ias0430 microprocessor systems€¦ · history •1705 binary system (0,1) gottfried wilhelm...
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IAS0430
MICROPROCESSOR
SYSTEMS
Fall 2018
The 2nd lecture
Martin Jaanus U02-308
[email protected] 620 2110, 56 91 31 93
Learning environment : http://isc.ttu.ee
Materials : http://isc.ttu.ee/martin
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Topics
The digital electronics in analogue world
• Logic functions ( not, nand,nor,xor.....)
• Realization of logic functions (DTL, TTL, KMOP....)
• Devices with memory (decoders,multiplexers)
• Devices with memory (triggers,counters)
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Digital electronics
• Digital ( latin language digitis – finger, digit)
• A digital signal is a signal that is being used to represent
data as a sequence of discrete values; at any given time it
can only take on one of a finite number of valuesPõhiline
kasutus on kahendsüsteem , sest seda on lihtne kasutada
(signaal kas on või ei ole)
• This contrasts with an analog signal, which represents
continuous values; at any given time it represents a real
number within a continuous range of values.
• Usually in digital electronics has also time discrete values.
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Binary system
• Two possible values
• The simpliest digital system . Bitt.
• 0 – False, missing, low level
• 1- True, present, high level
• Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the
truth values of variables may be any real number between
0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept of partial
truth, where the truth value may range between
completely true and completely false.
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The Binary system in elecronics• Current based (industrial electronis, automation)
0 - 4 mA, 1 – 20 mA , if current is missing, circuit is faulty.
In consumer electronics usually voltage based:
0 – 0...0.5 V , 1 – 2.4.....(3.3 V , 5 V)
In industial communication and electronics can be also used other levels 0 >>5 V, 1 < -5V...-24 V (RS232)
Logic states can be coded into AC voltage or current -: amplitude,frequency, phase. Modern communication technology.
Separation zone
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History
• 1705 Binary system (0,1) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
• 1886 Georg Boole algebra (logic gates), relay logic
• 1907 The usage of Audion (electon valve) in NAND gate.
• 1924 predecessors of modern logic gates.
• 1941 The first electonically programmable device (Konrad
Zuze, Z3), used electronic valves.
• 1953 The first fully semiconductor based computer.
• 1958 The first logic IC.
Digital control module of automation(1973)
USSR
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History
• The usage of simple logic gates has decreased because
of usage microprocessors, but anyway those components
are hidden inside those devices.
• The usage of simle logic gates is required when speed is
important.
Digital control module of
automation(1982) USSR
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• It is neccecarry that logic gates confirm states, positive
feedback is required:
The transfer function of inverter.
The Binary system in elecronics
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Logical operation - negation
• Without this operation the digital electronics is not
possible!
• 0 1 ja 1 0 Y=X
X Y X Y
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Logical operation – negation (inversion)
• The simpliest way – to use one transistor.
• Transistor must be in closed or saturated state.
TTL CMOS
The CMOS technology is the most popular, it does not consume energy in static
state.
Discrete components
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Logical operation – negation (inversion)
• The problem in digital circuit– transfer to others state must
be as quick as possible !
• The solution : Decrease supply voltage (power depends of root of
voltage ) and if it is possible – working frequency.
• Cooling
Parasitic
capacitors need
to recharged !
Current
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Connecting digital devices
• The programmer sees only 0 and 1
• In real circuit there are existing voltages and currents– They are always analogue values ! When you design circuits you must take it into account !
• The next gate consumes energy (CMOS switching, TTL continiously), the output must allow it .
• In usual case there is possible connect to output 10 next inputs.
High
Low
High
HighLow Low
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Logical operation – OR
• The gate with at least 2 inputs.
• The output is 1 kui at least one input is 1.
• Y=X1+X2+....Xn
X1 X1
Y Y
X2 X2
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Logical operation – OR
• The simpliest realization– use diodes.
• Example from consumer electonics – Device is powered
from battery OR from power network.
• Drawback – voltage drop in diode is 0.7 V
• The dicrete elements can used in simpliest application. It is
not used inside IC!
(1973)
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Logical operation – AND
• The gate with at least 2 inputs.
• The output is 1 if all inputs are 1.
• Y=X1*X2*....Xn
X1 X1
Y Y
X2 X2
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Logical operation – AND• The simpliest realization– use diodes..
• This operation happens when you connect open collector gates.
• Data busses (näit I2C)
• The discrete elements can used in simplest application. It is not used inside IC!
Vcc
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Combined operations
To get all logic funcionality you should have
• negation (NOT) and one of these – AND or OR gate .
• If you have them, no more is physically required.
• The basic logic gates are NAND (the most popular) or
NOR gates.
1973 The Soviet Union, Texas Instruments 1966
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X1 X1
Y Y
X2 X2
NAND
• One possible basic logic block
• The cascade connection of AND and NOT gates.
• The output is 1 if at least one input is 0
• Y=X1*X2*....Xn
You only need this component to make any logic circuit
(Charles Sanders Peirce proved in 1880)
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• One possible basic logic block
• The cascade connection of OR and NOT gates.
• The output is 0 if any input is 1
• Y=X1+X2+....Xn
You only need this component to make any logic circuit
X1 X1
Y Y
X2 X2
NOR
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Exclusive OR (XOR)
• Two inputs
• Output is 1 if the inputs are different.
• Y=X1+ X2
• Can be made using NOR or NAND gates.
• The main usage is inside microprocessor (the part of
adder)X1 X1
Y Y
X2 X2http://www.circuitstoday.com/half-adder
The half adder
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Exclusive NOR (XNOR)
• Two inputs
• The output is 1 if inputs are equal.
• Y=X1+X2
• Can be made using NOR or NAND gates..
• It can be used in synchronus detector.
X1 X1
Y Y
X2 X2
The corridor switch
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Gates with third state
• It is not possible to connect outputs of usual logic gates
together . It is possible to use gate with open collecor, but
then we get additional NAND operation.
• To make it possible, some gates have possibility to beak the
output (move it to high impedance mode high-Z)
• Usually this input is labeled as ENABLE
• Usage – in microprotsessor systems to connect different
devices to one bus.
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Decoder
• A binary decoder is a combinational logic circuit that converts binary
information from the n coded inputs to a maximum of 2n unique
outputs. They are used in a wide variety of applications, including
data demultiplexing, seven segment displays, and memory address
decoding.
http://www.interfacebus.com/ic-bcd-to-7-segment-decoder-schematic.html
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Multiplexer
• A multiplexer (or mux) is a device that selects one of
several analog or digital input signals and forwards the
selected input into a single line.
Transmission line
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Multiplekser
• Has 2n inputs and n addres inputs
• Connects selected input with output.
• The input is detemineb by addres.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mux_from_3_state_buffers.png#/media/File:Mux_from_3_state_buffers.png
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Demultiplexer (demux)
• One input, 2n outputs
• Connects selected output with input.
• The output is detemined by addres.
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Logic devices with memory (triggers)
• Can store one bit of information.
• The information is stored until the power is on.
• Synchronous trigger ( changes states only during clock pulse)
• Asynchronous trigger (changes states immediately when input changes)
• Nonlinearity and positive feedback is required.
The idea of memory- hysteresis (1973, USSR)
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RS Flip-Flop
• S - Set, R – Reset
• The simplest memory, but has forbidden state
• Asynchronous, changes states immediately when input changes.
R=S=1 is not allowed !
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Synchronisation
• The logic gates work in real-time (asynchronously).
• The most of digital systems work synchronously.
• The states change only when clock signal is active (falling
or rising edge of signal or both).
CLOCK – kell
Transition time must be lower than Δt.
Clock frequency f=1/ Δt
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Synchronous RS flip-flop
• Reacts only when clock signal is active, usually AND
gates are added.
• State S=1 ja R=1 is forbidden(this is allowed in JK trigger,
what is 2 RS triggrs in cascade connection+logic).
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D –flip-flop (memory cell)
• D – delay –>
• iF D=1 then active front of clock switches it always to state 1.
• iF D=0 then active front of clock switches it always to state 0.
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The other flip-flops
• The JK flip-flop augments the behavior of the SR flip-flop
(J=Set, K=Reset) by interpreting the J = K = 1 condition
as a "flip" or toggle command.
• If the T input is high, the T flip-flop changes state
("toggles") whenever the clock input is strobed. If the T
input is low, the flip-flop holds the previous value. (division
by 2)
• Combined flip-flops. The combination with logic gates.
• http://www.circuitstoday.com/flip-flop-conversion
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Nowdays computer memory RAM
• Random Access Memory
• Static (based on flip-flops), thefastest, expencive
• Dynamic (memory cell – capacitor), takes less space, but needs refreshing – charge decreases during time.
• The information is stored until the power is on !
SRAM DRAM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory
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Nowdays computer memory ROM
• Read Only Memory
• The infomation is stored even the power is off .
• The outer connections are similar with RAM .
The idea of ROM:https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1213/SysOnChip/materials/sg3bus/zhp4c6e8640b.html
• ROM – The information is entered in production
• EPROM – information can be programmed by
user ( to erase UV light is needed)
• EEPROM – Electrically erasable and
programmable memory (slow)
• Flash EEPROM , same, but faster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory
• The drawback of EEPROM memories. There is
limited write cycles.
• The RAM memory can be replaced with flash
memory in some cases.