iaqm agm 2016 - dr beth conlan, ricardo

  Measures to improve air quality  November 2016  Beth Conlan

2© Ricardo-AEA Ltd Ricardo Energy & Environment in Confidence

• Public health and legislative compliance challenge

• 2015 Air Quality Plans – review of evidence on measures

• Task 1 - Rapid Evidence Literature Review

• Task 2 – Development of Streamlined PCM

• Task 3 – Development of Translation Tool to assess pricing measures

Background


• What quantifiable effect might a range of policy measures potentially have on NO2 concentrations?

•

• What quantifiable effect on perceptions or behaviours?

• What quantifiable effect on traffic flows, composition and speed?

• What are the unintended consequences, including effects on other pollutants and other environmental/ social effects? Are there any disproportionate impacts on particular groups of people/organisations?

• What are the contributory factors (triggers and barriers) to effective implementation of a package of measures to reduce NO2 concentrations at both a local and national level?

Research questions


• Civil Service 2014 Guidance on Rapid Evidence Reviews

• Online searches ScienceDirect, PubMed and Scopus

• Grey literature including the EC catalogue of measures

• Search terms

• Inclusion/Exclusion criteria applied to title and abstract

• Limitation primary aim of measure e.g. congestion

• Design and implementation impacts measure effectiveness

Methodology

Has robust evidence been gathered to assess the impact on NO2 or factors that affect NO2?Is the measure applicable at the national scale? Would impact be localised or widespread?Is the impact sufficient for the measure to be considered effective?


Avoid

Shift

Improve

OutcomeImpact

Reduce traffic levels

Vehicle flow and Speeds

Vehicle technologymix

Vehicle emission factors

Measures

Demand management

Access control and management

Promoting low emission vehicles


Cleaner vehicles are taken up more quickly

Pollutant emissions are displaced outside

hotspots or kept away from populated areas

Demand for more polluting transport is

reduced

Existing vehicle operations are less

polluting

19. Bus scrappage

5. HGV scrappage

167 Subsidising public transport

8. Promoting freight

consolidation centres

25. Promote walking and

cycling

30. Promote car sharing

47. Further rail electrification

9. Promote DeNox retrofit

24. Priority parking for low

emission vehicles

20. Grants to buy new low

emission buses

26. Workplace-charging levies

35. Local congestion charging

34. National road pricing

29. Allowing low emission

vehicles to use bus lanes

32. Fiscal incentives for low emission

vehicles

37. New managed

motorways

56. Improved anti-idling

enforcement

38. Active traffic-light

management

45. Improved junction layout

43. Ramp metering

44. Lower motorway speed

limits

53. Increase fuel duty/ target at

diesels

41. Promote tele-working/

video-conferencing

23. Bus operator NOx emissions

cap

15. Promotion of Low Emission

Zones

36. Pedestrian walkways over

trunk roads

50. New roads

62. Planting trees along roadsides

52. Road ‘canopies’ in

hotspots

51. NOx-eating paint walls

6. Fleet recognition schemes

63. Hosing down roads on high pollution days

14. Reduced VED for early

purchase of new vehicles

27. Pollution car labelling scheme

21. Newer buses used for high

pollution routes

13. Negotiate new vehicle emissions standards

33. Promote rollout of EV

charging infrastructure

7. Lorry bans in urban centres

Freight/HGVs/LGVs Buses Cars Congestion Other

3. Allow more night time freight

delivery

1. Promoting freight modal

shift

10. Promoting ecodriving

55. Strengthen air quality planning

regulations

46. Better traffic management

48. Reduced emissions from

shipping

59. Promote AQ-beneficial biofuels

Transport air quality policy map

Regulation

Taxation

Funding

Guidance/ info

National Local

28. Grants for purchase of

ultra-low emission cars

KEY

61. Queue cascading

57. Improved airport

operations

31. High occupancy

vehicle lanes

60. Public information campaign

40. Queue relocation

2. Lorry road user charging

Infrastructure

18. Designating new and /or priority bus measures

58. Improved road surfaces

16. Restricted access zones

42. New tram schemes

49. Public procurement of cleaner vehicles

54. Travel planning

22. Provision of school buses

39. Intelligent Speed

Adaptation12. Roadside vehicle emissions tests

11. Annual vehicle emissions tests

4. Lorry overtaking bans


• Land Use Planning– Promoting settlement patterns that:

• Reduce trip lengths• Encourage the use of walking and cycling• Provide an integrated transport network

• Information Technology– Working from home patterns– Online shopping – Multi-modal journey planning websites– Smart ticketing

• Procurement– 2009 Clean Vehicles Directive

Additional measures


Euro Standards for Diesel and Petrol Cars


• The fiscal structure around transport use and the difference between modes will significantly affect travel choices

• Key pricing mechanisms– Vehicle, fuel and road taxes– Parking charges and availability– Public transport fares– Road pricing

• Key principle is to:– Reflect the real cost of all transport modes , including

environmental and social cost, – ‘Variable’ pricing and not ‘fixed’ pricing

• London Congestion Charging scheme– Impacted in traffic levels and composition

Pricing measures

0

50

100

150

200

250

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Inde

x 19

97=1

00

All motoring costs

Rail fares

Bus & Coach fares


• Vehicle restricted areas are increasingly being used in towns and cities to manage the impact of vehicles in a very direct way– Full pedestrianisation– Vehicle size and weight restrictions– Time of day restrictions– Low Emission Zones (LEZs)

• Experience with LEZ is growing– London, Berlin, Stockholm, Milan– Scale and type varies widely– Most target heavy diesel vehicles– Accelerates fleet renewal/technology uptake, but is one off – Key benefits to date have been PM reductions through forcing DPF– NO2 benefits have been limited, due to performance of Euro standards in

real world and focus on retrofit DPF

Access Control and LEZs


• Fiscal incentives– Taxes and capital allowances– Road pricing and parking charges– Grants

• Infrastructure– Electric charging points (Plugged in places)– Gas refuelling

• Procurement and planning– Clean vehicles directive– Planning controls to support infrastructure

• Partnership working– Bus and freight quality partnerships

Promoting low emission vehicles

Zero

emission

Ultra low emission

Low emission

Carbon and air pollutants


• Encouraging model shift to walking, cycling and public transport

• Supported by DfT in terms of travel choice and the ‘nudge’ principle

• Three key elements – Information– Incentives– Infrastructure

• Sustainable travel towns results:– Traffic reduction between 2% and 8%– Estimated cost per vkm removed was 4.5p

• However, travel habits can be hard to change and effort needs to be sustained

‘Smarter choices’


• ICT is changing the way we travel and potentially reducing trips– Home shopping– Teleworking– Audio/video conferencing

• New travel information service – Trip planner– RTPI

• New mobility services– Mobility service vs car ownership– Car and bike share schemes– Peugeot MU, Daimler Car2Go

ICT and new mobility services

Supports changes in travel behaviour and new transport technologies


• Control and manage the flow of vehicles round a network– Smooth flow– Reduce congestion and stop-start– Prioritise certain vehicle types, e.g bus lanes

• New approaches to traffic management– Traffic gating/routing to move vehicles away from

polluted areas– Optimise for emissions and congestion

• Parking management– Control and supply of parking influences demand– Information on parking support efficient use– Prioritise/price parking in relation go vehicle

type/emissions

Traffic and parking management


• Driver behaviour significantly impacts on vehicle fuel use and potentially pollutant emissions– Typically eco-training can reduce fuel use by 15% in the short terms and some 8-10%

long term– This should also reduce pollutant emissions, but little direct evidence of this

• Vehicle telematics can significant support the long term benefits of better driving– Driver feedback systems and good management are key– Location systems also help with routing and scheduling to reduce mileage

• Freight consolidation– Supply side through ‘consolidation centres’ – show good mileage savings, but not cost

effective at present– Demand side through techniques such as delivery and servicing plans

Fleet management and efficiency


Summary of measures

Measure Outcome Impact Cost/InvestmentA S I Traffic Speed Technology AQ CO2

Demand management and behaviour changePlanning measures ++ ++ ++ LowAlternatives to travel ++ ++ ++ LowBehaviour change programmes

++ ++ ++ Low/Medium

Driver training/fleets + + + LowShared modes + + + + MediumPricing measures ++ ++ ++ Medium/High

Access control and traffic managementVehicle restricted areas +++ +++ + MediumLow Emission Zones ++ +++ ++ High/MediumParking management + + + + LowTraffic management + ++ + + Medium/Low

Promoting Low Emission VehiclesFiscal measures ++ ++ ++ MediumInfrastructure + ++ ++ Medium/HighProcurement + ++ ++ LowPartnerships + ++ ++ Low


• A wide range of measures can influence travel patterns, mode choice and technology choice.

• The impact and cost of the measures can be very locally specific and so can vary widely, therefore hard to draw out generic or transferable results. Local assessment needed.

• Behaviour change measures have a range of benefits and can be very cost effective, but potentially hard to maintain momentum

• Access control and traffic management measures are very direct and so can be very effective, but potentially unpopular

• Low emission vehicles are potentially an alternative to behaviour change, but are still costly and significant uptake is needed.

• An integrated, comprehensive and potentially radical package of measures will be needed to generate real improvements in air quality

Summary


Thank you