ia and expert systems by ruchi k

8/2/2019 IA and Expert Systems by Ruchi K

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AI Applications-

Expert Systems and Intelligent

Agents

Ruchi K Sharma

Roll No 12

ME(Computers)


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What is AI?

AI is a field of science

and technology based

on disciplines such as

computer science,biology, psychology,

linguistics,

mathematics, &

engineering-James O

Brien

Definition


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Artificial intelligence systems

It falls into three basic categories:

cognitive science.

Natural Language Processing

Robotic applications.

AI is a software technique applied to the non-numeric

data expressed in terms of symbols, statements andpatterns.

It uses methods of symbolic processing, social and

scientific reasoning and conceptual modeling for

solving the problems.


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AI Applications

Uses Human

Information

Processing

Capability

Uses Computer

Intelligence for

producing

Human Like

Capacity

Uses Human

capabilities in

speech

recognition,

Multi Sensory

Interfacing

Cognitive Science

Intelligent Agents

Fuzzy Logic

Learning System

Expert System

Robotics

Applications

Dexterity

Visual Perception

Navigation

Natural Interface

Applications

VR Systems

Speech

Recognition


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Categories of AI

Artificial Intelligence System

Natural Interface

Native Language

Knowledge

Language

Reasoning

Expert

Knowledge

Human Like

Reasoning

Perception

Size, Shape,

Image, Voice

Sensing Abilities

for Reasoning

Uses

Applies

Uses

Applies

Uses

Applies


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INTELLIGENT AGENTS

A software surrogate for an

end user or a process thatfulfills a stated need oractivity.

Also called software robotsor bots

Definition


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USER INTERFACE

AGENTS

INFORMATION

MANAGEMENT AGENTS

TYPES OF

INTELLIGENT

AGENTS


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USER INTERFACE AGENTS

Interface Tutors

Presentation Agents

Network Navigation Agents

Role Playing Agents


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INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

AGENTS

Search Agents

Information Brokers

Information Filters


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EXPERT SYSTEMS

A knowledge-based

information system (KBIS)that uses its knowledgeabout a specific, complexapplication area to act as anexpert consultant.

Definition


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EXPERT SYSTEMS

Must be able to explain

reasoning process andconclusions to the user.

Provide Decision support toEnd Users in form of advicefrom an expert consultant

Objective


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KnowledgeAcquisition

1

Knowledge Base2

Inference Engine3

User Interface4

Essential ES components


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KnowledgeAcquisition1


It is the accumulation, transfer and

transformation of problem-solving expertisefrom experts and/or documented knowledgesources to a computer program for

constructing or expanding the knowledgebase

Requires a knowledge engineer


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Knowledge Base2


Knowledge necessary for understanding, formulating, and

solving problems

Two Basic Knowledge Base Elements

Facts

Special heuristics, or rules that direct the use of knowledge

Knowledge is the primary raw material of ES

Incorporated knowledge representation


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Inference Engine3


The brain of the ESThe control structure (rule interpreter)

Provides methodology for reasoning

Inference Engine Major Elements Interpreter

Scheduler

Consistency Enforcer


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User Interface4


Language processor for friendly,problem-oriented communication

NLP, or menus and graphics


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Expert system architecture (1)


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Expert system architecture (2)


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Participants in Expert

system Development and Use

Domain expert

Knowledge

engineerKnowledge userDomain Expert


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Evolution of Expert Systems

Software Expert system shell Collection of software packages & tools to design, develop,

implement, and maintain expert systems

Easeofuse

low

high

Before 1980 1980s 1990s

Traditionalprogramming

languages

Special and 4th

generationlanguages

Expert system

shells


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Blackboard (Workplace)

Area of working memory to

Describe the current problem

Record Intermediate results

Records Intermediate Hypotheses andDecisions

1. Plan

2. Agenda

3. Solution


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Explanation Subsystem (Justifier)

Traces responsibility and explains the ES behavior

by interactively answering questions

-Why?

-How?

-What?

-(Where? When? Who?)

Knowledge Refining System Learning for improving performance


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Expert Systems Development

Alternatives

low

high

low high

Development

costs

Time to develop expert system

Use

existing

package

Developfrom

shell

Develop

from

scratch


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Rules for a Credit Application

Mortgage application for a loan for $100,000 to $200,000

If there are no previous credits problems, and

If month net income is greater than 4x monthly loan payment, and

If down payment is 15% of total value of property, and

If net income of borrower is > $25,000, and

If employment is > 3 years at same company

Then accept the applications

Else check other credit rules


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Decision Management

Diagnostic/Trouble Shooting

Design/Configuration

Process monitoring and control

Application Categories of ES and IA:


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Decision Management

Loan Portfolio analysis

Employee Performance Evaluation

Insurance Underwriting

Demographic Forecasts


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Diagnostic/Trouble Shooting

Equipment Calibration

Help Desk Operations

Software Debugging

Medical Diagnosis


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Design/Configuration

Computer Option Installation

Manufacturability Studies

Communication Networks

Optimum Assembly Plan


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Process monitoring and control

Machine Control

Inventory Control

Production Monitoring

Chemical Testing


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ES For investment management


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Expert SystemsBenefits

Increased Output and Productivity

Decreased Decision Making Time

Increased Process(es) and Product Quality

Reduced Downtime Capture Scarce Expertise

Flexibility

Easier Equipment Operation Elimination of Expensive Equipment


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Limitations of Expert Systems

Not widely used or tested

Limited to relatively narrow problems

Cannot readily deal with mixed knowledge

Possibility of error

Cannot refine own knowledge base

Difficult to maintain

May have high development costs

Raise legal and ethical concerns


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CSF for ES:

Business applications justified by strategicimpact (competitive advantage)

Well-defined and structured applications

The problem to be solved must be qualitative(fuzzy), not quantitative

The problem must be sufficiently narrow in

scope The ES shell must be high quality, and

naturally store and manipulate the knowledge


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BUSINESSAPPLICATIONS


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Intelligent trading Systems

Architecture using Expert Systems


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ES in Financial Accounting and

Management

I lli A i P&G S l Ch i N k


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Intelligent Agents in P&Gs Supply Chain Network

Intelligent agents are helping Procter & Gamble shorten the

replenishment cycles for products, such as a box of Tide.


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ThankYou

ia and expert systems by ruchi k

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