyane, uburumbuke

bugenda bugabanuka uko uva ku mpinga y’umusozi umanuka, mu gihe ubutaka bwo mu

nkuka no mu gishanga bwo buba bufite uburumbuke burushijeho. Ubutaka burushaho

kugunduka uko imyaka ihita ukoresha amafumbire y’ubwoko bumwe ku gihingwa kimwe.

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None se agendeye kuri iyi mihindagurikire y’ubutaka bw’ahantu, umuhinzi yamenya ate

intungagihingwa zidahagije bituma umusaruro uba muke mu murima we?

Arebeye ku mababi, imbuto n’ibindi bice by’igihingwa: umuhinzi ashobora kumenya

ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’intungagihingwa. Ibihingwa bifite ikibazo cy’intungagihingwa

zidahagije byerekana ibimenyetso byihariye kuri iyo ntungagihingwa idahagije, nk’imirongo

(ingenge), ku mababi mashya cyangwa ashaje.

Imirima y’igerageza no kwigira ku makosa: umuhinzi ashobora kongera ubumenyi bwe

binyuze mu mirima y’igerageza no kwigira ku makosa, abaturanyi bagahererekanya

amakuru ku buryo bwongera umusaruro n’ubutawongera. Kubera urusobe rw’ibigize

ubutaka n’ibiberamo, kuzamura umusaruro ntibituruka ku bumenyi gusa ahubwo binajyana

n’uburyo bw’imikorere.

Gupima ubutaka: umuhinzi ashobora kujyana ubutaka bwe muri laboratwari ngo bupimwe.

Bimwe mu bipimo by’ubutaka birahendutse, nko gupima ubusharire, rero byagombye

kugezwa ku bahinzi. Ariko kubera uburyo gupima ubutaka bihenze ku ntungagihingwa

zitandukanye, umuhinzi ashobora kubikora gake cyane gashoboka.

Iyo umuhinzi amaze kumenya intungagihingwa zibura, ashobora gutekereza ku buryo yazibona

akazikoresha. Ifumbire y’imborera (ituruka ku matungo, ku byatsi n’ibisigazwa by’umusaruro)

nayo itanga zimwe mu ntungagihingwa kandi z’ingirakamaro ku butaka. Ariko ingano

y’imborerera yakenerwa kugira ngo itange intungagihingwa zose zikenewe kandi ku rugero

ruhagije ntabwo byoroshye kuyibona.

MINAGRI yasabye abatumiza hanze amafumbire mvaruganda akenerwa ku isoko kuzaba

bayazanye guhera mu ntangiriro za Nyakanga 2015. Akazagezwa ku bahinzi binyuze mu

bacuruzi b’inyongeramusaruro. Igihe aya mafumbire azaba aboneka mu maduka y’abacuruzi

b’inyongeramusaruro, abahinzi bazashobora kubona intungagihingwa zikenewe mu mafumbire

yihariye ku ntungagihingwa imwe n’imwe nka sulufate ya amoniyumu (irimo Sufure), sulufate

ya zenke (irimo zenke), n’ibindi cyangwa imvange y’ayo mafumbire. Imfashanyigisho ya RAB

ku mikoreshezereze y’amafumbire mu mirima y’icyitegererezo itanga amabwiriza ku bwoko

bw’amafumbire n’ingano yayo yakoreshwa kuri buri gihingwa. Ubushakashatsi burakomeje mu

kuvugurura amabwiriza ajyanye n’imikoreshereze y’amafumbire.

Imiterere y’iyi mfashanyigisho

Nyuma y’intangiriro, igice cya 2 kiratanga amakuru rusange ku buryo bwo kumenya

ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’intungagihingwa umunani ku bihingwa byose. Igice cya 3

kiratanga amakuru arambuye ndetse n’amafoto yerekana ibimenyetso biranga ibura

ry’intungagihingwa kuri buri kimwe mu bihingwa umunani by’ingenzi mu Rwanda. Igice cya 4

kirerekana ahavuye amakuru n’andi mafoto aboneka ku mirongo ya interineti.

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2. Uko wamenya ibura ry’intungagihingwa muri rusange

2.1 Azoti (N)

2.1.1 Azoti mu kimera Nubwo Azoti iba mu mwuka wo mu kirere ari nyinshi (79%), ishobora gukoreshwa n’ibihingwa

gusa iyo ibonetse mu buryo bwa Nitarati (NO3) cyangwa mu buryo bwa Amoniyumu (NH4).

Bagiteri za rizobiyumu ziba mu mizi y’ibinyamisogwe zishobora guhindura Azoti iba mu mwuka

wo mu kirere maze igakoreshwa n’igihingwa.

Azoti ni intungagihingwa y’ingenzi ikenerwa n`ikimera ku rugero ruri hejuru. Ni

intungagihingwa y’ingenzi iboneka muri kororofili (itangabara ry’icyatsi), mu byubaka umubiri

nka poroteyine n’ibindi bigize igihingwa. Azoti itanga ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi cyijimye ku

bihingwa kandi ikongera imikuririre y’ibihingwa. Yongera ubwiza bw’amababi, imikorere

y’amafufu aboneka mu biribwa ndetse na poroteyine ziboneka mu ntete z’ibihingwa n’ubwatsi

bw’amatungo. Ibimera bigira Azoti iri ku rugero rwa 1 - 5% mu buremere. Azoti irenze ibipimo

igihingwa gikeneye ituma igihingwa gitohagira cyane bigatuma gishobora kwibasirwa n’ ibyonyi

n’ indwara nyinshi.

2.1.2 Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibihingwa bibura Azoti

a) Amababi yo hasi ashaje aba umuhondo.

b) Iyo ibura rya azoti rikabije, bigaragazwa

n’utudomo tuza ku isonga no mu mpande

z`ikibabi tugana hagati mu kibabi kandi

igihingwa kikagwingira.

c) Ibihingwa bidafite azoti ihagije

biragwingira, bikarabya kandi bikazana

imbuto imburagihe; bisobanura ko

igihingwa kizana imbuto kitarakura neza.

d) Ibi bituma umusaruro n’ubwiza bwawo

bugabanuka.

2.2. Fosifori (P)

2.2.1 Fosifori mu bimera Fosifori ni intungagihingwa iza ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma ya Azoti mu ntungagihingwa

zikenerwa ku rugero ruri hejuru mu mikurire myiza y’ibihingwa. Igira akamaro mu kwiyongera

k’uturemangingo, no mu mikurire y’imbuto. Ituma imizi ya mbere ikura neza, ituma amababi

yiyongera, ituma igihingwa kibyara, ituma kirabya n’umusaruro w’impeke ukaba mwinshi kandi

mwiza. Fosifori kandi yihutisha ukwera kw’igihingwa. Fosifori ituma imizi yiyongera kandi ikaba

miremire bigatuma ivoma neza amazi n’intungagihingwa. Ituma kandi igihingwa gifata mu

butaka neza bikakirinda kugwa. Urugero rwa Fosifori mu gihingwa ruri hagati ya 0.1-0.4%.

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2.2.2 Ibimenyetso biranga ibihingwa bibura Fosofori

a) Ibara ry’ubururu, cyangwa umwura (move)

cyangwa rijya gutukura n`umuhondo muke

ku bibabi byo hasi (ibikuze cyane);

imikurire rusange y`igihingwa iradindira

(iratinda).

b) Imizi y’igihingwa ikura nabi kandi ikaba

migufi.

2.3 Potasiyumu (K)

2.3.1 Potasiyumu mu bimera Bitandukanye n’izindi ntungagihingwa, Potasiyumu ntifatana n’izindi, ahubwo iguma yonyine

igafasha igihingwa kuringaniza imisemburo, ikoreshazuba (photosynthesis), gukoresha amazi

neza, gukora amido (amafufu) ndetse na poroteyine ku gihingwa. Ibihingwa bigira Potasiyumu

ku rugero rumwe na Azoti ariko ibihingwa bitanga umusaruro uri hejuru bikenera Potasiyumu

nyishi kurusha Azoti. Ubutaka bwinshi bugira Potasiyumu iri ku rugero rwo hejuru ariko igice

gito cyayo nicyo gishobora gukoreshwa n’igihingwa.

2.3.2 Ibimenyetso biranga ibihingwa bibura Potasiyumu

Kimwe mu bimenyetso biranga ibura rya

Potasiyumu mu gihingwa ni:

a) ugupfunyarara no kubabuka kw’impera

z’amababi y’igihingwa.

Kuko Potasiyumu yimuka mu gihingwa, ibura

ryayo rigaragarira mbere na mbere ku mababi

ashaje.

b) Ibihingwa bibura Potasiyumu bikura

buhoro kandi bikagira imizi mike itameze

neza.

c) Inkondo z’amababi zigira imbaraga nke

kandi akenshi zikagondama. Intete

n’imbuto biba bitoya kandi bikumagara;

d) ibihingwa ntibibasha kwihanganira

indwara n’ibura ry’amazi.

e) Ibihingwa bibura Potasiyumu bifatwa

n’indwara vuba kandi bikagira umusaruro

muke w’imbuto kandi utari mwiza.

2.4 Sufure (S)

2.4.1 Sufure mu bimera

Sufure ikenerwa n’igihingwa cyane cyane mu ikorwa rya poroteyine kandi ikaba ingirakamaro

muri fotosenteze . Sufure ituruka mu mborera no mu myunyu-ngugu kamere y’ubutaka. Gusa

akenshi iboneka ku rugero rudahagije kandi igihe ibihingwa bitanga umusaruro mwinshi

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biyikeneye ntibiyibona. Sufure ni imwe mu ntungagihingwa ikenerwa mu kongera umusaruro.

Ibura rya Sufure rigaragara akenshi mu butaka bw’urusenyi, bukennye ku mborera, ahagwa

imvura nyinshi, no mu butaka bwuhirwa. Ibice bimwe na bimwe bigira Sufure kamere mu

butaka yagiye igabanuka kubera isuri n’imborera igenda igabanuka.

2.4.2 Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibihingwa bibura Sufure

Ibura rya Sufure mu bihingwa rimwe na

rimwe rishobora kwitiranwa n’ibura rya Azoti.

Ibura rya Sufure ryigaragaza:

a) ku mababi akiri mashya (agitunguka) kandi

akajya gusa n’umuhondo.

b) Iyo ibura ryayo rikabije, igihingwa cyose

gishobora guhinduka umuhondo kandi

imbuto zigatakaza uburyohe bw’isukari

y’umwimerere.

2.5 Boroni (B)

2.5.1 Boroni mu bimera

Boroni ni ingirakamaro ku mikurire no gukora uturemangingo dushya mu bice by’igihingwa

bigikura. Ikura ry’intete, gukora uruhu rw’uturemangingo, kurabya, kuzana uduheri ku mizi no

kuzana imbuto byose bishingiye ku rugero rukwiriye rwa Boroni mu gihingwa. Boroni ikomoka

cyane ku mborera, ubushyuhe cyangwa ubukonje, ubuhehere buke akenshi bigabanya kubora

kw’ibyatsi cyangwa ibisigazwa by’umusaruro bigatuma ibihingwa bitabona Boroni ihagije.

Ubuhehere buke bugabanya imikorere y’imizi, ikaba indi mpamvu ishobora gutuma Boroni

ibura mu gihe gito ikongera kuboneka igihe habonetse imvura. Ubutaka bw’urusenyi buba

bukennye mu bishobora gufata Boroni bigatuma itwarwa n’amazi mu bujyakuzimu.

2.5.2 Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Boroni mu bihingwa

Mu gihingwa Boroni ntiyimuka kandi

ibimenyetso by’ibura ryayo bigaragazwa na:

a) imikurire idasanzwe ku bibabi bito no mu

bice byo ku mpera z’igihingwa bigatuma

kigwingira hanyuma kikuma.

b) Ibura rya Boroni ku bihingwa bimwe na bimwe bigaragazwa n’ibi bimenyetso: kuri seleri, igice cyo hejuru y’ubutaka kiragondama, naho kuri beterave umutima ukabora

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2.6. Zenke (Zn)

2.6.1 Zenke mu bimera

Zenke yabaye imwe mu ntungagihingwa zikenerwa ku rugero ruto zamenyekanye bwa mbere ko

ari ingenzi ku bimera. Igira akamaro kanini mu mikorere y’imisemburo y’ibimera. Zenke ituma

kandi igihingwa gikura neza, bityo rero kimwe mu bimenyetso bigaragaza ibura rya Zenke (Zn)

mu bihingwa ni ukugwingira.

2.6.2 Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Zenke mu bihingwa

Ibura rya Zenke rigaragazwa cyane no:

a) gutakaza ibara ry’icyatsi hagati y’udutsi

tw’amababi mashya.

b) Uko ubukana bw’ibura rya Zenke bugenda

bwiyongera niko igihingwa kigenda

kirushaho kugwingira kugeza aho amababi

yuma agahunguka.

c) Ku mpera z’amashami ariho imbuto,

hazaho utubabi, nyuma tukuma tukaba

dushobora no gutuma iryo shami turiho

ryuma ryose.

2.7. Manyeziyumu (Mg)

2.7.1 Manyeziyumu mu bimera

Manyeziyumu ni intungagihingwa igira uruhare kurusha izindi mu gukangura imisemburo

ituma igihingwa gikura neza kandi ni imwe mu bigize kororofire (intangabara ry’icyatsi kibisi ku

gihingwa). Manyeziyumu iboneka ku rugero ruri hasi mu butaka busharira cyane. Nubwo

ubutaka buba bufite Manyeziyumu karemano, urugero rwayo rugenda rugabanuka mu bice

bitandukanye bitewe n’uburyo bw’imihingire, bukoresha amafumbire adafite iyo

ntungagihingwa cyangwa ishwagara idafite Manyeziyumu.

2.7.2 Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibihingwa bibura Manyeziyumu

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Manyeziyumu

byigaragaza:

a) mu ibara ry’umuhondo ku mababi yo hasi

ashaje cyangwa hagati y’udutsi tw’ikibabi

hakeruruka.

b) Uko ibura rirushaho kwiyongera, rishobora

no kugaragara ku mababi mashya

agatangira kuma.

c) Amababi arakanyarara akanyunyuka, kandi

akanihinahina areba hejuru.

d) Amasonga y’amababi ashobora guhinduka

umwura ujya gutukura iyo ibura rya

Manyeziyumu ryakabije cyane.

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2.8 Umuringa (Copper: Cu)

2.8.1 Umuringa mu bimera

Umuringa ni kimwe mu bice by’ingenzi bigize kororofire ifite akamaro gakomeye muri

fotosenteze. Ibura ry’Umuringa rigaragara cyane ku butaka bufite imborera nyinshi na

nyiramugengeri kuko Umuringa ufatwa n’imborera bigatuma utaboneka neza ngo imizi

y’igihingwa ibashe kuwuvoma.

2.8.2 Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibihingwa bibura Umuringa

Kimwe n’izindi ntungagihingwa zikenerwa ku

rugero ruri hasi, bishobora kutoroha kumenya

igihingwa kibura Umuringa. Ariko kandi

Umuringa ntiwimuka mu gihingwa bityo ibura

ryawo rigaragara ku bice by’igihingwa bikiri

bito.

a) Akenshi ibice bishya ku gihingwa ntibikura

neza, biragwingira cyangwa bikihinahina.

b) Ku biti, ibura ry’Umuringa rishobora gutera

ibibabi bito kweruruka hagakurikiraho

kuma.

3

3. Uko wamenya ibura ry’intuganagihinga kuri buri gihingwa

3.1 Ibigori

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Azoti (N) ku bigori

• Ibura rya Azoti rirangwa n’ibara ry’umuhondo ritangira kugaragara ku isonga ry’ikibabi

kandi bigakomereza hagati mu kibabi cyose;

• Ibura rya Azoti ritangirira ku mababi yo hasi bigakomereza kuyo hejuru iyo ibura rikomeje;

• Ibura ryayo ryigaragaza ku kibabi mu nyuguti ya v, uhereye ku isonga ry’ikibabi ugana aho

ikibabi gifatiye ku gihingwa;

• Ibigori bibura Azoti biradindira cyane mu mikurire yabyo, bigasambura vuba kandi bikera

imburagihe; ibi bigabanya ubwiza n’ubwinshi bw’umusaruro.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Fosifori ku bigori

a) Ibura rya Fosifori ryigaragaza ku bibabi mu ibara

ry’umwura ujya gutukura, cyane cyane ku bigori

bikiri bito;

b) Ibihingwa bibura Fosifori biragwingira kandi

bigakura buhoro buhoro ugereranije n’ibigori

bifite Fosifori ihagije;

c) Amababi agihinguka usanga atagaragaza ibura rya

Fosifori, bigaragara cyane ku mababi yo hasi aho

usanga ku isonga no ku mpande zayo hasa

n’umwura ujya gutukura.

d) Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Fosifori akenshi birashira

iyo igihingwa gikuze kigize nka metero imwe

y’ubujyejuru.

4

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Potasiyumu ku bigori

• Ibura rya Potasiyumu rigaragazwa mbere na mbere n’ibara ry’umuhondo no kuma ku

mpande z’amababi bigatangirira ku mababi yo hasi y’ibigori.

• Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Potasiyumu ntibiba bikigaragara iyo ibigori bimaze

ibyumweru biri hejuru ya bine bimeze;

• Ibura rya Potasiyumu iyo rikomeje, ibimenyetso byigaragaza no ku mababi agihinguka

(mashya)

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Sufure ku bigori

• Amababi mashya agitunguka ahinduka umuhondo, rimwe na rimwe bigakomereza ku

mababi ashaje.

• Ikigori cyose gihinduka umuhondo cyangwa icyatsi cyeruruka.

• Amababi mashya agitunguka areruruka hanyuma isonga rikagenda ryuma

• Amababi yo hasi ntiyerekana ibimenyetso byo kuma.

5

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Boroni (B) ku bigori

a) Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Boroni mbere na mbere bigaragara cyane ku mababi akiri

mato (agihinguka);

b) Usanga ihundo ry’ikigori ritaratonze hose ;

c) Isonga ry’amababi mashya n’agihinguka ririkunja kandi rigahinduka umweru.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Zenke ku bigori

Ibura rya Zenke (Zn) ku bigori rigararagazwa :

a) n’imirongo yeruruka hagati y’udutsi

tw’amababi uhereye ku ndiba (aho gifatiye

ku ruti) y’ikibabi igana ku isonga ryacyo.

b) Impande z’ikibabi, mu kibabi hagati no ku

isonga hakomeza kuba icyatsi kibisi.

Ibigori biragwingira kubera ingigo zacyo

ziba ngufi.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’Umuringa (Cu) ku bigori

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’Umuringa (Cu) muri rusange bigaragara:

a) ku mababi mashya agitunguka bikurikirwa no kugwingira ku ikigori.

b) Igihe ibura ry’Umuringa rikabije, amababi mashya ahinduka umuhondo werurutse

hanyuma amasonga akikunja areba hasi.

c) Amababi ashobora no guhinduka ikigina akuma.

6

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Manyeziyumu ku bigori

• Ibura rya Manyeziyumu (Mg) rigaragarira mbere na mbere ku mababi yo hasi aho usanga

yarabaye umuhondo weruruka cyane cyane hagati y’udutsi tw’amababi.

• Ibibabi bishaje bihinduka umwura ujya gutukura ugasanga ku isonga no ku mpande z’ikibabi

hasa n’ahumye uko Manyeziyumu irushaho kubura.

Imvano y’ibikubiye muli iki gice

Ibigori IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

Corn. Kansas State University, no date. Available at:

http://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/extension/crop-production/corn/ (accessed 18 April 2015).

Ruiz Diaz DA, Martin KL, Mengel DB. Diagnosing Nutrient Deficiencies in the Field. Kansas

State University, 2011. Available at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/MF3028.pdf

(accessed 18 April 2015).

Roozenboom KL, Ruiz Diaz D, Jardine DJ, et al. Diagnosing Corn Production Problems in

Kansas. Kansas State University, 2013. Available at:

http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/S54.pdf (accessed 18 April 2015).

Wallace T. The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants by Visual Symptoms. London: His

Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1943. Available at: http://customers.hbci.com/~wenonah/min-

def/part2.htm (accessed 18 April 2015).

7

3.2 Ibirayi

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Azoti (N) ku birayi

a) Ibirayi biragwingira,

b) amababi akeruruka cyangwa akaba

umuhondo.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Fosifori (P) ku birayi

a) Amashami n’amababi y’ibirayi

azamuka yemye ananutse agahinduka

icyatsi kibisi cyijimye.

b) Impera z’amababi yikunja agana

hejuru kandi igihingwa kikagwingira.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Potasiyumu (K) ku birayi

a) Impera n’isonga by’amababi yo hasi

bihinduka umuhondo ndetse nyuma

bikuma.

b) Ibara ry’umuhondo rikwirakwira

hagati y’udutsi tw’ikibabi uko

Potasiyumu irushaho kugenda ibura

kandi igihingwa kikagwingira.

8

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Sufure (S) ku birayi

a) Amababi aba mato agahinduka icyatsi

cyerurutse cyangwa umuhondo kandi

igihingwa kikagwingira.

b) Ibi bimenyetso akenshi bigaragara ku

mababi mashya.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Boroni (B) ku birayi

a) Amababi mashya arabyimba akikunja, ku

muzenguruko w’ikibabi hakazaho ibara

ry’ikigina cyerurutse, iryo bara rikagenda

rikwira ikibabi. Ibice by’igihingwa bigikura

bikaba byakuma.

b) Igihe ibura rya Boroni rikabije, amababi

yikunja areba hejuru.

Ibura rya Boroni ku birayi rishobora kwitiranywa n’ibura rya Karisiyumu kubera ko naryo

ryigaragariza ku bice by’igihingwa bigikura bikuma. Ibirayi bikenera Boroni nkeya bityo

ibimenyetso by’ibura ryayo bikagaragara mu butaka bukennye cyane kuri yo (ubutaka

bw’urusenyi bwagundutse).

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Zenke (Zn) ku birayi

a) Amababi mashya areruruka cyangwa akaba umuhondo kandi ibice bimwe na bimwe

by’ibibabi bikaba byakuma.

b) Aho amababi yumye usanga harajeho utudomo tweruruka.

c) Ibi bimenyetso kandi bishobora no gutangirira ku mababi yo hasi akuze.

9

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’Umuringa (Cu) ku birayi

Ibura ry’Umuringa (Copper) rituma habaho:

a) kurabirana kw’igihingwa.

b) By’umwihariko, amababi mashya arizinga,

c) umuzenguruko n’isonga by’amababi

bishobora guhita byuma bitabanje

guhindura ibara.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Manyeziyumu (Mg) ku birayi

Ibimenyetso bitangirana no:

a) guhinduka umuhondo hagati y’udutsi

tw’amababi ku ndiba cyangwa ku

muzenguruko. Ibyo bigenda bikwira

ikibabi cyose uko ibura rya Manyeziyumu

ryiyongera.

b) Akenshi umuzenguruko w’ikibabi ukomeza

kuba icyatsi. Ahabaye umuhondo hagenda

huma.

c) Akenshi bigaragarira ku mababi yo hasi

akuze.

Imvano y’ibikubiye muli iki gice

Ibirayi IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

Potassium Deficiency – Potato. Yara, no date. Available at:

http://www.yara.us/agriculture/crops/potato/crop-nutrition/deficiencies/k/01-4761-

potassium-deficiency---potato/ (accessed 18 April 2015).

10

3.3 Ingano

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Azoti (N) ku ngano

a) Amababi ashaje ahinduka icyatsi

cyerurutse akaba n’umuhondo uhereye

ku isonga ry’amababi ugana aho

atereye.

b) Iyo ibura rya Azoti rikomeje, amababi

yose ashaje ahinduka umuhondo

ndetse akuma.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Fosifori (P) ku ngano

a) Ingano ziragwingira,

b) amababi agahinduka umwura wijimye

n’utudomo tw’umuhondo ku mababi

ashaje kandi ibyo bigahera ku isonga

bigana ku nkondo y’amababi.

c) Amababi arigoronzora, ashaje

agatwikira amashya kandi aya mababi

mashya akanyunyuka akanafatana.

d) Ingano zera zitinze kandi amahundo

akaba mato.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Potasiyumu (K) ku ngano

Ibimemenyetso byihariye biranga ibura rya

Potasiyumu bigaragara:

a) ku mababi ashaje y’ingano aho

ahinduka umuhondo.

b) Na none ingano zikura nabi mbere yo

kunanuka kw’amababi yose. Iyo ibura

rya Potasiyumu rikomeje amababi

ashaje aruma uhereye ku isonga.

11

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Sufure (S) ku ngano

Igihingwa cyose kireruruka bikagaragarira cyane ku mababi mashyashya. Ibura rikabije rya

Sufure rituma amahundo atirema bityo bikagabanya umusaruro cyane.

Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibura rya Boroni (B) ku ngano

Ikimenyetso cya mbere kiranga ibura rya Boroni (B) ni: a) ugucagagurika kw’amababi mashya hagati.

b) Ibi bikurikirwa no kugira ibihanga bimeze

nk’amenyo y’urukero ku mpande z’ikibabi.

c) Kandi amahundo y’ingano aba ibihuhwe.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya zenke (Zn) ku ngano

Ibimenyemetso biranga

ibura rya Zenke byigaragaza:

a) mbere na mbere ku

mababi yo hagati

(adashaje kandi atari

mashya).

b) Ibi bimenyetso by’ibanze

bigaragazwa n’uko

ingano zigenda zita ibara

ry’icyatsi zigahinduka

ikijuju kijimye muri

rusange hagati mu

kibabi.

c) Ibi bice by’ikibabi

bigaragara nk’ibyabuze

amazi cyangwa byumye,

bigatangirana

n’utudomo tugenda

twiyongera twegera ku

mpande z’ikibabi.

12

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’Umuringa (Cu) ku ngano

a) Igihingwa cyose kirarabirana kigitangira

kubyara kabone n’iyo ubutaka bwaba

bufite amazi ahagije.

b) Iyo ibura ry’Umuringa rikabije bigira

ingaruka ku kubyara kw’ingano. I

c) bura ry’Umuringa rigaragarira ku

mababi mashya bikerekanwa no kuma

no kwizinga kw’isonga ry’ikibabi rimwe

na rimwe bigakomeza kugera muri

kimwe cya kabiri cy’ikibabi.

d) N’ubwo ibura ry’Umuringa ryaba

ridakabije rishobora kugabanya

umusaruro w’intete kandi ntizibe nziza

(zihombanye cyangwa zihwinyigiye).

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Manyeziyumu (Mg) ku ngano

a) Amababi mashya ku ngano

zibura Manyeziyumu

areruruka agahita ahisha,

ntiyibumbure bigatuma asa

n’ayizinze. Ibi byose bituma

igihingwa cyose gita ingufu

kigasa nk’aho cyabuze

amazi.

b) Iyo ibura rya

Manyeziyumu rikabije,

kibabi cyose gikomeza

kwibumba cyangwa

kikizingazinga.

Imvano y’ibikubiye muli iki gice

Ingano

Adopt a Wheat Field: nitrogen deficiency. Kansas State University, no date. Available at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/aawf/March/nitrogen_deficiency.htm (accessed 18 April 2015). IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

McGrath S. Nutrition: Deficiency symptoms and nutrients. Agriculture & Horticulture

Development Board, no date. Available at:

http://archive.hgca.com/publications/documents/events/Crop_Nutrition.pdf (accessed 18

April 2015).

Snowball K, Robson AD. Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in wheat: a guide for field

identification. CIMMYT, no date. Available at:

http://repository.cimmyt.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10883/1141/26347.pdf (accessed 18

April 2015).

Zinc Nutrient Initiative. International Zinc Association, 2011: Available at: http://www.zinc.org/crops (accessed 2 April 2015).

13

3.4 Umuceri Ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’Azoti (N) ku muceri

Ibura ry’Azoti (N) ku muceri rigaragazwa no:

a) guhinduka umuhondo kw’amababi ashaje

nyuma bikagera no ku mababi

mashyashya.

b) Uko umuceri ugenda ukura amasonga

y’amababi aruma.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Fosifori (P) ku muceri

Ibura rya Fosifori (P) ku muceri rigaragazwa

n’ibara ry’umwura ku masonga y’amababi

ashaje rigenda rigana aho ikibabi gitereye.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Potasiyumu (K) ku muceri

Kimwe mu bimenyetso by’ingenzi biranga

ibura rya Potasiyumu ku muceri ni:

a) ukwikunja kw’amababi no kubabuka ku

mpera z’amababi. Ibi bigaragara mbere na

mbere ku mababi ashaje.

b) Umuceri ntukura neza kandi n’imizi yawo

ntikura neza.

c) Uruti rw’umuceri ntirukomera; bigatuma

umuceri ugwa.

d) Umuceri ubura Potasiyumu wibasirwa

n’indwara.

14

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Sufure ku muceri

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Sufure ku

muceri bigaragara ku mababi mashya

agitunguka.

a) Ibibabi agitunguka ahita ahinduka

umuhondo, kandi ugasanga ahita

agwingira, rimwe na rimwe usanga

n’ayameze mbere yarabaye nayo

umuhondo;

b) Amasonga y’ibibabi mashya agenda

yuma kandi muri rusange n’ umuceri

uragwingira;

c) Ibibabi yo hasi ugatungurwa n’uko

akiri mazima (ataruma!!)

d) Umusaruro uragabanuka cyane igihe

ibura rya Sufure ryabayeho igihe

igihingwa gikura;

Ibimenyetso biraranga ibura rya Boroni (B) ku muceri

Ibimenyetso bibanza kugaragara:

a) ku mababi mashya, isonga ryayo riba

umweru kandi rikikunja.

a) Umuceri uba mugufi kandi ibice bikura

bikuma.

15

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Zenke ku muceri

a) Igice cy’ibibabi cyo hasi cyegereye uruti

(indiba y’ibibabi) gihinduka umuhondo

ariko amasonga y’ibibabi akagumya kuba

icyatsi kibisi cyijimye;

b) Ayo mababi mashya usanga afite utudomo

tw’ikigina, mbese agasa n’ayaguye

umugese

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’Umuringa (Cu) ku muceri

Ibura ry’Umuringa (Cu) rigaragazwa na:

a) imirongo yeruruka ku mpande zombi

z’ikibabi,

b) isonga ry’ikibabi riruma cyangwa

rikaba icyatsi kirimo ubururu kandi

amababi mashya akikunja.

c) Amababi mashya ntabwo yibumbura

kandi igice cyo hejuru ugasanga

gisongoye nk’urushinge mu gihe igice

cyo hasi kiba ari kizima.

16

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Manyeziyumu (Mg) ku muceri

Ibura rya Manyeziyumu (Mg) rirangwa na:

a) imirongo isa n’icunga rihishije hagati

y’udutsi tw’amababi ashaje.

b) Uko ibura rya Manyeziyumu rikomeza

kwiyongera. Ibi bimenyetso biboneka no ku

mababi mashya.

Imvano y’ibikubiye muli iki gice

Umuceri IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit. (accessed 21st April, 2015) http://www.rkmp.co.in/sites/default/files/Boron%20deficiency.jpg (accessed 21st April, 2015) http://www.rkmp.co.in/sites/default/files/Copper%20deficiency.jpg (accessed 21st April, 2015) http://www.rkmp.co.in/sites/default/files/Magnesium%20deficiency.jpg (accessed 21st April, 2015) https://lariceman.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/k-def-late1.jpg (accessed 21st April, 2015)

17

3.5 Imyumbati

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Azoti (N) mu gihingwa cy’imyumbati

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Azoti (N)

ribanza kugaragara:

a) ku mababi yo hasi ashaje, kandi

b) rikarangwa n’ibara ry’icyatsi ryeruruka

rigenda rihinduka umuhondo;

c) hanyuma bikagaragara no kubishibu bikiri

bito.

d) Imyumbati iragwingira, uruti rukananuka

cyane, umusaruro ukagabanuka mu

bwinshi no mu bwiza.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Fosifori (P) ku gihingwa cy’ imyumbati

Ibura rya Fosifori mu

myumbati ryerekanwa n’uko

imyumbati iba:

a) idakura ikaba migufi

kandi uruti rukananuka

cyane,

b) amababi akaba matoya

mu burebure no mu

bugari ndetse n’inkondo

z’amababi zikagwingira.

c) Iyo imvura ibuze cyangwa

ikaba nkeya amababi yo

hejuru arahunguka.

d) Ubusanzwe amababi yo

hasi ahinduka

umuhondo, cyangwa

ikijuju ku moko amwe

n’amwe y’imyumbati.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Potasiyumu ku gihingwa cy’imyumbati

Ibura rya Potasiyumu rigaragazwa no

kugwingira, ibara ry’icyatsi cyijimye

kigenda cyeruruka, amababi akuma

uhereye ku isonga no mu mpande.

18

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Sufure mu myumbati

a) Amababi mashya agitunguka ahinduka

umuhondo

b) Amababi aba mato kandi n’igihingwa

kikagwingira. Imyumbati rero niimwe mu

bihingwa bikenera Sufure cyane mu

mikurire yabyo.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Boroni ku gihingwa cy’imyumbati

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Boroni (B) ku myumbati bigaragarira ku bice bigikura

by’umwumbati. Iyo uranduye umwumbati usanga:

a) imizi irandaranda yerekeza hirya no hino itarakuze kandi n’imitwe yayo yarumagaye.

b) Umwumbati uragwingira, ugasanga n’ingingo ari ngufi cyane.

c) Usanga ku mashami yo hejuru, agikura, amababi ari mato, akikunja n’inkondo zayo

zikaba ngufi.

d) Ibikomere bifite ibara ry’ikigina ku ruti rw’umwumbati rugikura, byerekana ibura rya

Boroni.

19

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Zenke ku gihingwa cy’imyumbati

Ibura rya Zenke rigaragazwa no:

a) kuma uhereye hagati y’udutsi tw’amababi

mashya bigatuma amababi azaho imirongo

yeruruka.

b) Amababi n’umwumbati biragwingira ;

c) uko ibura rya Zenke rikomeza kwiyongera,

amababi aruma agahunguka.

d) Ku mitwe y’amashami ariho imbuto hazaho

udushami twinshi tugahita twuma.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’Umuringa ku myumbati

a) Amababi agihinguka (mashya)

ahinduka icyatsi kerurutse cyangwa

umuhondo, akikunja kandi amasonga

y’ibibabi akuma;

b) Amababi yo hagati no hasi

y’imyumbati aba maremare kandi

inkondo y’amababi ikaba ndende

noneho ugasanga yirigonze ireba hasi.

Imvano y’ibikubiye muli iki gice Imyumbati Imran M, Gurmani ZA. Role of Macro and Micro Nutrients in the Plant Growth. Science, Technology & Development 2011: vol. 30 pp 36-40. Available at: http://www.pcst.org.pk/journal/JN/2011/STD%20vol%2030%283%292011/ole%20of%20Macro%20and%20Micro%20Nutrients.pdf (accessed 18 April 2015). IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit. Site Specific Nutrient Disorders. Kerala: Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, no date. Available at: http://www.ctcri.in/cassnum/SSNBoronDeficiency.aspx (accessed 18 April 2015).

20

3.6 Ibishyimbo

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Azoti (N) ku bishyimbo

a) Ibura rya Azoti (N) ku bishyimbo rirangwa

n’ibara ry’umuhondo ku mababi ashaje.

b) Ibura ry’Azoti rikabije rituma ibishyimbo

bigwingira maze amababi akuma.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Fosifori (P) ku bishyimbo

Ibura rya Fosifori rigaragara mu buryo

bukurikira:

a) ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi kijya kuba ubururu

akenshi riza hagati y’udutsi tw’ikibabi,

b) amababi arikunja kandi akagira

udukomere duto.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Potasiyumu (K) ku bishyimbo

Ibura rya Potasiyumu ku bishyimbo rihera:

a) ku mababi ashaje agahinduka umuhondo,

ibyo bigahera ku mpera z’amababi bigana

mu kibabi hagati.

b) Ingingo z’uruti rw’ibishyimbo ziba ngufiya

bigatuma igihingwa kigwingira.

21

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Sufure (S) ku bishyimbo

Ibara ry’icyatsi cyerurutse rijya kuba

umuhondo. Aha nta kubyimba k’udutsi

cyangwa kuma kw’ikibabi kugaragara.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Boroni (B) ku bishyimbo

Ibura rya Boroni (B) rirangwa no kweruruka

hagati y’udutsi tw’ikibabi kandi ibice bigikura

biruma.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Zenke (Zn) ku bishyimbo

Ibura rya Zenke ku bishyimbo rigaragazwa

n’utudomo tw’umuhondo weruruka tuza

hagati y’udutsi tw’ikibabi cy’igishyimbo.

Udushami duhunguka hakiri kare, impande

z’amababi zirikunja kandi akaba mato.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura ry’Umuringa (Cu) ku bishyimbo

a) Ibishyimbo bibura Umuringa (copper)

biragwingira mu mikurire yabyo

b) Amababi agitunguka arizinga kandi

amasonga yayo akuma.

22

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Manyeziyumu (Mg) mu bishyimbo

Ibura rya Manyeziyumu ku bishyimbo

rigaragara cyane:

c) hagati mu kibabi;

d) hagati y’udutsi tw’ikibabi hahinduka

umuhondo kandi impera zacyo

zikagumana ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi

Imvano y’ibikubiye muli iki gice

Ibishyimbo

IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms in Common Bean. Available at http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/k/x/kxe5019/denseinfo.html (accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/sites/default/files/images/snapbeanspotass (accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/k/x/kxe5019/denseinfo.html (accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/IPM/images/soil/micronutrients/nutrient-deficiency_zoom.jpg (accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/k/x/kxe5019/IMG_5630.JPG (accessed 21st April, 2015)

23

3.7 Ibitunguru

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Azoti (N) ku bitunguru

Amababi yo hasi agenda aba umuhondo, maze

ibijumba bikagwingira, bikaba bito cyane ku

buryo bitacuruzwa. Ibi biboneka no kuri

tungurusumu.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Fosifori (P) ku bitunguru

Kimwe no kubura Azoti, ibura rya Fosifori

rituma amababi ashaje aba umuhondo,

amababi y’imbere yo akomeza kuba icyatsi.

Ibitunguru ntibibyibuha, imizi iba migufi, nta

kijumba gikura, bityo umusaruro wabyo

ukaba muke. Ibi biboneka no kuri

tungurusumu.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Potasiyumu (K) ku bitunguru

Amababi aruma maze akagwa. Amababi yuma

ahereye ku mitwe, maze igihingwa cyose

kigashanguka, umusaruro ukabura. Ibi

biboneka no kuri tungurusumu.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Boron (B) ku bitunguru

Ibura rya Boroni ryerekanwa n’uko:

a) nta mitwe mishya yongera kuzamuka,

b) iyo mitwe iruma maze igitunguru

kikagwingira cyane ndetse

c) nta n’ibijumba bizaho.

24

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Zenke (Zn) ku bitunguru

Ibura rya zenke (Zn) ku bitunguru

ryerekanwa n’uko amababi mashya

yumagara. Amababi agihinguka aba

umuhondo kandi akuma imitwe. Ibi

bigaragara no kuri tungurusumu.

Imvano y’ibikubiye muli iki gice Igitunguru IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

25

3.8 Inyanya

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Azoti (N) ku nyanya

Ku nkondo no ku dutsi tw’amababi

hazamo ibara ry’umutuku werurutse.

Ibibabi bishaje bigenda bihinduka

icyatsi cyerurutse aho kuba icyatsi

kibisi. Uko azoti (N) ikomeza kubura,

amababi ashaje yose ahinduka

umuhondo. Amababi mashya aguma

ari icyatsi ariko cyerurutse kandi

akaba mato. Amashami aba mato

kandi make ku buryo ubona igihingwa

kidakomeye.

Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya fosifori (P) ku nyanya

Ikimenyetso cya mbere cyerekana ko

inyanya zibura Fosifori (P) ni:

a) utudomo tuza ku mababi, aho tuje

hakuma.

b) Iyo Fosifori ikabije kubura, amababi

agenda azana umugese urimo ibara

ry’umwura n’ubururu kandi udutsi

tw’amababi tukagira ibara ry’ikigina.

Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Potasiyumu (K) ku nyanya

a) Amababi agenda aba umuhondo

b) akazaho utudomo twangiza amababi

(akuma)

c) ku mpande z’amababi ashaje. Imbuto

zitakaza ishusho (form) n’uburyohe.

26

Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Sufure (S) ku nyanya

a) Igihingwa gita ibara ry’icyatsi hagasigara ibara

ry’icyatsi hamwe na hamwe.

b) Udutsi n’inkondo z’amababi bigira ibara

ritukura.

c) Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Sufure n’ibya Azoti

bijya gusa ariko ku ibura rya Sufure, igihingwa

cyose kiba umuhondo ndetse no ku mababi

mashya.

Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Boroni (B) ku nyanya

Ibura rya Boroni rigaragazwa

no:

a) kweruruka kw’amababi

b) kukigaragaza cyane ku

bihingwa bikiri bito no mu

gihe cyo kuzana imbuto.

c) Uruti n’amababi

birakanyarara bikaba

byanavunagurika.

d) Imbuto zirabyimba zigata

ishusho (shape).

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Zenke (Zn) ku nyanya

Ibura rya zenke (Zn) ritangira

rigaragazwa n’uko:

a) amababi mato (mashya) ahinduka

umuhondo,

b) amababi ashaje akuma hagati

y’udutsi.

c) Uko Zenke irushaho kubura,

amababi arumagara ariko udutsi

two tugakomeza kuba icyatsi kibisi.

27

Ibimenyetso by’ibura ry’Umuringa (Cu) ku nyanya

a) Amababi arizinga n’inkondo zayo zikigonda

zigana hasi.

b) Amababi arahisha hose kandi amababi

mashya akagaragara nk’ayabuze amazi.

c) Amababi amwe n’amwe azaho utudomo

tuyangiza kandi ugasanga yenda kwigonda

agana hasi.

Ibimenyetso biranga ibura rya Manyeziyumu (Mg) ku nyanya.

Ibura rya Manyeziyumu rigaragazwa no:

a) guta ibara ry’icyatsi hagati y’udutsi

tw’amababi no kuma kw’ibice by’ikibabi

byakabije guta ibara ry’icyatsi.

b) Iyo ibura rya Manyeziyumu ryakabije risa

n’ibura rya Potasiyumu ariko ku ibura rya

Manyeziyumu, ibimenyetso bitangirana no

c) kugira amabara asa n’amagaragamba

hagati y’udutsi tw’amababi. Icyo gihe

buhoro buhoro hagati mu kibabi haruma.

Imvano y’ibikubiye muli iki gice Inyanya IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit. Tomato Crop Guide: Nutrients deficiency symptoms. Haifa, no date: Available at: http://www.haifa-group.com/knowledge_center/crop_guides/tomato /plant_nutrition/nutrient_deficiency_symptoms/ (accessed 18 April 2015).

28

4. Imvano n’ahashobora kuboneka andi makuru

Imvano y’ibikubiye mu gice cya 2

International Plant Nutrient Institute (IPNI). IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection.

No date. You can order the Image Collection on a USB Flash Drive for US$40 at

http://store.ipni.net/products/crop-nutrient-deficiency-image-collection. If you know someone

who already has it, you can get if from their flash drive or computer. It is too heavy to send by

email.

Imvano y’ibikubiye mu gice cya 3

Ibigori IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

Corn. Kansas State University, no date. Available at:

http://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/extension/crop-production/corn/ (accessed 18 April 2015).

Ruiz Diaz DA, Martin KL, Mengel DB. Diagnosing Nutrient Deficiencies in the Field. Kansas State

University, 2011. Available at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/MF3028.pdf (accessed

18 April 2015).

Roozenboom KL, Ruiz Diaz D, Jardine DJ, et al. Diagnosing Corn Production Problems in Kansas.

Kansas State University, 2013. Available at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/S54.pdf

(accessed 18 April 2015).

Wallace T. The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants by Visual Symptoms. London: His

Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1943. Available at: http://customers.hbci.com/~wenonah/min-

def/part2.htm (accessed 18 April 2015).

Ibirayi IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

Potassium Deficiency – Potato. Yara, no date. Available at:

http://www.yara.us/agriculture/crops/potato/crop-nutrition/deficiencies/k/01-4761-potassium-

deficiency---potato/ (accessed 18 April 2015).

Ingano

Adopt a Wheat Field: nitrogen deficiency. Kansas State University, no date. Available at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/aawf/March/nitrogen_deficiency.htm (accessed 18 April 2015).

IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

McGrath S. Nutrition: Deficiency symptoms and nutrients. Agriculture & Horticulture

Development Board, no date. Available at:

http://archive.hgca.com/publications/documents/events/Crop_Nutrition.pdf (accessed 18 April

2015).

29

Snowball K, Robson AD. Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in wheat: a guide for field

identification. CIMMYT, no date. Available at:

http://repository.cimmyt.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10883/1141/26347.pdf (accessed 18 April

2015).

Zinc Nutrient Initiative. International Zinc Association, 2011: Available at:

http://www.zinc.org/crops (accessed 2 April 2015).

Umuceri IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit. (accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://www.rkmp.co.in/sites/default/files/Boron%20deficiency.jpg (accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://www.rkmp.co.in/sites/default/files/Copper%20deficiency.jpg (accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://www.rkmp.co.in/sites/default/files/Magnesium%20deficiency.jpg (accessed 21st April,

2015)

https://lariceman.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/k-def-late1.jpg (accessed 21st April, 2015)

Imyumbati

Imran M, Gurmani ZA. Role of Macro and Micro Nutrients in the Plant Growth. Science, Technology & Development 2011: vol. 30 pp 36-40. Available at: http://www.pcst.org.pk/journal/JN/2011/STD%20vol%2030%283%292011/ole%20of%20Macro%20and%20Micro%20Nutrients.pdf (accessed 18 April 2015).

IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

Site Specific Nutrient Disorders. Kerala: Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, no date. Available

at: http://www.ctcri.in/cassnum/SSNBoronDeficiency.aspx (accessed 18 April 2015).

Ibishyimbo

IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms in Common Bean. Available at

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/k/x/kxe5019/denseinfo.html (accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/sites/default/files/images/snapbeanspotass (accessed 21st

April, 2015)

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/k/x/kxe5019/denseinfo.html (accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/IPM/images/soil/micronutrients/nutrient-deficiency_zoom.jpg

(accessed 21st April, 2015)

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/k/x/kxe5019/IMG_5630.JPG (accessed 21st April, 2015)

30

Igitunguru

IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

Inyanya

IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, op cit.

Tomato Crop Guide: Nutrients deficiency symptoms. Haifa, no date: Available at:

http://www.haifa-group.com/knowledge_center/crop_guides/tomato

/plant_nutrition/nutrient_deficiency_symptoms/ (accessed 18 April 2015).

Abagize uruhare mu kuyitegura

Celestin MUSONI

Cyprien UWITIJE

David GISSELQUIST

Jean Nepomuscene UKOZEHASI

Landouard SEMUKERA

Pascal TWIZERIMANA

Thomas HATANGIMANA